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AIME 1953 DIRECTORY SUPPLEMENT OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES OF LOCAL SECTION; COUNCIL OF SECTION DELEGATES Linwood Thiessen, Chairman H. D. Vaughan, Vice-Chairman John H. Melvin, Secretary EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE L. E. Thelin, Connecticut J. B. Cunningham, Arizona W. L. Penick, San Francisco G. L. Yates, Kansas DELEGATES Adirondack - C. DeWitt Smith '54 Alaska - Robert 11. Chapman, ?54 Arizona J. B. Cunningham, '53 Black Hills - Sidney M. Runke, '54 Boston -R'. Schuhmann, Jr. ?54 Carlsbad Potash - W. P. Wilson, '54 Central Appalachian - Charles T. Holland, '54 Chicago - H. A. White, '54 Cleveland - Milton Tilley, '54 Colorado - J. Paul Harrison '54 Columbia - Harold Kirkemo, '54 Connecticut - Lewis E. Thelin, ?53 Dallas - Kenneth F. Anderson, '54 Delta - Roy S. Sullins '54 Detroit - F. P. Bens, '53 East Texas - Joseph A. Morris, '54 El Paso Metals - E. M. Thomas, '54 Florida - W. O. McClintock '54 Fort Worth - Ray Elner, '51 Gulf Coast - H. E. Treichler, '53 Kansas - G. L. Yates, '53 Lehigh Valley - H. R. Gault '54 Lima, Peru - R. P. Koenig, ?54 Lou-Ark - A. H. Crawford. '53 Mexico - W. G. Kane, '54 Mid-Continent - J. H. Beesley, '53 Minnesota - J. R. Stuart, '54 Montana - F. W. Strandberg, '53 Nevada - Albert Silver,'53 New York - P. Malozemoff, '54 North Pacific - A. H. Mellish, '54 North Texas - K. F. Anderson, '54 Chio Valley - J. H. Melvin, ?53 Oklahoma City - Charles Miller, '53 Oregon - T. C. Matthews, '54 Penn. Anthracite - D. C. Helms, '54

Jan 1, 1953

By J. D. Mooney, D. L. Darnell

The accompanying chart has been drawn for the convenicncc of engineers as' a means of quickly determining the correct number of plies of conveyor belts operating under specific conditions. The calculations are based on the average safe strength (factor of safety, 15) of the various standard rubber conveyor belts. The calculations assume maximum loading conditions; that is, the belt is considered as carrying the greatest load that it will handle without spillage at ordinary belt speeds. This not only produces the most economical operating conditions, but also the maximum tension in the belt. The chart is a graphical representation of the formula: Where, p = kg W(L + 10H) p = the correct number of plies k = a constant, depending on the type of drive g = the weight 'in pounds per cubic foot of material handled W = the width of the belt in inches L = the length of the belt in feet (approximately twice the center distance). H = the difference in elevation between the head and tail pulleys, in feet. For a simple drive, with a bare pulley, k = ----1 For a simple drive, with a rubber-lagged pulley, k = --- 1 For a, tandem drivej with bare pulleys, k = 1/375.000 For a tandem drive, with rubber-lagged pulleys, k = ---1 The chart is drawn for a simple drive, with a bare pulley (k — =e)1 ; therefore, the number of plies obtained from the chart should be multi- ' plied by the factor 0.83 or 5/6 for simple, lagged drive; the factor 0.67 or 2/3 for tandem, bare; and the factor 0.55 or 11/20, for tandem, lagged. The formula p = kgW(L + 10H) has been developed mathematically

Jan 1, 1916

By A. L. Field, P. H. Royster

The first report on the slag viscosity work of the Bureau of Mines was made by one of the authors1 in 1916. It was concerned chiefly with the method of measurement. A paper2 on this phase of the work was presented to the Institute in February, 1917, and a similar paper3 was communicated to the Faraday Society. PuRpose and Scope of the Slag Viscosity Tables Following the development of a suitable method, the next step in the investigation was the measurement of slag viscosity over a wide range of temperature and composition, and the arrangement of this experimental data in the form of tables for the use of the blast-furnace operator. It is believed that this information, if used intelligently, should help the operator to reduce losses in production caused by off-grade pig iron, to improve fuel economy, to promote operating efficiency, and to extend present-day practice to meet the increasing need of smelting lean and complex ores. In the experimental part of the work it was carly, observed that the temperature-viscosity relations of a slag were determined, for practical purposes, by the relative proportions of the three major constituents, lime (CaO), alumina (Al2O3), and silica (SiO2), provided the percentage

