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Gold rush histories are usually written as though they were unique events in the development of a region or nation. While this is a valid way of looking at gold rushes, it is not the only way. This paper is a brief attempt to relate the West Coast rushes to a wider context. During the second half of the nineteenth century the lure of gold transformed the Pacific Rim. Gold rushes drew more than half a million Europeans and Americans to lands bordering the Pacific. By 1900 a chain of mining, industrial and urban centres ran from California to Alaska; from Ballarat to New Guinea, and on to Western Australia. The New Zealand rushes were a significant chapter in this story. People, cargo and information passed from rush to rush. Techniques learned on earlier goldfields were imported; those developed in New Zealand were, in turn, taken up elsewhere. Administrative systems and regulations developed in Australia were implemented in New Zealand, improved and passed on to Canada. This interconnectedness was so strong that gold-seekers thought of the mining regions as a distinct culture, 'the whole digging world'. Much can be made of the similarities shared by rushes. But comparison can also highlight the individuality of each rush. +The early days of the West Coast rushes were perhaps the strongest assertion of a diggers' culture. A brief period in which a remarkable orderliness was created through mateship, self-regulation, and the occasional threat of rough justice. The West Coast rushes were both a unique experience and an integral part of a process which transformed the Pacific Rim during the nineteenth century. Understanding their part in that bigger story highlights just how unique they were.

Jan 1, 1996

Identifying Opportunities to Reduce the Consumption of Energy Across Mineral Processing Plants

Sep 13, 2010

By Hindmarsh J. W, McCoy A. E R

Instantaneous outbursts of coal and gas have occurred at various times in several working districts of Metropolitan Colliery, N.S.W.They have occurred in headings only, under both hand and mechanised conditions, and with seam gas ranging from mainly methane to nearly pure carbon dioxide. A modification of inducer shotfiring using a shear cut was introduced in 1955, and in 1961 full face firing both to a machine cut shear and off the solid was introduced. The current series of outbursts -1961 to 1963 - has been induced under these systems with full control of the time of outburst, but without prediction, and with some disappointing production features.Various aspects of current conditions and practices at Metropolitan are considered singular, such as the coarse granulometry of outburst coal, the prevalence of floor heave, the absence of strong structures at outburst sites, the possibility of outburst at any stage in pillar formation up to the last few yards, the effect of rate of advance on outburst occurrence, and the mildness of many outbursts experienced.It is concluded that inducer shotfiring is a reliable control but it suffers by comparison with outburst-free conditions, and that control by preyention would be preferable.INTRODUCTIONThe phenomenon of instantaneous outbursts of coal and gas has been described in detail previously (Hargraves, 1958). Briefly, it is a combined gas and stress hazard of deep coal mining, usually occurring in virgin work and during active face advance, when coal and seam gas burst from the face into the workings.Instantaneous outbursts have occurred sporadically at Metropolitan Colliery, N.S.W., since 1895. Early outbursts were recorded as firedamp and recent outbursts are of blackdamp.Mining methods used have been conventional hand work, with progressive and relatively complete mechanisation over the past 25 years to substantially conventional...

