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By AIME AIME

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.-The semi-annual meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers will be held in Detroit, Mich., June 23-26. A session will be devoted to hoisting- and conveying-machinery; and many other subjects will be treated in professional papers, among which are . Clutches (with special reference to automobile clutches); The Thermal Properties of Superheated Steam; The Horse-Power, Friction-Losses, and Efficiency of Gas- and Oil-Engines; A Journal-Friction Measuring-Machine; A Simple Method of Checking Conical Pistons for Stress, and The By-Product Coke-Oven. The usual receptions will be held and excursions will be made to manufacturing plants, the slip-building yards, and various points of interest in and around Detroit. Among the excursions' planned is one to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. The Gas-Power Section of the Society will hold a session, and the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education and the Society of Automobile Engineers will hold meet-

Jan 5, 1908

By Edward C. Jeffrey

The use of coke in metallurgy, to any important degree, dates from the middle of the 18th century. Its utilization came most opportunely for European civilization. The forests of Europe, except in the most remote and inaccessible regions, had been largely fed, in the form of charcoal, into the smelting furnaces. For a hundred years—the middle of the 17th to the middle of the 18th century—there .was a stationary condition of population corresponding to the exhaustion of European forests. This situation, which was particularly evident in Great Britain, was due to the fact that the forests had been depleted and the practical utilization of coke had not begun. The coking industry is essential for our metallurgical industries, which in turn are basal to healthy economic progress. But coke is of great importance, not only on its own account, but for its byproducts, which enter fundamentally into all the arts of peace and war. The dyestuff industry and the manufacture of explosives are intimately connected with one another, as was shown by the recent war. The subject of coking coal, therefore, is well worthy the serious attention both of practical industry and the scientific investigator. The most valuable coking coals, from the metallurgical standpoint, are derived from the coals of highest ranks. Coals, for example, that have a carbon ratio of from 70 to 80 per cent. yield the most valuable coke for the blast furnace. The difficulty of investigating these coals, however, is great, for they are rather friable and delicate and possess a high carbon content, which makes them difficult to manipulate. They present, on account of their high carbon content, a considerable degree of opacity when examined, in thin sections, under the microscope. The tenderness of structure and blackness of such high-grade coking coals as those of Connellsville and the Pocahontas region make them extremely difficult to investigate. Two of my colleagues, who are taking part in this discussion, will describe the valuable results that have been reached by studying coal by the methods of the mineralogist. Doctor White and Doctor Thiessen have studied the structure of coal as determined from thin sections that

Jan 1, 1925

By J. S., Douglas

IN 1880, the late James Douglas, LL.D., was superintendent of the Chemical Copper Co., operating the Hunt & Douglas process for the treatment of the siliceous copper ores of the Jones mine at Phoenixville, Pa. In conjunction with this a refining furnace was operated. After correspondence with Ben Williams, of Bisbee Ariz., who was commencing the mining and smelting of the Copper Queen ore. Dr. Douglas decided-to make his first journey to Arizona. While making plans for the trip lie visited a friend in Philadelphia, a .Mr. Logan, a prominent lawyer. He, through Professor Treadwell, brother of the discoverer of the great Treadwell gold mine of Douglas Island, Alaska, had an option with his min¬ing partner, Mr. Lenig, on the Eureka and Wade Hampton claims near the headwaters of the Verde River in Yavapai County, Arizona. These two claims, later the source of practically all of the wealth of the Jerome district, were then owned by C. P. Head and Co. Prescott merchants. Hugo Richards, banker, and formerly sutler at Camp Apache; Rod and John McKinnon prospectors and Nova Scotians; and perhaps one or two 'other owners of minor interests. Mr. Logan, hearing of Dr. Douglas intended trip to Bisbee, asked him to go first to see the two mining prospects, and this, Douglas, in need of the $500 fee, agreed to do as the time on the option on the claims was running short.

Jan 1, 1935

By Archer E., Wheeler

Producing copper companies were active during 1941 owing to the national defense program the United States and the requirements of the friendly belligerent nation. This activity extended to the American owned properties in South America, the major part of whose product was taken by the Metals Reserve Co., a U.S. Government agency. Anaconda Copper Mining Co. is building a new converter plant at Anaconda, with four units of the Peirce-Smith type. The addition is being built adjacent to the reverberatory plant so as to avoid the necessity of hauling matte and slag. It is expected to be completed this year.