Jan 1, 1918

By A. L. Field

Previous Publications THE first report on the slag viscosity work of the Bureau of Mines was made by one of the authors 1 in 1916. It was concerned chiefly with, the method of measurement. A paper 2 on this phase of the work was presented to the Institute in February, 1917, and a similar paper 3 was communicated to the Faraday Society. Purpose and Scope of the Slag Viscosity Tables Following the development of a suitable method, the next step in the investigation was the measurement of slag viscosity over a wide range of temperature and composition, and the arrangement of this experimental data in the form of tables for the use of the blast-furnace operator. It is believed that this information, if used intelligently, should help the operator to reduce losses in production caused by off-grade pig iron, to improve fuel economy, to promote operating efficiency, and to extend present-day practice to meet the increasing need of smelting lean and complex ores. In the experimental part of the work it was early observed that the temperature-viscosity relations of a slag were determined, for practical purposes, by the relative proportions of the three major constituents, lime (CaO), alumina (Al203), and silica (Si02), provided the percentage

Jan 12, 1917

By Gerhard Derge

THE orientation relationships resulting from allotropic transforma-tions and the formation of segregate structures in metals and alloys have been the subject of the eight earlier papers in this series1. A brief summary of orientation studies has also been given by Sachs2. A survey of these papers discloses that the factors that determine the orientation relationship of a precipitated phase to its parent solid solution, as Well as the outward form and appearance of the new phase, are not completely understood. It is now evident that crystallographically analogous systems, as a rule, exhibit the same type of Widmanstätten figure and orientation relations, so that useful information is not to be expected from examination of a new alloy involving lattice combinations of which the orientation relationships are already known. Therefore, the determina-tion of the relations existing between lattice types that have not already been studied seems to be the most promising mode of attack upon the problem; both of the systems reported in this paper represent new com-binations of lattice types.

Jan 1, 1937

By Charles Austin

IT has been known for several years1 that certain alloys of the Konal type, containing commercial cobalt (99.32 per cent C0 and 0.42 per cent Ni) and varying amounts of ferrotitanium, exhibit very high tensile strengths at 600°C. However, their pro-portional limits and yield points are rela-tively low. Published data1 for the alloys quenched in water from 950°C. and then tested at 600°C. are summarized in the upper section of Fig. I. Similar specimens that were aged at 650°C. for 72 hr., after quench and prior to testing at 600°C., gave the results shown in the lower section of Fig. I. TABLE I.-Analysis of Material I Percentages Constituent Sample Sample Sample 3125 3124 3123 Si 0.25 0.51 o.6o Fe 4.15 10.70 13.17 Ti I.15 3.58 4.70 Mn 0.30 0.41 0.42 Co (by difference)^ 94.15 84.80 81.71 The cobalt from all three samples, united and tested for nickel, gave 0.54 per cent Ni based on the weight of cobalt. In the present work the investigation of the properties of these materials has been extended by a study of the tensile deforma- tion characteristics in moderately long-time tests at 600°, 700° and 800°C. after quenching from various solution tempera-tures. In addition, some metallographic studies have been made to correlate with the deformation tests, and to obtain in- FIG. 1.-EFFECT OF VARYING AMOUNTS OF FERROTITANIUM (FE2TI) ON PHYSICAL PROPER-TIES OF COMMERCIAL COBALT. (C. R. Austin.1) Upper section. Tested at 600°C. after water-quenching from 950°C. Lower section. Tested at 600°C. after water-quenching from 950°C. and aging 72 hr. at 650°C. FIG. 2.-PORTION OF QUASI-BINARY DIAGRAM COBALT-FE2TI AS DETERMINED METALLOGRAPH-ICALLY. formation on the quasi-binary system Cobalt-Fe2Ti. The material, very kindly furnished by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufac-turing Co. in the form of hot-swaged rods of 3/16-in. diameter, analyzed as shown in Table I. The alloys, when originally made up,1 were based upon an iron-titanium com-pound, Fe3Ti, as indicated by the work of

