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By Premur V

In industry and power production and distribution large quantities of fine wastes are produced. These are above all fly ash and phosphogypsum. Attempts are made to use them as secondary raw materials in industry and construction. Since they contain dangerous and harmful components or are nonhomogeneous their direct application is limited so that they are treated as waste. This paper reports on tests conducted with the aim of agglomerating the mentioned fine industrial wastes by pelletisation. The aim of this resarch was to obtain agglomerated product suitable for handling, transport and dumping. At the same time efforts were made to incapsulate harmful components by producing pellets with protective shells. Next, pellets without binders and with different binders were produced. Strength, resistance to freezing and solubility of pellets were tested. All the fine industrial wastes under survey were found to be suitable for pelletisation. The utilisation of appropriate binders ensures pellet strength required for safe handling and ecologically sound deposition of pelleted Material.

Jan 1, 1993

By Pollack B

Four different major international copper projects are discussed. Three have recently come on line, and one is now being constructed. Each of the projects has encountered unique problems during the course of its development because of the legal requirements of the host country, together with its political and social needs. Nevertheless, there have been similar problems to solve. There were six common factors. 1. Quality engineering to be performed under the direction of an experienced project team. 2. Good communications. 3. Logistics. 4. Customs requirements. 5. Availability of capable construction labour. 6. Local material source capability.

Jan 1, 1983

The mining. operations of Bougainville Copper Pty Limited are located at Panguna on the Island of Bougainville which is part of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. Mineralisation in the Panguna area was first established by C.R.A. Exploration Pty Ltd in 1964. Exploration work since then has established ore reserves estimated to be 760,000,000 tons of.0.47% copper and 0.4 dwt./ton gold. An economic feasibility study completed in July of this year has enabled a decision to be made to proceed with a major mining operation. The ore will be mined by open cut methods and will be treated in a conventional concentrator with a nominal capacity of 90,000 short tons per day. The concentrate will be pumped as a slurry through a 15 mile long pipeline to a port established on the east coast where it will be filtered and dried ready for export. Other supporting facilities for the mine include two towns, a 135 megawatt steam power station, and access roads.

Jan 1, 1970

By R Terracciano, J Schneider

Willemite (Zn2SiO4) is one of the main zinc carriers in several Neoproterozoic carbonate-hosted non-sulfide deposits ofNamibia and Zambia. Willemite commonly replaces sphalerite, but it may also replace the carbonate host rocks. Fluid inclusions, cathodoluminescence petrography and trace element geochemistry are crucial to distinguish between hypogene, high temperature and low temperature (possibly) supergene willemites. A global period of willemite mineralisation, extending from Cambrian to Lower Ordovician has been proposed for the southern hemisphere. An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation.

Jan 1, 2008

By Montini A

The dynamic behaviour of the load in a pilot-scale ball mill has been measured as a function of axial position within the mill, end plate lifter design, load volume J (percent of mill volume), percent solids in the slurry S and mill speed N (percent of critical speed). Conductivity probes were inserted through the shell of the mill to provide online measurements of the dynamic orientation of the load in the mill. It was found that 1. the height of the shoulder of the load is increased by increasing J, S or N. 2. Measurements of the effect of S on the location of the shoulder of the load should be very useful in mill control strategies. 3. The axial centre of gravity of the load in the mill is not affected by operating conditions. 4. The presence of lifters on the feed end plate does not affect the torque drawn by the mill. 5. Holdup of slurry in the mill is a strong function of slurry viscosity and a weak function of mill speed.