Jan 1, 1964

The assistance that can be gained by the use of aerial photographs in the geological examination of a mineral field is clearly illustrated by the results of a rapid reconnaissance survey of the newly-discovered Mount Fitton talc, deposits, situated in the north-eastern extension of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia.The talc deposits were found to occur about the margins of a large lenticular mass of dolomitic marble, interbedded with hornfelsic tillites and fluvio-glacial sediments of Upper Pre-Cambrian age. Aerial photographs show clearly the extent of the dolomitic marble on which the growth of a species of eucalypt-Eucalyptus Gillei-is prominently developed, and which assists in defining the limits of this relatively light-coloured formation. (See Fig. 1).Upon field investigation it was found that the talc, deposits are related closely to the margin of the dolomitic marble where the latter has been subject to minor folding and faulting. The deposits themselves have been formed by metasomatic replacement of schistose dolomite. The contact of the dolomite with the underlying and overlying glacial beds is also noteworthy for the presence of minor occurrences of copper, silver, lead and zinc minerals.An examination of photographs covering a wide area reveals an outcrop of a massive granite to the north-east of the dolomitic marble, Fig. 2, which was almost certainly responsible for the regional metamorphism of the dolomitic and glacigene sediments, and the source of the mineralising solutions.All these features, as well as the broader structural features of the area, which are extremely important in the understanding of, individual commercial depQsits, were quickly determined with the assistance of the photographs.It is useful, briefly to relate the procedure adopted in examining this recently developed field as an example which may be well worth following on other fields, even if exposures are not so clearly defined. The method to be outlined, of course, will be of maximum advantage. Where rock exposures are good, where the ore bodies are likely to be widely spread, and where such bodies are related to some major geologi-cal control. Typical of such deposits are pegmatitic, hydrothermal and related ore bodies associated with the periphery of an igneous intrusion, or ore bodies related to particular sedimentary horizons in a regionally metamorphosed province.Procedure.The first requirement is the preparation of a detailed reconnaissance geological plan of as large segment as possible of the potentially mineralised province. The use of aerial photographs is par...

Jan 1, 1950

ILZRO sights are locked securely on the targets of the expanded applications and ever-improving quality in the major market for zinc-coated steel. A wide range of ILZRO-sponsored research projects examine issues of formability, paintability, and corrosion resistance for traditional hot-dip galvanising, electrogalvanising, and ILZRO's own proprietary zinc coating, Galfan. Recent research has focussed on the on the interaction between Galfan and different substrate steels to determine optimum combinations for different applications. ILZRO enjoys an evolving role in providing the connection between research laboratories and marketing divisions through supporting research and services for the Galfan Technical Resource Centreò(GTRC) and the recently formed North American Galfan Development Authority (NAGDA). GTRC has just produced a new problem-solving manual that provides a comprehensive source of hands-on solutions for the many Galfan licensees throughout the world, and should contribute substantially to the reputation of Galfan as a consistently top-quality steel-coating product. Meanwhile, NAGDA is advancing the market with new advertising for Galfan based on superior corrosion-resistant qualities proven through ILZRO-sponsored research. Practical manufacturing issues remain at the forefront of ILZRO priorities, with research emphasis on cutting and welding zinc-coated steel to provide direct assistance towards improved product quality and a more secure market. Moving to the arena of die casting, when the specifier looks to zinc to fill a design need, ILZRO-sponsored research projects provide comprehensive documentation on metallurgical characteristics for every zinc alloy under almost any imaginable application. On-going ILZRO-sponsored research is integrating this wealth of data with sophisticated computer programs that model die-casting designs with ever-increasing accuracy, as other ILZRO projects lay the market groundwork for zinc in applications ranging from vibration damping to electromagnetic shielding.

Jan 1, 1993

By J Elsen, R Snellings, K Van Balen

This research concerns the mineralogical study of the physico-chemical reactions taking place at the pozzolan-binder interface. Lime binder/ pozzolan mixtures have been prepared for different natural zeolites. Analcime, phillipsite, chabazite, erionite, mordenite and clinoptilolite were mixed with portlandite and water, after which the progress in the reaction was quantitatively determined by thermogravimetrical analyses from three to 180 days. A first and important step was the thorough characterisation of the raw materials by quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscope energy- dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) measurements of the zeolite minerals, Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) specific surface area measurements, grain-size analyses and cation exchange capacity measurements. Beside these zeolite samples with varying Si/Al ratios, two clinoptilolite samples exchanged to the calcium, potassium and sodium form were studied and the difference in their short- and long-term reactivity was assessed. Also the difference in reactivity between identical clinoptilolite samples ground to different grain sizes, obviously having different specific surface areas, was determined experimentally. The results indicate that the external surface area only influences the short-term reactivity, whereas the cation content has effect on both long- and short-term. Na-exchanged samples combine clearly more portlandite in the first few days, whereas the reaction slows down afterwards compared to K- and Ca-exchanged samples. The early reactivity of the unexchanged zeolite samples could be explained by these two parameters, but their long-term reactivity seemed to be related to their Si/Al ratio. Samples with zeolites rich in Si reacted faster then their Al-rich counterparts.