Jan 1, 1940

In 1936 the Institute established the Anthony F. Lucas Gold Medal, which will be awarded from time to time "for distinguished achievement in improving the technique and practice of finding and producing petroleum." These awards will be sponsored by the Petroleum Division. Captain Lucas was a pioneer in the oil industry, one of the early wildcatters and a leading mining and petroleum engineer. He was famous as the discoverer of Spindletop. He became a member of the Institute in 1895 and in 1913 was the first Chairman of the Petroleum and Gas Committee of the Institute, the forerunner of the present Petroleum Division. He also headed the Committee in 1914, 1917 and 1918. The first medal was presented at the annual dinner in 1937, Feb. 17, to J. Edgar Pew. The personnel of the Committee on award as appointed in February, 1937, is as follows: John R. Suman, Chairman Until Feb., 1938 Until Feb., 1939 Hallan N. Marsh R. OgaRRio Russell 6. McFarland H. H. Power John R. Suman CaRl A. Young Until Feb., 1940 Until Feb., 1941 W. B. Heroy Joseph Jensen C. V. Millikan John M. Lovejoy J. Edgar Pew Carroll H. WEgemanN Members ex-officio R. C. Allen John W. Finch Axtell J. Byles H. B. FUQUA

Jan 1, 1937

By E. G. Leonardon

THE object of this paper is to describe briefly the practical results obtained in several problems of civil engineering by resistivity measurements of the underground. It is intended for the mining engineer, as well as for the construction engineer; the stratigraphical problems discussed are general and frequently are encountered in mining exploration. Resistivity measurements have been used in mining and oil exploration for a number of years.1 Their introduction in the field of civil engineering, on the contrary, is rather recent. It was applied for the first time in the spring of 1928 near Littleton, N. H., in the survey of two dam sites for the New England Power Assn .2 Since then, the geophysical firm with which the author is connected has had an opportunity to develop this field of activity, and more than 20 investigations at dam and tunnel sites have been carried out in the United States and Canada. A part of this work has been verified by underground or drilling exploration. This paper deals with but a few of the results, which we are permitted to make public now. The theoretical and technical sides of the processes employed will not be discussed; they have already been described in various technical. .publications. A few general points will be mentioned, to make clear the practical examples given.

Jan 1, 1931

By L. Adler

Some estimate of the geologic pressures existine at the site of a proposed underground opening is essential for its economic design and construction. Regardless of the size of such an opening, drill hole, or mine stope, these primitive stresses need evaluation; at present a number of techniques are available for this purpose. However, a new method of analysind stresses is proposed in this paper. Some estimate of the geologic pressures existing at the site of a proposed underground opening is essential for its economic design and construction. Regardless of the size of such an opening, drill hole or mine stope, these primitive stresses need evaluation. At present a number of techniques are available for this purpose, and another one is to be proposed. These may be grouped into three general methods: 1) precedent, 2) instrumentation, and 3) theoretical analysis. The first two are covered in the literature where their advantages, as well as limitations, are discussed.'9' Generally a theoretical approach combines structural geology with engineering mechanics. The former deals with the geodynamic causes of residual stresses (stresses not related to overburden weight) and presents interesting, but controversial, views.'" A general and useful conclusion, however, can be drawn - vertical residual stresses are much less prevalent than horizontal. However, if for some reason, the values and effects of horizontal pressures were better known to engineers the following analysis

Jan 1, 1962

By S. R. B. Cooke, H. S. Choi, I. Iwasaki

In magnetic taconite of the East Mesabi range, quartz, magnetite, and cummingtonite (OH}(Fe, Mg)(Si4O11)2) are the three major ore-forming minerals.' Fine grinding and magnetic separation of the taconite leads to a concentrate analyzing 64 to 65 pct Fe and 8 to 9 pct insoluble; the gangue content of the concentrate arising from the presence of locked magnetite-gangue particles, and of occluded gangue particles in magnetic floccules. To further upgrade such taconite concentrates, flotation appears to offer a particularly promising approach. To evaluate its effectiveness in separation, a knowledge of the flotation characteristics of each mineral comprising the concentrate becomes desirable. The floatability of magnetite and of quartz have already been reported in a previous paper,2 in which the flotation characteristics of the two minerals were correlated with the electrokinetic properties at the mineral-solution interfaces. Since cummingtonite has somewhat intermediate chemical composition between the above-named oxides, the electrokinetic and the flotation behavior of this mineral becomes of interest for both practical and fundamental reasons. In the present article the results of electrophoretic mobility measurements and of Hallimond tube flotation tests on cummingtonite are reported and are compared with those of quartz and magnetite. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample of cummingtonite-rich taconite, received from the Mitchell pit, near Babbitt, Minn., was crushed and ground through 100 mesh, and the product was fractionated magnetically into three portions. First, a drum-type laboratory cobber was used to separate a highly magnetic portion, consisting mainly of free, but also containing locked, magnetite particles. The cobber tailing was then passed in two stages through a Franz isodynamic separator. The middle fraction was isolated, and, upon examination petrographically, was ascertained to be principally cummingtonite. The 100 to 150 mesh fraction of this sample was selected for the present study. It was cleaned by leaching briefly with hot, dilute HC1 and then by rinsing repeatedly with demineralized water. A ground and elutriated fraction of -5p cummingtonite was used for the electrophoretic measurements.

