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By R. Flatabø, K-E. Johansen, L. Hunsbedt, P. M. Cowx, J. A. Bustnes

Eramet and Tinfos are two producers of manganese alloys in Norway, which have worked hard for several decades to improve both the internal and external environment. Furnaces producing ferro- and silico- manganese alloys generate large amounts of off-gas that contains substantial amounts of dust, heavy metals and organic by-products. The dust is separated from the gas in venturi scrubbers by washing with water. The water is cleaned and recirculated, and the surplus water coming from moisture in the raw materials, is discharged to the adjacent fjords after further treatment. Emission figures show that the discharge of suspended solids, manganese, zinc and PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) have been reduced substantially over the last three decades as a result of process improvements and installation of state of the art environmental control measures. The two plants were the first world wide to install mercury cleaning of the off-gases from the furnaces. Mercury emission reduction has exceeded 90%. Concerning other environmental issues, such as utilisation of off-gases for energy recovery and chemical purposes, both plants have achieved good results. Major effort in the environmental work has come from the plants themselves, but other players like FFF, The Norwegian Ferroalloy Producers Research Association, and SFT, The Norwegian Pollution Control Authority, have contributed to the achieved results.

Jan 1, 2007

By L C. Pretorius

Pipe pigging is a technique for the in situ (field) coating application, to create a seamless internal anti-corrosive lining of long pipelines. The technology originated in the cleaning of pipes, and these proven cleaning methods continue to be used today. Firstly mechanical cleaning of the pipeline is performed, using wire brush, razor back, course stud and fine wire pigs, then foam pigs, or criss cross pigs, and urethane blade scrapers to remove loose debris, wax, residual hydrocarbons and corrosion products from the pipeline. Part of the proprietary techniques and expertise is to ensure that these cleaning pigs do not get stuck Next chemical cleaning of the pipeline is performed, using repeated pig runs with detergents, solvents, acid etching, corrosion inhibitors, consecutively batched between two pigs, to ensure a clean, dry metal finish to a visual cleanliness standard of ISO SA2½. These in situ techniques were developed, 40 years ago to apply internal corrosion protection to pipes using a thin layer of epoxy based paint (50 to 100 micron). Until recently these old techniques were never improved upon. Although many thousands of kilometres of pipes were successfully coated with these thin film epoxy based paints and old application techniques, these thin paint films had problems in weld coverage, and were also unable to fill pits caused by pitting corrosion, and unable to replace metal loss caused by channel erosion. New coating material developments, revised application methods and modified pigging equipment have now made it possible to apply thick film coatings as corrosion barriers to the internals of pipes in the field, using these pigging techniques. The thick coating films can be up to 1 mm (40 mils) thick in a single coating run over long distances. The new thick film coating materials and application techniques are similar to continuous screeding, creating a far more robust seamless internal pipe lining when compared to the old technology of thin film paints. With thick film polymers the option now exists to create a structural GRP pipe within a pipe, be it steel or cementicious. It has been preferable, even necessary, to move away from the traditional epoxy paints and coatings. It was found difficult or impossible to use epoxy materials for these pipe coating applications due to the requirement for achieving a suitable viscosity with adequate hold up. In order to reduce epoxy viscosity a solvent or reactive diluent is required. This inevitably lead to solvent entrapment and poor cure characteristics in cold climates. Further mud cracking in over thick areas, the inability to extend or reduce pot life, poor control of cure time and limited resistance to aggressive or chemical environments made solvent based epoxy resins a poor choice.

Jan 1, 2006

By R. Trammell, O. Eterigho-Ikelegbe, S. O. Bada

In response to the enormous amounts of coal discard generated during coal mining and preparation, the development of an efficient and sustainable strategic use of this resource is essential. Furthermore, the rising urban population over the next decades is confronted with the depletion of quality raw materials for building components. To this end, this study reports new information on the morphology, water absorption, and flexural strength properties of ceramic composites produced from three different coal discards and polysiloxane pre-ceramic polymer (PCP) resin. In addition, test results relating to the continuous operating temperature, chemical resistance, and efflorescence potential of the composites are presented. The results show that the water absorption and flexural strength of the coal composites, up to 1.94% and 36.46 MPa respectively, exceed the requirements for ceramic and clay roof tiles. The continuous operating temperature of composites is found to be more thermally stable than conventional roofing tiles (concrete and ceramic) between ambient temperature and 600°C. In addition, the excellent chemical resistance of the composites (94.43%−99.98%) compared to conventional roofing tiles (67.82%−99.97%) eliminates the need for additional external coatings. The interesting results documented so far suggest that this technique could be used to produce low-temperature application building products such as bricks, panels, roofing tiles, etc. This new recycling technique offers an excellent opportunity to eliminate enormous volumes of coal discard and to advance the circular economy in the coal industry.