Jan 1, 1942

By Philip D. Wilson

SPEED is essentiaI in this war program and it is hard to keep up with developments. When the title of this paper was chosen, the contemplated magnesium production for which plants were then under construction was some 200,000 tons of metal per year or sixty times the 3350-ton production in prewar 1939. A few- days later an analysis of the President's 185,000-plane pro-gram, incendiary bomb schedules, and the additional requirements of the Army. Navy and Maritime Commission made it apparent that a much greater amount of magnesium must be provided in 1943. The new figures are huge but the censor will not per-mit their disclosure.

Jan 1, 1942

By E. H. Jr. Dix

THE importance of aluminum-silicon alloys in the light alloy field is now generally recognized. Where silicon was once considered detrimental to the properties of aluminum, useful alloys now contain as much as 13 per cent. Furthermore, silicon is present as an impurity in aluminum of even the purest grades. Iron is another important impurity in aluminum and like silicon is found in small quantities in the purest aluminum available today. The manner of occurrence of iron and silicon in commercially pure aluminum and many of its alloys exerts, a very pronounced influence upon their properties. The effect of large quantities of iron in aluminum-silicon alloys is so detrimental that it has been found necessary to limit the allowable maximum percentage to as low a figure as is consistent with quantity production and satisfactory physical properties. The intimate relation existing between iron and silicon in aluminum and aluminum alloys makes necessary a more complete knowledge of this ternary system. This paper is divided into two principal parts, dealing respectively with aluminum-silicon solubility equilibria and the constitution of aluminum-iron-silicon alloys.

Jan 1, 1927

By R. J. Cowan

IN the art of cementation a controversy has been going on for years as to whether solid or gaseous carbon is the active agent in carburizing steel. More recently opinion has crystallized into a compromise to the effect that carburizing is a gaseous cementation of steel in the presence of solid carbon. The importance of this theory has a particular bearing upon the work to be described. In the art of carburizing, use is commonly made of such words as "catalytic," "atomic," "nascent" and "activated;" in an attempt to describe the process. These words are used indiscriminately. For, instance, the gas is said to be "catalytic" and carbon to be "nascent," or vice versa. In using these expressions, investigators are confirming the acceptance in their minds of the active conditions of both gas and carbon in the cementation process.

Jan 1, 1931

By C. A. Zapffe, C.E. Sims

Many hundreds of publications have appeared during the past 78 years that treat the subject of hydrogen in iron and steel.l05 but conclusions regarding the functions of hydrogen in causing some important defects in steel are still unsatisfactory to many; and other hydrogen-caused phenomena yet remain to be identified with this gas. The most widely discussed of these defects is hydrogen embrittlement, but the conception, perhaps the popular one, that embrittlelnent is due to hydride formation aoes not conform to the known facts.l04 The true identity of hydrogen embrittlement seems instead to lie in a mosaic nature of metal crystals, which is a concept not Yet accepted by most metallurgists. A study of hydrogen embrittlement therefore provides new viewpoints in regard to the crystalline substructure of steel.

Jan 1, 1941

By C. E. Sims, C. A. Zapffe

Many hundreds of publications have appeared during the past 78 years that treat the subject of hydrogen in iron and steel.l05 but conclusions regarding the functions of hydrogen in causing some important defects in steel are still unsatisfactory to many; and other hydrogen-caused phenomena yet remain to be identified with this gas. The most widely discussed of these defects is hydrogen embrittlement, but the conception, perhaps the popular one, that embrittlelnent is due to hydride formation aoes not conform to the known facts.l04 The true identity of hydrogen embrittlement seems instead to lie in a mosaic nature of metal crystals, which is a concept not Yet accepted by most metallurgists. A study of hydrogen embrittlement therefore provides new viewpoints in regard to the crystalline substructure of steel.