Jan 1, 1961

ARTHUR BRICE deSAULLES In the death of, Major A. B. deSaulles at South Bethlehem, Pa., on Dec. 24, 1917, the Institute lost a valued and esteemed member, one of the last few of those who, in May, 1871, at Wilkes-Barre, attended the first meeting of the Institute, in response to a call that had been issued by R. P. Rothwell, Eckley B. Coxe, and Martin Coryell. Major deSaulles was born Jan. 8, 1840, at New Orleans, and was the son of Louis and Armide Longer deSaulles, each of French descent. As a boy he was privately tutored in the South, and then schooled in New England to enter the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where he was graduated with honors in the class of '59. Following his graduation he studied in France and Germany for two years, returning to New Orleans in 1861 to enter the Confederate Army, in which he served with distinction- as an engineer throughout the Civil War, rising to the rank of Major and the command of his Corps. After the close of the war he pursued his studies abroad for another year, returning to New York in April, 1866, when be became engineer for the New York & Schuylkill Coal Company, and remained at its plant near Wilkes-Barre until October, 1871, when it was sold to the Philadelphia & Reading Coal and Iron Company.. He then returned to New York where for several years he was engaged in the practice of his profession. In 1869, he married Catharine M. Heckscher, daughter of Charles Heckscher of New York City. Mrs. deSaulles survives him. In 1876, Major deSaulles became superintendent of the Dunbar Furnace Company in Fayette County, Pa., with which company he remained until 1883. As a feature of the Pittsburgh meeting in May, 1879, Major and Mrs. deSaulles entertained the members of the Insti-

Jan 4, 1918

The meeting of the Institute of Metals Division was held in Phila-delphia from Sept. 30 to Oct. 2, inclusive. On Monday evening preceding the meeting, a dinner was held at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel at which many of the former officers of the Division and of the present officers and execu-tive committee were present. The subject of a membership committee was discussed and a motion to appoint such a committee with powers to go over the membership list for the selection of divisional members and to institute plans for additional members was passed. Mr. H. E. Howe and Dr. Johnston of the National Research Council attended the meeting and presented their plans for an Alloys Research Association. Many opinions were voiced as to the practicability of such a scheme and Mr. Howe expressed himself in appreciation of the cooperative thought and efforts given him. On Tuesday morning the Institute of Metals Division joined sessions with the American Foundrymen's Association and listened to the opening addresses. In the afternoon a boat ride was taken on the Delaware River, visiting the plants of the Cramp Ship and Engine Building Co. and the shipyard of the Emergency Fleet Corpn. at Hog Island. The launching of the boat christened "Afoundria" at 5 p.m. was witnessed by members of the party. The opening technical session was held on Tuesday evening at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel at 8 o'clock. The next session was held at the Ritz-Carlton at 10 o'clock on Wednesday morning and the final session at the same time and place on Thursday morning. The sessions were well attended and the discussion was good. The highly technical nature of some of the papers on the program was of special note. Taken as a whole the meeting was one of the most successful ever held. The follow-ing papers were presented:

Jan 11, 1919

By C. W. Chen

MARTENSITE transformations in ß Cu-Al alloys have been studied by Greninger1 and other investigators. According to Greninger, the parent phase ß1 an ordered body-centered-cubic structure obtained from ß phase by suppressing the eutectoid decomposition, transforms into an ordered hexagonal-close-packed phase in composition containing 12.9 to 14.7 pct Al. The M, temperature decreases with increasing aluminum content; for the alloy containing 14.5 pct Al, for example, the ß1??' transformation occurs below room temperature. More recently, Kurjumow2 studied the transformation in ß Cu-Al alloys with the addition of nickel. His report stimulated new interest in the subject due to the observation of completely reversible transformation without hysteresis in the transformation temperature ranging from 10° to —10°C. In the present paper some characteristics are described of the transformation of Cu-Al-Ni alloys that were partly studied by Kurjumow. Experimental Procedure High purity copper (99.999 pct) and aluminum (99.99 pct) and electrolytic nickel were used in the preparation, by the Bridgman technique, of single crystal specimens which contained aluminum and nickel of 14.5 and 0.5 to 3.0 pct, respectively. Polished surfaces were prepared mechanically. Specimens were then chemically etched to remove distorted material, homogenized at 1000°C for several hours, and quenched drastically to room temperature in a 10 pct NaOH bath to produce the parent phase ß1. The transformation was studied under a microscope and, in some cases, recorded by means of motion pictures. A device similar to that designed by Greninger and Mooradian3 was used to cool and reheat the specimens. Results and Discussion When the specimens were cooled below room temperature, the ß1 to ?' transformation began at 10°C with the appearance of ?' crystals In relief, Fig. la. As the specimen temperature dropped further, the transformation continued, either by the growth of the ?' crystals, with the ß1 — ?' interface moving into the ß1 phase, Fig. 1c and 1d, or by the formation of new ?' crystals, Fig. 1b. As a consequence of the former process, banded structure is observed as a common feature of the low temperature phase. According to the theory of the formation of martensite by Wechsler, Lieberman, and Read,' the bands of ?' phase are probably twin-related, as is the case in the diffusionless phase change of In-T1 alloys,5 but this was not revealed by X-ray tech- niques. New ?' crystals, in needle form, often emerged suddenly across the ?' bands during the transformation. These acicular crystals then grew, both in length and in width, see Fig. 2a through 2d. The transformation on cooling is completed at about -35°C. Upon heating, the reverse transformation started at —10° C, in a manner nearly opposite to the transformation on cooling, and completed at 35°C. There was no noticeable change in the transformation temperature when the nickel content was varied within the limits previously mentioned. Through control of the specimen temperature, the transformation can be started, stopped, or reversed at will. This phenomenon has frequently been observed in the martensite transformation of many nonferrous alloy systems. Other systems are Au-Cd6 and In-Tl.5 ow-- ever, in the latter systems, the transformation is accomplished by single interface motion if the specimen composition is homogeneous and the temperature gradient in the specimen is uniform and sharp, whereas in the Cu-Al-Ni specimens, only multiple interface transformation is observed. The speed of the interface motion appears to be a functionof the rate of temperature change and the temperature gradient across the specimen length. In one case, in which the temperature increased at the rate of 10°C per min and there was no temperature gradient along the specimen axis, the speed of the disappearance of a ?' plate was determined, by the study of the motion pictures made, to be 26 µ per sec. Quench markings were observed on the polished surfaces of specimens. The markings were grouped into one or more sets of different orientations, and were parallel in each set. The ?' plates formed in subsequent transformation were parallel to the markings, indicating that the ?' plates and the quench markings had the same geometric relation-ship to the ß1 matrix. The quench markings on two intersecting surfaces of a specimen were therefore used in the determination of the habit plane of transformation, by the trace method suggested by Barrett.' Results obtained from five sets of markings in three specimens indicate that the habit plane is an irrational plane about 2" from one of the {221} planes. This is very close to the habit plane (3" from 221 planes) of ß Cu-Al alloys containing more than 13.0 pct Al.1 The martensite transformation of Cu-Al-Ni alloys is reproducible. No sluggishness was found between consecutive transformation cycles, although a slight difference in the distribution pattern of the ?' plates was observed, compare Figs. Id and 2d. The transformation can be strain-induced. This characteristic has been tested by a simple method. When a specimen was elastically strained slowly in a vise, ?' plates were gradually produced in the same fashion as during transformation on cooling, This test was done at room temperature, and thus above the M,

