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By J. E. Rourke, O&apos

This report incorporates a review of available dewatering technology and an evaluation of its relevance to surface coal mines in the Interior Province of the United States. Guidelines for the selection, design and construction of dewatering systems are included. On the basis of documented experience, candidate dewatering systems were selected and evaluated with respect to their anticipated impact on the environment and mine operations. Included in the discussion is a summary of laws and regulations which can impact on dewatering operations. Following this discussion, geologic and hydrogeologic conditions within the Interior Province are described and potential dewatering problems at surface coal mines are identified. Model mines are developed which exhibit the most difficult dewatering problems identified, and it is demonstrated how available technology can be utilized to deal with these problems. Dewatering of coarse-grained, high permeability terrace deposits might be economically feasible today. Low permeability, saturated glacial tills or lake deposits appear to be significantly outside present economic feasibility for dewatering.

Jan 1, 1979

By Fermont F. Clarke, Others, Paul Zinner

"INTRODUCTION The Edison mine comprises workings on two irregular spodumene-bearing pegmatite dikes which outcrop near the town of Keystone in the southern portion of the Black Hills of South Dakota. The Bureau of Mines conducted an investigation of the Edison mine as part of a comprehensive study of the lithium mineral-production possibilities in the Black Hills area. The work was undertaken during the Second World War, when the demand for certain lithium salts and compounds exceeded the then small productive capacity of the industry.During the course of the project, the Bureau of Mines completed 13 diamond core-drill holes, aggregating 2,114.5 feet of drilling. Twenty-six cannel samples were taken from the main Edison shaft, and 13 miscellaneous samples were obtained to permit analysis of the efficiency of phases of mining and sorting operations. Metallurgical tests were made by the Bureau of Mines to investigate the feasibility of beneficiating spodumere-bearing ores from the Edison mine. 3/"

Apr 1, 1948

By Richard L. Sanford

This report summarizes the results of an update on a previous Bureau of Mines grant (G0264026), and includes 5 additional years of computer pro-gram development. The directory includes a sampling of computer usage in operating and manufacturing companies, consulting firms, computer companies, research organizations, universities, and various governmental agencies. References to computer applications throughout the industry are presented as well as comments on program availability. The work effort on the updated directory concentrated on programs that are available to the public and are well documented.

Jan 1, 1982

By George J. Conroy

To provide data as a basis for proposed acceptance standards and procedures covering permanent splices in trailing cables, the Bureau of Mines conducted testing programs on the flexure life in flat types W and G dc trailing cable splices and ground conductors. Primary reliance was placed on laboratory testing, although some cross comparisons were made at manufacturers' plants and mine operations Besides providing data for acceptance standards and procedures, results of the program should promote the general improvement of commercially available splice kits.

Jan 1, 1977

By George S. Rice

This bulletin traces the growth in the belief in the explosibility of coal dust, summarizes the experiments and mine investigations that have established this belief, and gives the present status of pre- ventive measures. It has been prepared in accordance with the pro- visions of the acts of Congress authorizing investigations relating to the causes of mine explosions, and contains references to and descrip- tions of experiments made at the Federal testing station at Pittsburg, Pa. This station was inaugurated under the United States Geo- logical Survey, and was transferred to the Bureau of Mines on the establishment of the latter on July 1, 1910. Only within comparatively few years has the dry dust of bitumi- nous and lignitic coals been generally recognized as an explosive agent more insidious, threatening, and deadly to the miner than fire damp. Fire damp carries its own flag of warning-the "cap" in the safety lamp-but coal dust, though visible, does not attract attention until present in large quantities. Fire damp is of local occurrence, and except in notable and very exceptional cases is controllable by careful manipulation of ventilating currents. If by mischance a body of fire damp is ignited in a mine, the force of the explosion may be terrific, but the effect is local unless dry coal dust is present, or unless (as it very rarely happens) an explosible mixture of methane gas and air extends through large areas of the mine. In a dry mine dust accu- mulates everywhere, and the blast from the ignition and combustion of bituminous dust may traverse miles of rooms and entries and wreck structures at the entrance to the mine. The comparative potential destructiveness of gas and of bituminous dust is strikingly shown by the history of the Pennsylvania anthracite mines. These mines not infrequently have large inflows of gas, and the resulting mixtures of gas and air have sometimes been ignited, yet no such wide-sweeping explosions have taken place, despite the presence of dry anthracite dust, as have happened in excellently ventilated bituminous mines.