Aug 2, 2022

By J. -C. Tricket, W. A. Düweke, S. Kock

The high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) seismic reflection data acquired for Impala Platinum between 1998 and 2002 in the western Bushveld Igneous Complex form an integral part of Impala?s mine planning and development programme. These data are of sufficiently high quality to provide unprecedented 3-D models of the geological structure of the Merensky Reef and UG2Chromitite Reef, from which the mine deduces the size, geometry and distribution of mineable blocks. Conversely, the seismic data details zones of un-mineable ground caused by structural disturbances in the form of potholes, fault zones and pegmatoid intrusions. Furthermore, variations in dip and strike are well imaged, allowing the mine planners to optimize the mine design and layout. Current interpretation work is focused on enhancing the accuracy of these geological model seven further through the analysis of ?seismic trace attributes.? Preliminary testing on the Impala Platinum 3-D seismic volume has shown that attribute analysis has the potential to illuminate a number of geological reef disturbances that are otherwise ?invisible? in the original seismic time volume. Potential areas of improvement include inter alia: ?Improved definition of major fault zones ?Improved definition of zones of reef depression (?slumping?) ?Identification of reef terracing and/or reverse dip.. Keywords: 3D reflection seismics; Impala Platinum Ltd; seismic attribute analysis; Seismic Micro Technology (SMT); rock solid attributes; dip-azimuth; instantaneous phase and similarity.

Jan 1, 2004

By L. M. Sekhukhune

The atmospheric leaching of copper-bearing matte by acidic ferric chloride solution was studied at the laboratory scale. The aim was to achieve maximum copper and nickel recovery by investigating the mechanisms of leaching, as well as identifying the effect of temperature, and concentration of ferric chloride and oxygen. Djurleite (Cu1.96S), hazelwoodite (Ni3S2), and Ni alloy were the primary phases detected in the matte. The quantitative composition of the matte was Cu 31%, Ni 50%, S 13%. Fe and Co constituted 2%, with platinum group metals (PGMs) accounting for 0.5%. A maximum nickel extraction of 98% was achieved using two-stage oxidative leaching at 90°C and 11 g/L Fe3+ as compared to 65% under non-oxidative conditions. A copper extraction of 99% was achieved in the first 45 minutes using two-stage non-oxidative leaching, and copper was recovered from solution by cementation. Three processes took place simultaneously throughout the leaching process, namely: dissolution, cementation/ metathesis, and oxidation. The leaching process was found to be diffusioncontrolled.

Jan 1, 2014

By E. Wolmarans

Dowding, Reynard and Associates Mineral Projects (DRAMP) was approached by the ARM/Lion Ore JV during July 2006 to conduct a feasibility study and control budget estimate for a new greenfield project for their NKOMATI Nickel mine 45 km east of Machadadorp. The scope included the evaluation and review of previous studies as well as a techno-economic trade-off on four possible comminution circuits ranging from conventional crushing and ball milling to fully autogenous milling. The following document encapsulates the thought process, decisions and the references used in selecting the final comminution route for the new 375 ktpm MMZ concentrator. Apart from the pilot test work performed, design simulations from a number of sources, performance results from a recently commissioned 100 ktpm MMZ concentrator, together with an understanding of the geology and mineralogy of the orebody and possible variations in the characteristics of the orebody over the life of mine were assessed. The results from all the above-mentioned work indicated that it would be possible to treat the MMZ ore at the desired throughputs to the desired grind sizes in a fully autogenous grinding (ABC-type) circuit. Autogenous milling is generally considered to be one of the higher risk milling circuits. This is mainly due to the fact that the ore, which is utilized as the grinding media, could be variable in terms of hardness and mineralogy/geology. Nevertheless, it is a very popular route as the cost benefits, more specifically the operating cost, are normally very attractive. This is especially the case when large low grade orebodies are evaluated. In North/South America, autogenous and semi-autogenous grinding circuits have been successfully employed during the past 20 years on large scale low grade operations. Taking all the above factors into account, the DRA/Nkomati project team recommended an autogenous circuit with the option to add steel to both the primary and secondary mills (if required) for the new operation in order to create the opportunity for significant operating cost savings. One has to bear in mind that all the new design simulations and decisions are based on previous work and potential unknown variations within the orebody will never be fully understood until the pit is operational for some time.