Jan 1, 1986

By Wilson AF

Gold-silver mineralization at Cracow and Ukalunda in Queensland comprise quartz-filled veins, fissures and breccia zones hosted by propylitically altered volcanics and epizonal intrusions which are strongly fractured. The terrestrial volcanic facies, structural setting, type of alteration and complex mineralogy suggest these deposits are of the epithermal type.The 180 depleted character of the wall-rocks is consistent with the involvement of meteoric waters in convective hydrothermal cells associated with the vulcanism. The Cracow quartzes have remarkably low 6180 values from -2.0 to -3.4 per mil typical. of meteoric hydrothermal systems at high latitude, consistent with the inferred position of Australia during the Permian. 6180 values for the Ukalunda quartzes exhibit a wide range from 5.1 to 14.9 per mil which reflect the mixing of magmatic and meteoric waters, and a steep geothermal gradient.Further stable isotope and geochemical studies are in progress to establish the scale and morphology of the zones of anomalous 6180 and mineralogy in the wallrocks which constitute significant exploration targets.

Jan 1, 1984

By Kadoya H, Kondo Y

The Harima works were established in 1964 and started operation in 1966. The initial capacity was 3500 t/month of zinc and 1500 t/month of lead. Until 1990 a lot of improvements had been made and the capacity had increased 6600 t/month of zinc and 2200 t/month of lead without enlarging the furnace size. During the ten weeks campaign shut-down at the end of 1990, many modifications were carried out including the enlargement of the furnace shaft area. By these changes, the capacity has gone up to 7500 t/month of zinc and 2500 t/month of lead. In the sinter plant, the amount of SO2 rich gas supplied to the acid plant was raised to 50 000 Nm3/h from 43 500 Nm3/h. An electrostatic precipitator was adopted instead of a venturi scrubber to clean the rich gas. Oxygen enrichment has been continuously operated since August 1991, because the furnace capacity is more than the rate of sinter production. Utilisation of the sinter plant is high being as much as 97 per cent and the sulphur burning rate has been increased. In 1990 the furnace was replaced except the hearth. The shaft area was enlarged to 19.4 m2 from 15.3 m2. The target blast was designed to be more than 36 000 Nm3/h. Tuyere layout was changed to prevent slag breakouts. Due to these modifications shaft condition has been very good. Automatic launder jacket cleaners were installed to increase the lead cooling efficiency. Many other improvements and developments were also made. Coke powder injection from the tuyeres has been successfully operated since April 1987.

Jan 1, 1993

By D Judkins N OÆLoughlin

"Basin Minerals Limited commenced exploring for conventional strandline hosted mineral sands (rutile, ilmenite and zircon) deposits in the Murray Basin in April 1997. This has resulted in the discovery of a major mineral sands field in the Douglas Project area, located southwest of Horsham in the Wimmera Region of Western Victoria. After the successful completion of a pre-feasibility study on these deposits in September 2000, the Douglas Project has advanced to bankable final feasibility study. This study should be completed by mid-2002 to allow a decision to commence production in 2003 at an expected rate of in excess of 500 000 tonnes of combined mineral sands products per annum. The field comprises several mineralised strandlines. The main ones of economic interest are from west to east, the four strandlines, Acapulco, Bondi, Bondi East and Echo. These strandlines at August, 2000 contain total Inferred Resources of 443 million tonnes at 4.7 per cent HM at a one per cent HM cut-off; ie 20.8 million tonnes of heavy mineral concentrate which in turn contains 11.3 million tonnes of ilmenite and leucoxene, 1.3 million tonnes of rutile and 1.6 million tonnes of zircon. The heavy mineral concentrate is coarse-grained with mean diameter grain size of the strandline deposits ranging from 130 to 160 microns in size. Major controls on the formation of mineral sands deposits in the Murray Basin are discussed with reference to the main mineral sand bearing, strand plain domains; the Central Strand Plain, the New South Wales Strand Plain and the West Wimmera Strand Plain. The Douglas Project deposits on the West Wimmera Strand Plain domain are characterised by wide zones of mineralisation with high-grade cores (>10 per cent HM), low stripping ratios, and a valuable economic heavy mineral suite comprising 60 to 80 per cent of heavy mineral concentrate. Constituent mineralogy of the heavy mineral concentrate of the overall deposits is; ilmenite (40 to 58 per cent), leucoxene (five to seven per cent), rutile (four to ten per cent) and zircon (four to 14 per cent). The Douglas Project Area appears to be endowed with significantly enhanced levels of heavy minerals compared to other areas of the Murray Basin due to its unique palaeo-geographical position. Long shore drift to the south of the basin has caused large quantities of heavy mineral to be trapped against the palaeo-cliffs and headlands of a rugged palaeo-coastline which includes in a major embayment, the Grampian Mountains, the Black Range and the Glenelg Complex. To the east, major faulting and uplift has brought the fine-grained WIM offshore deposits close to the surface and has resulted in erosional stripping of mineralised strandline deposits. This mineralisation has been recycled and reconcentrated within the younger strandlines to the west within the adjacent Douglas Project Area. These strandlines are thought to be younger than other mineralised strandlines discovered to-date in the Murray Basin. The Project Area strandlines are described; ie their morphology, geology and patterns of mineral distribution. The mineralogy of each of the strandlines is distinctive and variations are noted along strike and section."