Jan 1, 2008

Jan 1, 2004

By J V. Lawless

Mineralisation processes in epithermal deposits in the North Island of New Zealand are best illustrated by considering the two most productive deposits: Waihi and the Thames Bonanza Zone (TBZ), which have different mineralogies and ore shoots geometries. These two deposits can be taken as typical of certain styles of epithermal deposits worldwide, and recognition of their differences can be used to develop mineralisation models of predictive value. Waihi, the major economic producer in the Coromandel Volcanic Zone (CVZ), has laterally near-continuous ore shoots over a vertical interval of 600 m which consist of quartz, chalcedony, pyrite, base metal sulphides and electrum. They are found in the foot wall of earlier quartz veins which contain quartz pseudomorphs after platy calcite and adularia. The Thames Bonanza Zone which was the second biggest producer in the CVZ has discrete near-vertical ore shoots over 300 m vertically, which consist of quartz, pyrite, base metal sulphides, electrum and in their upper parts barite, that are enclosed in veins of quartz.   The gold mineralisation in both deposits is considered to be a co-precipitate with pyrite, with that at Waihi produced by prolonged boiling in an upflow of a hydrothermal system. That at the TBZ was produced by mixing a deep water primed for gold deposition by prior limited boiling, with an oxidised condensate of the steam released by the boiling, in an outflow proximal to the system's upflow.

Jan 1, 1997

Thank you for the invitation to address The AusIMM Young LeadersÆ Conference here today. When I first saw the conference theme û æadvancing technologies and their future applications in the mining industryÆ û my interest was sparked because there is little doubt that technology and technological advances will determine the relevance of this industry in the future. And the people seated here today are major players in determining the minerals industryÆs destiny.During my 20-year association with the mining industry, I have observed a number of significant changes that have been delivered as a result of the vision of technical specialists. These changes have built a more competitive industry, a more socially acceptable industry and most importantly an industry with ever-improving safety performance. The purpose of my address is to attempt to provide a context and foundation for other presenters over the following two days. Today, I wish to try to answer the question, æWhy do we invest in new technology in the mining industry?Æ, via: a brief history lesson, a review of the needs of the business, a look at the process for improvement, and finally an example from WMC ResourcesÆ current technology portfolio. I would like to take a very brief walk back in time. During the iron and bronze ages, whilst our ancestors IÆm sure never spoke the phrase ænecessity is the mother of inventionÆ, I am sure they lived by it. Undoubtedly more so than we do today. The roots of geology, mining and extractive metallurgy grew out of the need for better tools in order to get access to the basic necessities of life. It was their superior ability to generate and deliver these ætechnologyÆ improvements that underpinned great civilisations such as the Egyptians, Romans and Incas. The application of mineral technology improvements by these civilisations was crucial to their success, it was their competitive advantage at the time. Many historical texts include detailed descriptions of both mining and processing fundamentals that formed the basis of many of todayÆs operations and processes. However, it is technological improvements to these fundamentals, as well as the development of new technologies, that have preserved the fundamentals as viable options for the industry today. Even in my time in the industry, there have been substantial improvements in the way business processes operate. When I first started working in a gold mine in WA in the late 1980s, the office had one PC (a 286 processor). All data was managed by paper and then often re-typed into other databases. Electronic mine design and process control was in its infancy. Today, massive amounts of data are recorded, analysed and acted upon almost without any human interaction. Our industry today has far different challenges than those described by Argricola. These are many and diverse, but new technologies are required to address three distinct classes of need: 1. Societal needs: physical needs for food, shelter, recreation and leisure; community and political needs for less waste, less emissions, better safety and working conditions, less energy consumption and sustainability. 2. Individual needs: intellectual needs to create innovative technical and organisational ideas. 3. Wealth generation needs: investor needs for maximising operating efficiency and value growth. Each new technology, to varying degrees, fulfils one or all of these needs. In many cases, the driver of a technological development was to fulfill only one of these needs, but after it was implemented, the development actually fulfilled each need. I would like to expand on these needs.