Jan 1, 1911

By T. M. Barczak, S. C. Tadolini

Pumpable roof supports provide an alternative approach to secondary support in underground mining. Unlike all other supports that are either partially or fully prefabricated prior to being transported into the mine, the pumpable support is fabricated in place in the mine entry. This reduces the underground material handling efforts and thus the injuries historically associated with in-mine support construction. On-site fabrication also facilitates application of the support in areas that are inaccessible to transportation equipment such as scoops or rail cars, making it ideal for many bleeder applications. One of the main advantages of the pumpable support is that it fully bridges from the mine floor to the roof, thereby eliminating the requirement of “topping off” the support with wooden wedges or crib blocks that soften most other support responses. This report examines the development of modern pumpable roof support technology and provides a full description of the performance capabilities of each of the support products now on the market.

By Frank L. Hess

"New England" and "granite" if not synonymous are at least associated terms. Where there are granites that are not deeply eroded there are usually pegmatites, the most erratic of rocks, and of them New England has a full portion. Many of the New England pegmatites contain the rare alkalis - lithium, rubidium, and cesium. however, the same in homogeneity of the earth's crust that has made the New England pegmatites unusual, in that so many of them contain the rare alkalis, has likewise made the distribution of the rare-alkali minerals sporadic even in those pegmatites, and most contain only enough to furnish collectors with more or less ornamental and uncommon minerals. New England has long had numberless collectors of minerals, and the mineralogists of its various schools have published many papers on the pegmatitic minerals, including those of the rare alkalis, but none of the papers have dealt with estimates of quantities. In this paper we have tried to place the emphasis on quantity rather than on mineralogy.

Jan 1, 1943

By Walter E. Lewis

The Fort Randall Reservoir project, on the Missouri River at Pickstown, S. Dak., was designed by the Corps of Engineers and is part of the Missouri River Basin Development Program. The location of the project with respect to adjacent features is shown' in figure 1. When the project is finished, it will include a large earthwork dam and 12 circular tunnels, 8 of which will be equipped for power and 4 for flood control. Various phases of the construction have been contracted to independent companies, and at present four companies are working on different phases of the project under a rigid time schedule. Western Contracting Corp. is the contractor on stage II, earthwork; Johnson-Winston Construction Co. is the contractor for construction of the intake towers at the upstream side of the dam; McCarthy Improvement Co. has the contract for the power house and the outlet works on the downstream side; and Silas Mason Co. has the contract for driving the power and flood-control tunnels. The latter two companies use the same roads for ingress and egress to their respective work areas and the same general waste dump area. Under such circumstances, it is necessary that each company stay on a time schedule in regular sequence to avoid interference with the other.

Jan 1, 1951

By F. H. Willcox

This publication is the third of a series of reports on hazards and the prevention of accidents at blast-furnace plants that is being published by the Bureau of Mines, Technical Paper 106a being the first and Technical Paper 136b the second of the series. This bulletin, which is arranged in three parts, treats of the causes and prevention of blast-furnace breakouts, explosions, and slips. The first part discusses blast-furnace breakouts, the hazards therefrom, causes, and features of furnace design and methods of operation that tend to prevent breakouts or lessen their number, and points out safety measures to be adopted. The second part takes up the theory and causes of gas explosions at blast-furnace plants and reviews the better methods in use for handling gas. The third part analyzes the causes of hanging and scaffolding in blast furnaces, with the resulting slips that frequently cause injury to the plant and danger to the workmen, describes features of construction and furnace design and methods of operation employed to prevent hanging and slipping, and suggests precautions and safeguards.

Jan 1, 1917

By John B. Gayle

The Bureau of Mines has designed and constructed an experimental coke oven, using a commercial oven as a model where practicable. Because the rate of carbonization is important in determining the quality of the coke produced and may affect the "mount of pressure developed during carbonization, particular attention was given to those elements of the design that govern the heat transfer to the charge. The new oven deviates in design from most existing test ovens in that the charge is full width (17 inches), the heating walls ore constructed of 4-1/2-inch silica brick, and zoned, heat-input arrangements compensate for heat losses at the ends, top, and bottom of the charge. This report describes the oven, which was designed by H. S. Auvil and installed under his direction, at the Southern Experiment Station, Tuscaloosa, Ala., while he was supervising, engineer, Coke Section. It gives the results of a limited number of carbonizing tests. These results indicate that the main objective in designing and building this oven, that off duplicating commerical, slot-oven carbonizing conditions, has been accomplished; if coke-discharge conditions simulate commercial-oven conditions, the cokes from the experimental oven arc very similar to oven coke, in soma tests being fully as close is duplicate tests from a Angle batch of coke.