Jan 1, 1941

By W. R. Crane

DRAINAGE in these mines has been discussed in papers, on mining practice,1 but the fact that water, varying from 0.16 to 3.46 and averaging 1.43 times the amount of ore mined, has to be pumped from the mines daily, indicates the importance of the problem and the advisability of making a thorough investigation of the source of mine water, its mode of entry into the mines, its effect upon mining conditions; and consideration of means of improving the conditions. While conditions are not serious, yet there is danger that they may become worse if present mining practice is continued, owing to the presence of formations, known to carry large quantities of water, that overlie the ore bed worked. Much detailed information has been collected regarding: rainfall, and run-off in streams draining the district; the effect of different kinds of formations, porous and non-porous; the inclination of the surface; the condition of the surface above the mines, i. e., whether or not disturbed by ground movement; the occurrence of the ore and character of associated formations, particularly with respect to presence of jointing or slip planes, faults, etc.; failure of top rock in the old stopes; and the conditions under which water effects entrance into the mines, i. e., whether as a natural or forced flow. The study furnished fundamental data on the source of waters now entering the mines and that which may later enter due to collapse of top formations in. abandoned workings. The presence of jointing, or slip planes, has a pronounced influence upon the whole drainage problem. These present lines of least resistance to the water and, by weakening the top formations, cause fracturing of the overlying rock, allowing both surface and deep-seated waters to enter the mines.

Jan 1, 1927

By Walter Loel

THE application of aerial photographs to all phases of geologic mapping is set forth, indicating the advantages to be gained in different types of country and under varying climatic conditions. Methods of field and office procedure are given from a geological point of view, as well as suggestions regarding the best methods of aerial mapping for different uses and under varying field conditions, including the study of submarine geology. Aerial photographs with accompanying geologic maps are shown to illustrate the appearance from the air of different geologic features under varying climatic and topographic conditions.

Jan 1, 1938

By Chester A. Fulton

SUPPLYING as it does a necessity for healthy animal and vegetable phosphate production is a most important industry. We human beings also are animal as this war so surely proves. Unlike many other elements no substitnite is available for phosphorus or its compounds. Marvelous as are modern plastics none can lake the place of phosphorus in making hone structures. As meassured in these times the phosphate industry is not a large industry. Output of phosphate rock, the original source of our agricultural and ,chemical phophates amounts to only some twelve million long tons per annum in the entire world. Phosphates are compounds of phosphorus, which is always found in nature combined with other elements. It never occurs in nature as such. The first choice of the element phosphorus is tie itself strongly to oxygen and then to water moisture - thus becomeing phosphlic acid. This phosphoric acid in turn hunts around for a base such as lime for instance and together they make phosphate of lime.

Jan 1, 1944

By Charles H. White

METHODS in colorimetry are based on the assumption that the intensity of the color of a definite volume of solution is directly proportional to the quantity of the color-producing substance' present. In the preparation and examination of colored solutions there are three ways in which the depth of color may be varied. These variables are; (1) the quantity of the coloring matter, (2) the quantity of the solvent, or the dilution, and (3) the thickness or depth of that portion of the solution examined. With these three variables as a basis, three general methods in colorimetry have been devised, all of which have been used in the determination of carbon in steel. In the first method, the quantity of the solution is kept the same for both the unknown steel and the standard, and the sections compared are of equal thickness, while the quantity of the standard is varied until the color obtained is of the same intensity as that produced by a definite quantity of the unknown steel. In laboratories where this method is used there is pre¬pared and kept for permanent use a series of solutions with varying amounts of the standard, representing the percentages of carbon from the lowest to the highest demanded in that laboratory. These standard solutions are kept in bottles, or test-tubes of equal diameter, and are arranged in series from the faintest to the most intense color, so that it is a simple matter to find the place of the unknown steel in the series, when the solution is of a definite volume and is contained in a tube of the same diameter as the standard tubes. In the second method, equal quantities of the standard and of the unknown steel are dissolved, the standard is diluted to a definite volume, and the solution of the unknown steel is di-

Sep 1, 1906

SECTION I Page Page Manuscript Closing Date, Febru- Forthcoming Meetings xxvii ary Meeting v . Library xxviii New York Section War Meeting on Membership xxxii Ferro-Alloys v Biographical Notices: Minutes of Meeting, Board of Robert Bell, by F. D. Adams. xlix Directors xvii H. J. Cantwell, by H. A. Members in Military Service xviii Wheeler 1 Personal xxiii Institute Committees Iii Employment xxv Officers and Directors Ix

Jan 11, 1917

By Sam F. Harrison

Most hydraulic system malfunctions make their presence known by sending out warnings that are loud and clear to the initiated mechanic, according to Aeroquip Corp. service engineers. To detect problems in many systems, they suggest that the use of four senses-sight, smell, hearing and touch-and a knowledge of how to interpret the information gathered are all that's needed to identify hydraulic malfunctions.