Jan 1, 2001

By Boyd G. L

Stress measurement is at the core of most stability design analyses. It is demonstrated that contrary to accepted practice, it is the field measurement, and not the calculated prediction, of stress that requires most examination and review. Since it is not really possible to quantify rockmass properties, the stiffness values used in reduction of stress measurements and in subsequent design analyses (either empirical or numerical modelling) must consider an appropriate range of values.

Jan 1, 1995

By Hanes J

More than 200 bursts in coal occurred at Leichhardt Colliery prior to December 1978 during mine development in the 6 m thick Gemini seam at depths approximating 400 m. Three large bursts each displaced more than 300 tonnes of coal and stone. Two of these which occurred in continuous miner developments, are described and compared. Geological settings, mining strains including induced cleavage and roof failures associated with bursts are described. A shotfiring technique replaced mechanised mining following a major incident at the colliery. Present mining procedures, the apparent improvement in stability of workings and ongoing geotechnical monitoring programme are discussed.

Jan 1, 1980

Separating Particles by Horizontal Deflection in a Paramagnetic Fluid This paper describes the horizontal deflection behavior of particles in paramagnetic fluids under a high-gradient superconducting magnetic field. Movements of single particle were observed experimentally and indicated that they could be deflected to different positions. Based on these results, the behavior of groups of particles from ore samples was examined in the superconducting magnetic. It was found that these particles could be deflected and settled at a certain position due to the combination of gravity and magneto-Archimedes forces as well as a lateral buoyancy (displacement) force. Mineral particles with different susceptibilities and/or densities could be deflected to different positions, thus producing groupings of similar types of particles. The work described here, although in its infancy, could form the basis of new approach to separating particles based on a combination of susceptibility and density.  

Sep 13, 2010

In May 1977 a new dam was commissioned for disposal of 600,000 metric tonnes/year of tailings. Design basis, costs and construction problems are described. Problems arose, assoc- iated with lack of experience in building such a dam "from scratch". Solutions are described land costs given.

Jan 1, 1978

Studying the ore textures in a discrete orebody is a novel approach to estimating liberation potential of the ore minerals present. As part of a PhD thesis, this project aims at classifying and quantifying the textures of the Hilton North orebodies, and at estimating their liberation characteristics.

Jan 1, 1993

By Diessel C. F K, Ng N

The commonly used Stopes-Heerlen coal petrographic classification and nomenclature has over the years been subject to variable interpretations. This paper discusses the problem with specific reference to the inertinite maceral group. The effect of various interpretations of the Stopes-Heerlen system on maceral analysis is discussed and illustrated by means of comparative analyses conducted by a number of laboratories in Australia. An attempt is made to define the reflectance thresholds used by the authors to subdivide the inertinite group; the genetic and technological significance of these thresholds are compared. The difficulties of distinguishing structured and non-structured macerals of the inertinite group is discussed in terms of possible improvements to the present Stopes-Heerlen system by extending the classification to include transitional maceral types.