Jan 1, 2009

By A. J. Jager, D. P. Roberts

The stoping of platinum orebodies in the Bushveld has in the past been accomplished by using in-stope pillars to ensure stability of the workings. In the future, the use of continuous mining machines to mine the platinum orebodies is probable. It is not envisaged that such machines will cut in-stope pillars. This paper describes the alternative support systems that will replace the pillars and the stope geometries that will be required for this type of mining. The paper describes how the support resistance provided by in-stope pillars in current mining was determined and then evaluates support systems that can substitute for these pillars. Conceptual layouts based on existing breast mining layouts are presented. The layouts consist of panels of up to 100 m face length between rigid strike stabilizing pillars. A number of design charts are then proposed that allow for the design of appropriate support systems.

Jan 1, 2004

By J. N. Van der Merwe

The data base of failed coal pillars in South Africa was analysed with regard to the time of failure in an effort to develop a method to predict how long after their formation coal pillars will fail. It was found that meaningful results could only be obtained by splitting the data base up into groups that displayed similar behaviour. It was postulated, based on observation and experience, that coal pillars fail by a process of progressive weakening progressing into the pillar from the edges. Minimum pillar dimensions to ensure failure were calculated?these were the dimensions that corresponded to a minimum ?real? factor of safety. From the scaling distance required to reach the minimum safety factor, rates of scaling for the failed pillars were calculated based on the observed real lives of the pillars. It was found that the rates of scaling were unique for different mining areas and that they correlated directly with mining height and inversely with time. Using the derived scaling rates, the predicted pillar lives were back calculated for the pillars in the data base of failed pillars. In two of the three groups, the predicted lives correlated well with the observed lives on a one-to-one comparison. In all cases, the predicted lives were in the same time range as the observed lives. Overall, the frequency of predicted lives closely replicated the observed frequency of observed lives of the pillars in the data base of failed pillars. The method was successful in distinguishing between the data base of failed and a representative sample of intact pillars. While the predictions matched the observed lives of failed pillars, the predictions of expected lives for intact (hitherto unfailed) pillars were orders of magnitude greater. It is now possible to estimate the frequencies of future pillar failures for the purposes of mine closure and undermining of surface structures within broad bands.

Jan 1, 2003

To the members of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy We have audited the annual financial statements of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy set out on pages 357 to 366 for the year ended 30 June 2002. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Institute?s Council. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. Scope We have conducted our audit in accordance with statements of South African Auditing Standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance that the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes: ?examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, ?assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and ?evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Audit opinion In our opinion, the financial statements fairly present, in all material respects, the financial position of the Institute at 30 June 2002 and the results of its operations and cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with South African Statements of Generally Accepted Accounting Practice. Auditors 26 July 2002 Council?s approval of the annual financial statements The annual financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2002 set out on page 357 to 366 wereapproved by the Council on 26 July 2002 and are signed on its behalf by:

Jan 1, 2002

By M. D. Lionnet

The Bafokeng Rasimone Platinum Mine (BRPM) is a joint venture between Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited and Royal Bafokeng Resources (Pty) Ltd (Bafokeng). The mining lease has been granted over Boschkoppie 104JQ and is located approximately 10 km south of the Pilanesberg Alkaline Complex. The Merensky Reef, which constitutes the principal orebody, is geologically complex. A relationship between its geological variability and the associated mineralization has been established by defining a number of facies types. The Merensky Reef has been subdivided into seven distinct facies types: the pegmatoidal facies, contact facies, FW1 potholefacies, FW3 pothole facies, FW6 pothole facies, and FW7 pothole facies. The Merensky Reef, which does not form part of the potholed reef, has a large component of footwall mineralization. The pothole facies, in contrast, has mineralization located in the hangingwall. Statistical analysis of the facies types indicates that they are unique populations and hence need to be evaluated independently. The mining lease has distinct structural domains that have added additional complications to evaluation of the Merensky Reef. The Merensky facies on BRPM exhibit unique geological and statistical characteristics within well-defined structural blocks. Due to the extreme variability of the Merensky Reef on BRPM a unique approach has been developed, within Anglo Platinum, to evaluate the deposit. Mining cuts are defined and composited for the individual facies types, and then modelled individually by applying known geological controls. The resultant grade models are weighted based on statistical and local geological knowledge. The object of weighting the facies is to replicate the variability observed in the orebody. The introduction of stringent geological controls to the evaluation process has resulted in increased confidence in the in situ grades estimated as an input to the mine planning process.

Jan 1, 2007

By W. Stumpf

Mill log analyses and complementary hot deformation studies were carried out on the as-cast structure and on a hot rolled structure of the same low carbon steel (SAE 1006) that had been processed according to the direct or hot charge route in a compact strip plant. The main softening mechanisms during hot rolling were found to be complete dynamic recrystallization during each pass above about 1000°C for the as-cast structure with an austenite grain size of 277µm and, secondly, incomplete static recrystallization after each pass with a finer austenite grain size of about 26 µm and tested below 1000°C. A two-stage hot working mechanism has also been found by others on a similar steel also processed by the hot charge route and this may appear to be a characteristic of this type of material. Constitutive constants determined from hot working studies were combined with other constants from the literature and incorporated into a grain size development model that correctly predicts the final ferrite grain size in the hot rolled strip steel. The predicted incomplete static recrystallization during the last three finishing passes in the plant appears to result in some retained strain in the hot rolled austenite as it transforms to ferrite on the run-out table. Analyses with the model predict relatively little sensitivity of the final ferrite grain size to process and product variables such as temperature and strain per pass for the last three passes and also the starting austenite grain size in the slab. Keywords: Low carbon steel, hot rolling of strip steel, rolling mill log analyses, austenite grain size, ferrite grain size, grain size modelling.

Jan 1, 2003

By P. L. Ngwenyama, I. Maubane

Soundless chemical demolition agents (SCDAs) are proving to be the future of sustainable and environmental-friendly mining. These expansive chemicals become critical when there is a need to break rock close to communities, environmentally sensitive areas, and critical structures and infrastructure. Unlike explosives, the SCDAs do not generate air-blast, ground vibrations, flyrock, noise, dust, and noxious fumes, which can negatively affect the environment, surrounding communities, sensitive areas, and critical structures and infrastructure. Over the years, several types of SCDA products have been used successfully in the civil and construction industries for the demolition of old and dilapidated buildings near vibrations and environmentally sensitive areas. They have also been used to fragment boulders in the mining and construction industries. However, to date, no study has investigated the applications of soundless chemical demolition on a large-scale in opencast mines. Therefore, this study evaluated whether soundless chemical demolition can break large volumes of in situ rock. This was done by conducting five trials using Nex-Pand soundless chemical demolition agents in four different surface mining sites. Trial 1 was unsuccessful as it was unable to break the rock due to the large confinement between the drilled holes and the use of a hole diameter that was 182% larger than recommended. Trial 2 was a success as it was able to fracture the rock with a crack width that reached 110 mm after 72 hours. Trial 3 generated cracks at the biggest hole diameter of 102 mm. The cracks developed and ceased to increase after 96 hours at a crack width of 100 mm. Trial 4 achieved the smallest crack width due to a very competent rock compared to the other sites. Trial 5 generated cracks at a slower rate than other trials because of the use of Nex-Pand powder at lower ambient temperatures than recommended. These trials proved that soundless chemical demolition agents can replace explosives in areas closer to sensitive infrastructure and communities. This will ultimately enable mines to unlock value and access deposits in these areas.