Jan 3, 1978

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

The Silicates are m part strictly anhydrous, in part hydrous, as the zeolites and the amorphous clays, etc. Furthermore, a large number of the silicates yield more or less water upon ignition, and in many cases it is known that they are, therefore, to be regarded as basic (or acid) silicates. The line, however, between the strictly anhydrous and hydrous silicates cannot be sharply drawn, since with many species which yield water upon ignition the part played by the elements forming the water is as yet uncertain. Furthermore, in the cases of several groups, the strict arrangement must be deviated from, since the relation of the species is best exhibited by introducing the related hydrous species immediately after the others. This chapter closes with a section including the Titanates, Silico-titanates, Titano-niobates, etc., which connect the Silicates with the Niobates and Tantalates. Some Titanates have already been included among the Oxides.

Jan 1, 1922

By F. G. Smith

A FEW years ago, the writer encountered a, problem that, at first, seemed to be due to peculiar conditions affecting grain growth. Large cups made from heavy metal failed in the first drawing operation in the process of making seamless tubes. The metal, as cast, appeared to be sound and strong; it rolled successfully and withstood the first cupping operation, but on the first draw it failed, with a crystalline fracture. The failure appeared in the slightly worked part of the bottom of the cup, and microscopic examination revealed exceptionally large grains. Knowing the general conditions governing recrystallization of brass, which were later published by Matthewson and Phillips, an investigation was outlined with the idea of including various conditions under which new grains might form, and which would include the effect that a previous anneal might have upon the anneal following. These conditions were produced by annealing specimens of brass at five different temperatures, indenting them with a 10-inn. ball under four different pressures, and then reannealing at each of the five temperatures five specimens each of which had been annealed at one of the five temperatures.

Jan 8, 1919

By AIME AIME

SOME 65 members of the Institute, including most of the Local Section delegates and several Directors and officers, were on hand for the Annual Business Meeting of the Institute held in the Engineering Societies Building on Monday, Feb. 21, at 4:30 p.m., immediately following the second session of the Local Section Delegates Conference. President Mathewson presided. The meeting was largely taken up with the presentation of committee re- ports, discussion of which was invited. F. E. Wormser presented the report of the Admissions Committee ; Philip Kraft, Papers and Publications Com-

Jan 1, 1944

By O. W. Shimer, D. C. Helms, C. E. Brown

THE early history and progress of anthracite stripping, from the first known operation at Summit Hill in 1821 through 1917, was covered in 1917 in a paper by J. B. Warriner,1 then chief engineer, now president of the Lehigh Navigation Coal Co., and stripping methods between 1917 and 1931 were the subject of a paper in 1931 by H. H. Otto,2 of the Hudson Coal Company. The present paper is confined to methods used today on pitching beds in the western middle and southern anthracite fields. The anthracite industry, not unlike other large industries, had been affected for more than a decade by the adverse economic conditions of the country. High development and operating costs and the competition of other fuels caused some collieries to be closed temporarily, while others were permanently abandoned. In order to obtain a larger tonnage at a lower development cost, a larger stripping program was put into effect by many companies. In 1932, stripping operations accounted for 334 million tons, or 7 per cent of the total anthracite production of the year, and in the next 10 years this increased until more than double that amount, or over 14 per cent of the total production, was from stripping operations. These figures represent the total production of the entire anthracite region; unfortunately, the figures have not been separated from the different fields. There are some operations in the southern and middle western fields where the tonnage obtained from stripping amounts to more than 30 per cent of the total colliery production. Stripping operations on pitching beds present difficult problems. Owing to the various geological formations, a different situation is encountered in nearly every stripping pit; and because of the proximity of an overlying bed, it is very often necessary to load the entire overburden into trucks and haul it out of the pit to the dump area, although back filling and casting is done whenever possible. Beds in the areas described in this paper pitch from 20° to 90° and some are on the invert in, many sharp folds and faults. PLANNING The more successful strippings have had adequate engineering analysis. Some work is being done without much preliminary planning, but many strippings would have failed completely if close supervision by the engineering department had not been maintained. Locations of stripping areas are determined as follows: 1. By constructing cross sections over the areas and drilling sufficient diamond-drill or well drill holes to study the strata and to determine the location, thickness and pitch of the beds.

Jan 1, 1944