Jan 1, 1969

By Hewitt D

A study of two laterite profiles developed on a serpentinite near Rockhampton, shows that loss of Si02 and MgO results in the relative concentration of Fe203, A1203 and a number of minor elements. Serpentine is broken down to form montmorillonite, goethite, quartz and kaolinite. Enrichment of nickel occurs, and it is shown that the element is mainly associated with montmorillonite and serpentine. Highest nickel values are associated with a zone in the profile which occurs at a depth of 10.5-22 metres, and the bulk of the nickel in this zone (42-80%) is associated with the

Jan 1, 1974

By LaBrooy SR

A number of gold processing plants in Western Australia have nickel in their ores, leading to significant levels of nickel on their loaded carbon. The presence of nickel during leaching, adsorption and elution'may have detrimental effects on cyanide consumption, carbon inventory requirements, stripping costs, electrowinning efficiencies and may contaminate the gold bullion.This paper discusses the competitive adsorption of gold and nickel cyanides onto activated carbon and investigates changes in solution parameters that may improve gold adsorption and/or inhibit nickel adsorotion.

Jan 1, 1997

The hoisting system at the Newcrest Telfer mine is designed for a final duty of 7.35 million tonnes per annum at a hoisting distance of 1450 m. In terms of hoisting capacity (t/h) times hoisting distance it is one of the largest friction hoist installations. Initially, the hoist will be equipped for hoisting 6.5 Mtpa from 1100 m depth. This new drive technology is now well proven by ABB for mine hoist applications with the first installation in commercial operation since July 2001. To date 17 systems for medium voltage drives and another five for low voltage drives have been purchased from ABB for mine hoists. This paper will also deal with skip design and powerful data loggers with diagnostics for local and remote monitoring that are installed in the Telfer mine hoist.

Jan 1, 2005

By Matthew SP, Hayes PC

The product morphologies formed on the reduction of dense wustite crystals are classified into three types,A) porous iron, B) porous wustite covered with dense iron and C) dense wustite covered with dense iron. The mechanisms of formation of these structures and the effects of impurity elements on the product morphologies are discussed

Jan 1, 1984

The Melanesian Outer Arc, extending from. Papua New Guinea to Fiji, developed as a result of interaction between the Australian and Pacific plates throughout the Tertiary, and the following stages are recognized. ,a, Formation of island arc tholeites above a west facing subduction zone in the Lower Tertiary. fit Emplacement of mainly calcalkaline volcanics above an east facing subduction zone in the Upper Miocene and Pliocene. ontinued east facing subduction coupled with fragmentation of the arc from the Pliocene onward. Alkaline and Mg-rich volcanism occurred in addition to continued calcalkaline activity. Tre Upper Miocene and younger volcanism is into five arc segments on the basis of geographic position and nature of the magmatism. The calcalkaline Bismarck arc extending along northern New Britain and including small islands to the west. The alkaline Tabar to Feni arc, north of New Ireland. The Solomons arc, including Bougainville and the western part of the Solomon slands. Volcanism is largely _.alcalkaline, but Mg-rich varieties occur the Solomon Islands. roe New Hebrides arc, extending from the -astern Outer Islands of the Solomons through Vanuatu. Both calcalkaline and :alkaline volcanics are representeo. alkaline and calcalkaline Fiji arc.

Jan 1, 1987

The Barra Mine was the most significant mine of Australia's earliest mining era, which took place in South Australia between 1841 and 1851, the decade prior to discovery of gold in eastern Australia. Between 1845 and 1860, Barra was the largest metalliferous mine in Australia and employed up to 1000 men and boys, most of them Cornish.""Today the site is also important in a physical and archaeological sense as it contains extensive remains of mining and processing operations of the period 1850 - 70. Most significant are three cnginchouses which housed Cornish beam engines.

Jan 1, 1993