Jul 23, 2025

As part of a comprehensive risk analysis which was carried out into the effectiveness of the water barrier between South Deep and Randfontein Estate mines, the potential threat posed by large seismic events was assessed. The study covered several aspects. Firstly, an estimate of the maximum credible earthquake was obtained from a probabilistic analysis of the regional seismicity of the previous 25 years. Allowance was made for ?reservoir-induced? effects by increasing the estimate of the size of the maximum credible earthquake from ML= 5.1 to ML= 5.5. Based on available knowledge of the geological structure, the possibility of such an event occurring in the vicinity of the barrier pillar was estimated. The possibility of substantial damage to the barrier rock mass, resulting as a consequence of a large event, was assessed. The likely damage to the concrete control plugs installed in five tunnels that penetrated the barrier, which might result from a ?near-miss? by the largest possible seismic event or from a ?direct hit? by a smaller event, was also considered. It was concluded that there was a negligibly small possibility that the maximum credible earthquake could occur close enough to the barrier, and in such a manner, as to cause any damage to it or to the plugs in the tunnels passing through it. The possibility of serious plug damage occurring as a result of a ?direct hit? by as maller event was slightly greater, but still sufficiently remote as to be of no practical concern at all.

Jan 1, 2006

By Ian MacKenzie

Over the past twelve years, professionals such as architects, engineers, accountants, and attorneys have not had to pay a great deal of attention to GST. The fees charged to clients (outputs) have not been subject to GST, but they have had to pay GST on al purchases of materials and taxable services relating to their activities.

Jan 1, 1990

It is well known that the electrochemical precipitation of metals from aqueous solutions is conducted by the electrochemical standard potential scale. This scale indicates the order of nobility of different metals. Consequently, the standard potential scale shows the nocivity of metals when they are present as impurities in aqueous solutions containing metals. In the hydrometallurgy of cobalt, nickel and zinc are co-deposited during cobalt electrodeposition. Nickel has almost the same chemical, physical and electro-chemical properties as cobalt. Furthermore, the electrochemical potential of nickel is relatively higher than that of cobalt. For this reason nickel is preferentially reduced at the cathode in the presence of cobalt. The presence of small amounts of zinc in solution leads to contamination of cobalt electrowon. In spite of its lower electrochemical potential in comparison to cobalt, zinc is reduced on the cathode because of its higher hydrogen-overvoltage. But, in the hydrometallurgy of zinc, small amounts of cobalt present solution will contaminate the zinc reduced at the cathode. This is easily explained by the fact that cobalt is more electropositive than zinc. The co-deposition mechanism of sulphur at the cathode is not yet well understood. Great attention has to be paid to the mechanism of co-deposition of sulphur during cobalt electrolysis. This work aimed to investigate the influence of some parameters on the co-deposition of nickel, zinc and sulphur during cobalt electrowinning. The following parameters have been investigated: Co2+concentration in the electrolyte, current density and ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4additions. It has been established that important nickel, zinc and sulphur co-deposition takes place at relatively low Co2+ concentration in solution. The behaviour of these elements with regard to the cathodic phenomena has been established.

Jan 1, 2005

By J. F. Curtis

In the synopsis, the author concludes that ?high levels of seismicity do not coincide with high rockburst rates?. Implicit to an appreciation of this statement is the necessity of a common understanding of what is understood by the terms: ?high level of seismicity? and ?high rockburst rates?. With respect to the former term there is no difficulty in that the level of seismicity is traditionally measured in terms of the Richter Scale. The latter term however presents a problem in that the author defines it as a particular sort of seismic event?viz: ?Rockburst? is understood as a seismic event that causes damage to an underground excavation with subsequent injury, loss of material/equipment or production shifts? (p. 322). No scale is given of the amount of: ?excavation damage ?level of injury ?material/equipment loss ?production shifts lost whether separate or cumulative, for a particular seismic event to be classified as a rockburst. A further difficulty arises in that in common usage the words ?rockburst?, ?seismic event? and ?earthquake? are all used to describe the same event.