Jan 1, 1952

By George S. Rice, F. B. LANEY, A. J. Lanza, Edwin Higgins

Under its organic act the Federal Bureau of Mines is directed to conduct investigations relating to the improvement of health conditions in the mineral industries. This report describes the lead and zino deposits and the mining methods employed in the sheet-ground area of the Joplin district, Missouri, and discusses the causes and the methods of abating rock dust in the mines, the chemical and physical characteristics of the dust, and the quantities present in mine air. Although the preliminary investigation included a number of the "soft-ground" mines, the writer spent the larger part of his time in the sheet-ground mines, for in them alone was siliceous dust found in appreciable quantities. Some results of the preliminary investigation have been published by the Bureau of Mines in Technical Paper 105.a The territory covered in t~lCpreliminary investigation, during the period between November 7 and December 6, 1914, embraced parts of Jasper, Lawrence, Newton, and Greene Counties, Mo., and outlying districts in Kansas and Oklahoma. The remainder of the field work, to which 84 days during the period from February 9 to July 19, 1915, were devoted, was confined to the sheet-ground mines, the most important of which are situated in the vicinity of Joplin, Webb City, Carterville, and other smaller near-by towns in Jasper County, Mo.

Jan 1, 1917

By R. W. Huber

A consumable-electrode arc-melting furnace was constructed at the Bureau of Mines Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, College Park, Md., for the production of uncontaminated titanium and titanium-alloy ingots. The furnace was designed to allow for evacuating to very low pressures and back filling with helium and argon mixtures for melting at or near atmospheric pressure. Vacuum melting at a few millimeters pressure was also used with a mixture of helium and argon gas sweeping the crucible. For research purposes a 25- to 30-pound ingot, 4 inches in diameter by 15 inches in length, was selected to provide, enough 1/2-inch plate for extensive tensile and impact testing of standard size specimens. Enough plate was also provided for testing by other Government laboratories. The homogeneity of several alloy ingots was determined, and excellent results were obtained. By using a large electrode-to-ingot-area ratio and high currents or power inputs to the arc furnace rather uniform ingots were routinely prepared.

Jan 1, 1957

By E. R. Bauer

This report describes a U.S. Bureau of Mines investigation into the removal of gate road chain pillars in conjunction with longwall retreat mining. The research objective was to determine, through evaluations of the loads imposed on the gate road pillars and supplemental support elements in the entries, how the pillars, supplemental support, and entries were affected by the longwall abutment pressure. To achieve this goal, vibrating wire stressmeters and hydraulic flatjack pressure cells were installed in the support elements to monitor stress change caused by abutment pressure as a function of longwall face advance. The findings documented in this report are the result of information collected from instrumentation and observation at the mine. Pillar and support loading measurements and stability observations revealed that the roof and the sup- port elements remained stable during panel retreat, while the face progressed at a normal rate of advance. The ability to safely and efficiently mine chain pillars during panel retreat increases resource recovery and can provide several other benefits described in this report.

Jan 1, 1993

By E. D. Calvert

This Bureau of Mines report discusses the electric-arc reduction of zirconium and hafnium oxides with carbon yielding a metal-metallic carbide mixture. The carbon to oxide ratio in the feed determines the metal to carbide ratio in the product. A sample of this product was produced -or testing as a feed for the deBoer iodide-dissociation process. A new technique for producing pure carbides is described, which uses the intense heat of the arc to volatilize the carbide. The condensed vapor form , crystals of nearly stoichiometric carbide, INTRODUCTION This research examines the preparation of refractory metal carbides in the controlled atmosphere electric-arc furnace.