Jan 1, 1958

By Samuel Storchheim

IT was noted that variations existed in the magnetic properties, namely, coercive force, He, and rema-nence, Br, of 18/8 stainless steel wires of the same analysis when these wires were given the same percentage of reductiori of area at different rates of reduction. In order to determine the extent of these variations, a program was initiated whereby commercial 302 and 304 stainless steels were drawn with a wide variation of speeds. Ultimate tensile strengths and specific resistances, as well as the Hc-BT measurements, were determined. If variations of considerable magnitude were found, it was thought that the knowledge accrued from the investigation could probably aid in determining the particular drawing speed required to obtain desired properties for a given specification for a particular analysis of wire. Drawing Procedure Two specimens (set I, No. 302 and No. 304), the chemical analyses of which are given in Table I, were drawn at different speeds, namely, 45 to 3900 ft per min, directly from 0.016 in. diam wire to 0.004 in. diam wire, a 93.7 pct reduction of area. To obtain this high percentage of reduction, the wire at 0.016 in. was softened by annealing at 1150°C. It was then strung in a No. 16CF variable speed Vaughn drawing unit and passed through 13 B.&S. gage dies of successively smaller diameter, as shown in the accompanying table. Following this step, several hundred feet of the wire was drawn, at a particular speed, through the dies and wound upon a spool. Once the sample of wire was drawn at the desired speed, the spool with the finished sample was removed, tagged for later identification, and an empty spool was placed in the machine. Another wire sample was drawn at a different speed, after making the necessary adjustments upon the Vaughn unit. At the greater speeds, several thousand feet of sample were drawn to insure that the wire to be used for testing would be uniform. This was done because the desired speed was not reached instantly; the wire taking a short while to attain the required drawing rate. All speed measurements were made by placing a tachometer against one of the machine's pulleys during the actual drawing of the specimens. 84.4 pct reduction of area. The 0.072 in. diameter wire was also annealed at 1150°C. The process of obtaining samples was the same as described above. The only difference between the two was that the rates involved were not as extensive, set II covering a range of 625 to 1150 ft per min. Tensile tests were carried out for the 0.004 in. diam wires on a horizontal Scott Tensile Tester, while tensile tests for the 0.028 in. diam wires were made on a vertical Scott Tensile Tester. Each value listed in the tables represented the average of five samples with a maximum deviation of approximately 3 pct among the samples. Resistance per foot of the wires was determined by use of standard bridges accurate to the nearest hundreth of an ohm for the 0.004 in. wire, and to the nearest thousandth of an ohm for the 0.028 in. wire. The resistances per foot were then converted to resistivities by use of the following equation: P = RxCM where R is the resistance per ft in ohms per ft; CM, the area in circular mils; and P, the resistivity in ohms—CM. The values listed in the tables likewise

Jan 1, 1952

By Oliver B. Hopkins

Peru produced approximately 17,466,620 bbl., of oil during 1937, or slightly less than the record high of 17,593,700 bbl. established during 1936. As in 1936, the entire output of the country was derived from the La Brea-Parinas, Lobitos-Restin and Zorritos fields in the northwestern part of the country. Outside of the proven areas, drilling was 'continued by the Peruvian Government in the northern province of Tumbes on the reserved zone at Zorritos. Drilling was carried out on three locations, two of which are understood to have been abandoned during the year. In southern Peru, further attention was given by Government engineers to the Pusi and Saman districts and plans are being worked out for the commencement of drilling operations in the near future in the vicinity of Pirin. Activities in the montaiia region in eastern Peru were continued by the Compafiia Petrolera El Ganso Azul. This company acquired the interest of the Selden Breck Co., and holds some 90,000 acres along the Pachitea River a few miles above its confluence with the Ucayali. During the year, the preparation of a landing place, the cutting of a 12-km. (71/2-mile) road from the river to the drill site, and the construction of a camp were undertaken. Equipment for drilling on this company's concessions has already arrived in South America. La Brea-Parinas Estate.—Production of crude oil on the La Brea-Parinas Estate of the International Petroleum Company Limited amounted to 14,722,754 bbl. during 1937, a decrease of 403,736 bbl. from the all-time high reached during 1936. The total production from 1890 to Dec. 31,1937, was 178,390,767 bbl. During 1937, a total of 141,653 ft. was drilled, 129,516 ft. in new wells and 12,137 in deepening existing wells. In all, 57 wells were completed, 47 of which produced oil, 2 were gas wells and 8 dry. holes. Twenty-nine wells were cleaned out or deepened during the year. The average depth of new wells completed during 1937 was 2367 ft. compared with 1984 ft. for the new wells completed during 1936. There was an increased use of rotary tools during the year and this method is now used to a greater extent than the cable-tool method, which formerly predominated. Of the 57 wells completed during the year, 31 were