Jan 1, 1999

By V. Coetzee

In 1992, a paper was compiled highlighting a common-sense approach to electric smelting at Impala Platinum. Since then, the smelter complex has undergone considerable changes. Mineral economics, UG2 exploitation, and changing environmental legislation have enforced numerous process upgrades, yet a common-sense approach has always been adopted. This document details the major changes in the smelter complex at Mineral Processes (Minpro) over the past 15 years, and provides the rationale for the changes. Keywords: Pyrometallurgy, furnace, PGM, platinum, nickel, copper, electric smelting, six-in-line, Peirce-Smith, Impala Platinum.

Jan 1, 2006

By M. A. Hermanus

This paper examines the occupational health and safety performance (OHS) of the South African mining sector against the backdrop of changes in the composition of the sector, international trends in OHS performance, and the agreement on OHS milestones and targets by mining stakeholders at the Mine Health and Safety Summit of 2003. Although OHS performance has improved, progress is slow and there is need for significant rather than incremental change if the targets are to be realized. Since 2003, fatalities and injuries are 20?25% short of annual milestones and not all commodities show consistent improvement. Statistics on occupational health impacts are unavailable, but noise and respirable dust levels are known to be high in mines, with much work lying ahead to address exposures at source. Trends in regulating and addressing OHS hazards are discussed with reference to the notion of ?systems-thinking? and the targets. Efforts to improve OHS and to respond to changes in the sector are constrained by a lack of training and consistency in risk management, guidance for junior, small and artisanal miners, and holistic approaches to risk. For example, treating risk holistically would involve taking proper account of contractors and women in the workplace, and attending to human factors and ergonomics.

Jan 1, 2007

The mining industry worldwide is currently facing a significant restructuring process. In most underground mines, widespread mechanization of the mining processes increases production while reducing staff numbers. At the same time, mining depths as well as the lateral spread of the mine workings are increasing. This ever-changing mining environment requires sophisticated solutions for the design and operation of underground mines. In fact, a reduced number of mining engineers is taking responsibility for everincreasing mine operations. This applies not only to the excavation of the minerals, but also to all other aspects of the mining operation, including health and safety, disaster management, and mine rescue organization. Most mining engineering graduates entering the industry lack experience in mine emergency management. Young engineer trainees must learn mine emergency management and rescue work in addition to their normal training experience on the job. Often, and unfortunately, emergency and rescue training at different mining companies is not carried out to the highest level and standard and with the best possible training outcomes. The tasks and challenges a young engineer faces while being trained in a new position do not leave much room for additional training in mine rescue and emergency management. At the same time, experienced, ?old hands? are retiring and cannot easily be replaced due to limited graduation numbers. Strategies are being developed at mining universities worldwide to train mining engineering students in handling mine emergency situations and to provide hands-on experience for managing potential accident and disaster scenarios underground. Two of these strategies, from the USA and from Central Europe, are presented in this paper. These specific strategies have to be seen under special consideration of the local and regional boundary conditions, but might serve as case studies for mining schools and universities in other countries.

Jan 1, 2014

By N. Henderson, J. Weyer, J. F. Brune

"The mining industry worldwide is currently facing a significant restructuring process. In most underground mines, widespread mechanization of the mining processes increases production while reducing staff numbers. At the same time, mining depths as well as the lateral spread of the mine workings are increasing. This ever-changing mining environment requires sophisticated solutions for the design and operation of underground mines. In fact, a reduced number of mining engineers is taking responsibility for everincreasing mine operations. This applies not only to the excavation of the minerals, but also to all other aspects of the mining operation, including health and safety, disaster management, and mine rescue organization.Most mining engineering graduates entering the industry lack experience in mine emergency management. Young engineer trainees must learn mine emergency management and rescue work in addition to their normal training experience on the job. Often, and unfortunately, emergency and rescue training at different mining companies is not carried out to the highest level and standard and with the best possible training outcomes. The tasks and challenges a young engineer faces while being trained in a new position do not leave much room for additional training in mine rescue and emergency management. At the same time, experienced, ’old hands’ are retiring and cannot easily be replaced due to limited graduation numbers.Strategies are being developed at mining universities worldwide to train mining engineering students in handling mine emergency situations and to provide hands-on experience for managing potential accident and disaster scenarios underground. Two of these strategies, from the USA and from Central Europe, are presented in this paper. These specific strategies have to be seen under special consideration of the local and regional boundary conditions, but might serve as case studies for mining schools and universities in other countries."

Jan 1, 2014