Jan 1, 1962

"M bed, Matanuska valley, Alaska, coal carbonizingproperties B 510M spectral lines, low-energy, study RI 5538Mab shaft, Leadvile district, Colo., investigation RI .1518Maberry process, for aluminum chloride TP 321"

Jan 1, 1960

By F. A. Rutledge

[An a part of the United States Department of the interior program for the development and use of Alaska raw materials, the Bureau of Mines is conducting an investigation of deposits of nonmetallic minerals accessible to the Alaska Railroad for use in building; materials is In the Alaska Railroad-belt area. The results of the investigations, to date, indices that raw materials for the preduction of brick products are in plentiful supply as cloy in the Anchorage area, as fire clay at Sheep Mountain, and as shale in the Healy Creek coal formations near Healy, Alaska.]

Jan 1, 1953

By O. H. Metzger

This is one of a series of capers being published by the Bureau of Mines on gold mining A the Western States. It describes the production of gold in the principal mining districts of New Mexico. The material was gathered red on a trip through tale State in the summer of 1936. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author acknowledges the aid and cooperation of mine operators in all parts of the State, who willingly contributed all information requested. Geological reports of the Geological Survey and the New. Mexico Bureau of Mince were drawn upon freely for information; credit to individual paper, is given in the text.

Jan 1, 1938

Duties on Lead Imports from Mexico. - On September 15, the President signed Proclamation 4792 suspending concessions formerly granted as of January 1 on red lead imported from Mexico. The Proclamation also increased the duty payable on litharge imported from Mexico from 3% ad valorem to 3.5% ad valorem, effective September 15. Appeal of Lead Standards. - The U.S. Court of Appeals for Washington, D.C., rejected petitions by the Lead Industries Assoc. and St. Joe Minerals Corp. for a review of standards promulgated by EPA and OSHA. The Lead Industries Assoc. reportedly will appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court on the basis of the "benzene" and "cotton dust" decisions. Scheduled implementation of standards will continue during the appeal.

Jan 1, 1980

By H. H. Schrenk, Carlton E. Brown

"The purpose of this paper are (1) to present a broad picture of the recognized methods of measuring the various forms of atmospheric pollution; (2) to evaluate the significance of such measurements; and (3) to suggest suitable methods for obtaining comparative information on the concentration of contaminants in city air.The atmosphere (the gaseous envelope surrounding the earth) consists of a mixture of gases. These gases and their usual proportions are:4/The volume of water vapor in the atmosphere ranges from almost zero (in very cold weather) to about 5 percent arid averages about 1.2 percent.Strictly speaking, any other substance in the atmosphere or an excess of any of the substances mentioned (with the possible exception of water) is a contaminant. Needless to say, there are many contaminants in the atmosphere.In accordance with their physical state, contaminants may be classified as gaseous or particulate, and the latter may be classified as solid or liquid matter. Particulate matter, especially when dispersed in some medium such as air or some other gas, sometimes is referred to as dispersoid, and the complete system of gas and dispersoid is referred to as aerosol.All substances on the earth are potential sources of atmospheric contaminants. Combustible materials (particularly fuel for heating and power), sea water, earth or soil, metals, and animals (including man) are some of the important sources of contaminants.Ordinarily gases are produced by chemical processes, whereas dispersoids are produced by both chemical and physical processes. There are two general dispersoid-producing processes: (1) Condensation, in which molecules join to form larger units or particles, and (2) disintegration, in which large units are reduced to the particulate range (which for the purpose of this article may be considered to be from 100 microns, or 1/254 inch, down to molecular size) by such processes as crushing, grinding, abrading, and atomizing.“Condensoid"" is a convenient term for dispersoids formed by condensation, and ""disintegrasoid"" for those formed by disintegration. Solid condensoids are sometimes called ""fume,"" solid disintegrasoids ""dust,"" liquid condensoids ""fog,"" and liquid disintegrasoids ""mist.""5/"

May 1, 1942

By Neldon L. Jensen

Although ASARCO Incorporated, the only domestic producer, had terminated copper smelting operations and associated recovery of byproduct arsenic trioxide at Tacoma, WA, in 1985, it shipped small quantities of both trioxide and metal from its remaining stocks in 1986. Imports for consumption of arsenic trioxide increased significantly, owing to increased demand for arsenical wood preservatives and the decrease in domestic shipments of trioxide. Prices remained unchanged throughout the year. Development of gallium arsenide integrated circuits, important in advanced military and commercial electronics circuitry, continued to gain momentum during 1986. Domestic Data Coverage.-Shipments of small amounts of arsenic trioxide and metal from remaining stocks by Asarco were reported voluntarily to the Bureau of Mines.

Jan 1, 1988