Jan 1, 1938

By J. F. Elliott

PRESENT knowledge of the usual metallurgical slags indicates that they are, for the most part, rather complex in behavior and as yet there is no ready means for describing, in a simple manner, the behavior of any one of them. One of the best known slag systems is the iron oxide-silica-lime ternary which is the basic "solvent" in a number of important metallurgical refining operations, the basic open hearth being one of the most important. In this operation, the slag dissolves such components as sulphur, phosphorus, manganese oxide, and magnesia. Considerable study of this slag system and the behavior of these additions has been carried out in the past by a number of authors, as has been summarized in several critical reviews.','2 However, except for determination of the activity of iron oxide, only a limited amount of effort has been directed towards developing, from these data, an understanding of the general behavior of the basic solvent. Reported here are the results from a series of calculations based on data from the literature which permit a semiquantitative evaluation of the activities of iron oxide, silica, and lime (plus magnesia) in the ternary system at 1600°C. The preliminary results, which were reported briefly at a symposium held by AIME in 1953, have been revised and are completed. The steps in the calculation are as follows:* I—establish the activity curves and the curve of the excess molar free energy of mixing at 1600°C for each of the binary systems, 2—construct the activity surface of iron oxide for the ternary from the data on the binary systems and information available in the literature for the ternary area, 3—determine the surface of excess molar free energy of mixing for the ternary system from the activity surface of iron oxide and from the molar curves obtained for the binary system, and 4—differentiate the ternary surface of the molar excess free energy of mixing to obtain the ternary surfaces for the logarithm of the activity coefficients for silica and lime (log rslo, and log rc.~). Si0,-Fe,O: Schuhmann and Ensio have measured the activity of iron oxide in simple iron oxide-silica slags when in equilibrium with y iron. Their data recalculated to 1600°C are shown in Fig. 1. Also included is a point representing a measurement by Gokcen and Chipmana of the activity of iron oxide at 1600°C at the point of saturation with solid silica. For convenience and in accordance with other treatments,' the calculations are based on the hypothetical component, FelO, which is obtained by converting all the analyzed iron in the slag to FeO. In spite of Schuhmann and Ensio's conclusion that the activity of iron oxide in the system does not vary with temperature over the experimental range of 1258" to 1407"C, the data are corrected to 1600°C assuming that temperature does have an effect. It was felt to be most reasonable to assume that the term log rr.10 is a linear function of the reciprocal of the temperature. Reyu has indicated that an effect of temperature on the activities in this system is to be expected from the Schuhmann and Ensio data. In essence, the correction consists of multiplying the experimental value of log rf,,o by the ratio of the experimental temperature in Kelvin to 1873°K. The magnitude of the correction is not large, being approximately 11.5 pct of the experimental value of log rve10. A very minor correction was necessary to compensate for the fact that the slags were in equilibrium with y iron in the experiment, while at steel-making temperatures they would be in equilibrium with liquid iron. Data for the correction were obtained from Darken and Gurry. The standard states established are pure liquid iron oxide (FelO) in equilibrium with pure liquid iron (with the appropriate amount of oxygen in solution) and pure liquid silica. The method of plotting in Fig. 1 is convenient for the calculation of the activity of liquid silica and permits a reasonable extrapolation for the activity of Fe,O in the ranges where no experimental data are available. The uncertainty in the extrapolation to infinity at one terminal where Nvelo = 1 for the usual Gibbs-Duhem integration is reduced considerably by this method. The region of two coexisting liquid phases is estimated to range from 1.8 to 41.7 mol pct Fe,O. The nature of the activity curve for the single-phase region indicates that the activity of iron oxide across the two-phase region is very close to 0.39. Computation of the function log ~F,,o/(1— NF,,o)' for this region (dashed line) in conjunction with the curve through the adjusted experimental data indicate the best probable value of 0.382 for alPe,o in the two-phase area. The line from 0 to 0.018 Nf~~o is obtained by assuming that the component follows Henry's law. In this range, the value for log rveto is 2.59. Appropriate mathematical manipulation of the plotted linet yields the activity curves for the The curve AF", the excess molar free energy of mixing (actual minus ideal), as shown in Fig. 3 is also computed from Fig. 1. This curve is required for subsequent calculations. CaO-Fe,O: The phase diagram for the lime-iron oxide system when in equilibrium with liquid iron is not well known but there appears to be no intermediate compound present. This fact as well as the activity values for Fe,O extrapolated to the CaO-Fe,O binary from Taylor and Chipman' tend to indicate somewhat negative deviations from ideality for the activity curves for the two components. Strong indication of this is evident in Fig. 1 where are plotted the points computed from the estimated activities of Fe,O for the binary system.' It appears that the best line through the data is a horizontal straight line. Because of the general indication of the slight negative departure from ideality, the line is extrapolated horizontally to NF~,o = 0. It is con-

Jan 1, 1956

[President and Director *JOSEPH L. GILLSON, '62 Wilmington, Del. Past President and Director *HOWARD C. PYLE, '61, Los Angeles, Calif. President-elect and Director *R. R. McNAUGHTON,'63, Trail, B.C., Canada Vice-Presidents and Directors *JOHN CHIPMAN,'62, Cambridge, Mass. *JOHN P. HAMMOND,'61, Tulsa, Oklahoma *WALTER R. HIBBARD, JR.,'61, Schenectady, N.Y. *BASIL P. KANTZER, '61, Los Angeles, Calif. *S. D. MICHAELSON,'61, Salt Lake City, Utah *J. W. WOOMER, '62, Pittsburgh, Pa.]

Jan 1, 1961

By A. M. Gaudin, F. W. Bowdish

MINERAL dressing is an industrial art concerned with the treatment and separation of solids suspended in fluids. Knowledge and evaluation of the area of solid-fluid interface is important in all cases except those involving only large pieces of solid. In fact, many problems relating to comminution, to flotation, to thickening and classification, could be dealt with more rationally if the interfacial area were known. A number of methods have been proposed for the measurement of the surface of certain finely divided solids. Among them are methods using rate of dissolution of the solid,7 its magnetic remanence,3 the turbidity of its suspension,8 and the character of the size distribution of the material.9 The first two are limited to one mineralogical species per sample; the third has certain optical limitations, especially for mineral mixtures, and the fourth is based on an extrapolation of uncertain validity. The need of a better and more general method of surface determination has long been felt, therefore. The method of P. H. Emmett,4 based upon the low-temperature adsorption of vapors, appears to fulfill this need. This method consists in determining the amount of nitrogen that is adsorbed by a given sample of solid at the temperature of boiling nitrogen. The more surface there is on the solid-both internal and external-the more nitrogen is abstracted. In actual operation, the method is somewhat less simple than has been stated so far, in that the nitrogen is adsorbed in an incomplete layer, the completeness and thickness of the layer being related to the pressure of the nitrogen in contact with the sample .2 This circumstance makes it necessary to determine the nitrogen adsorption for three or more values of the nitrogen pressure. APPARATUS In the Richards Mineral Dressing Laboratories an Emmett apparatus has been built and tested (Figs. 1 and 2). A mechanical vacuum pump B and a mercury diffusion pump A work in series to give a high vacuum. The sample, placed in bulb D, can be evacuated by this pump train by suitable operation of the stopcocks in the glass tubing that connects the various parts of the apparatus. C is a McLeod gauge, used to ascertain the order of magnitude of the vacuum obtained, and not for accurate pressure measurements. Pressure measurements are made in the mercury manometer F and gas-volume measurements in the gas burette E. Gases are stored in flasks L (nitrogen) and K (helium), arranged so that definite quantities of these gases can be introduced into

Jan 1, 1944

Jan 1, 1900

By R. K. Datta, T. S. Davis

YVO4:EU, excited under 3650A radiation, shows a marked increase in total brightness with in~rease in temperature. At 25°C the response to 3650A radiation is about 48 pct of its maximum response which occurs at about 350°C, Fig. 1. In an attempt to explain the phenomenon, one of the present authors' (R.K.D.) investigated the diffuse reflectance spectra of the phosphor at different temperatures (up to -150°C) and was unable to observe any significant change to which the increased brightness could be reasonably ascribed. Since then diffuse reflectance spectra at elevated temperatures have been obtained in this laboratory using an improved device. A significant decrease in the diffuse reflectance of a phosphor in the ultraviolet region—especially in the longer wavelength region—at -300°C has been observed. The purpose of this note is to describe the device used for high-temperature reflectance measurements and to explain the increased brightness of YVO4:Eu phosphor at elevated temperatures under 3650A excitation. Experimental. YVO4 and YVO4:Eu samples were prepared as previously described.' The elevated-temperature reflectance spectra were obtained with a Cary 14 spectrophotometer equipped with a diffuse reflectance accessory and a ring collector. CaF2 was used as the standard. The cell used

Jan 1, 1969