Jan 1, 2003

By R Edwards

Greater efficiency of capture of minus 6 mm to fine micron size particles of free gold is achieved with the Knelson Concentrator. The development, principles of operation and recent innovations relating to this enhanced gravity concentrating device are described by the inventor, followed by a description of application and consequent economic benefits in low grade alluvial gold deposits by a large scale user of Knelson Concentrators in the Northern Territory of Australia.

Jan 1, 1990

Declining metal prices over the last few years have reduced the number of new metallurgical plants being built and limited opportunities for introducing new processes. However, technological advances are still being made. With increasing economic pressures, the emphasis is now on reducing unit costs by making equipment larger and through use of technologies with lower operating costs. This trend can be seen in the increasing size of grinding mills and flotation cells used in recent plant designs and in the adoption of HPGR crushing as an alternative to SAG milling. Few new technologies achieve widespread introduction until there are clear economic or operational drivers. These might currently include: ò          increasingly stringent environmental standards; ò          availability of exotic materials for equipment construction; ò          increasingly sophisticated instrumentation and control systems; ò          the need to treat increasingly refractory oretypes; and ò          the length of supply routes to many new plants. As a result of these drivers, a number of new and revitalised technologies will get increasing prominence in the design of new operations, such as: ò          use of ultrafine milling equipment such as MIM's Isamill for treatment of refractory gold ore concentrates; ò          use of thiourea as an alternative for cyanide in sensitive locations; ò          novel hydrometallurgical routes for treating base metal ores in remote locations; ò          paste thickening for tailings deposition; and intensive cyanidation of gravity concentrate

Jan 1, 2000

By N Strong

Cracow is a high-grade; low-tonnage underground gold mine located approximately 500 km north-west of Brisbane in Central Queensland. It is a steeply dipping, narrow vein, epithermal gold and silver deposit that is accessed via a decline from surface. Cracow is owned by joint venture between Newcrest Mining (70 per cent) and Sedimentary Holdings (30 per cent). The orebodies are 5 m wide on average and the ore is extracted via sublevel open bench stoping. Stopes are extracted to a strike of approximately 25 m before being backfilled with waste. Prior to the introduction of electronics, the mine would remove a small amount of the previous backfill out to create a void, and then begin blasting two to three rings at a time, with the ore being extracted between each blast. This method caused the ore to be blasted onto the waste backfill resulting in dilution of the high-grade ore. It also meant that the extraction of each stope took a number of weeks and numerous blasting events. In the fourth quarter of 2005, the mine struck a geotechnically sensitive stope, where all 20 rings had to be extracted in a single shot or risk possible geotechnical problems that could sterilise the ore. Due to the limitations of NONEL« delay detonators the mine could not fire all the rings in a single shot and needed to use an electronic detonator system to extract the stope. Some unexpected benefits to the mine were increased fragmentation, reduced vibrations, reduced dilution, improved efficiency and improved hanging wall and footwall conditions. After the success of this first electronic shot, the mine has since moved to firing all their stopes with electronic detonators. With electronics the mine has been able to fire much larger blasts, and has in fact moved to firing their blasts in the opposite direction, firing towards the draw point instead of into the waste backfill, thus reducing ore dilution.

Jan 1, 2007

Resonance re-emission from nickel vapour affords a convenient method for isolating the resonance lines at 3415A, 3515A, and 3524A. The vapour is generated by cathodic sputtering and is illuminated by light from a nickel atomic spectral lamp. The resonance lines thus isolated can be usefully employed for absorption measurements on mineral samples where the nickel concentration is too high for measurements with the more sensitive line at 2320A. A spectrophotometer employing a resonance lamp as monochromator possesses several advantages where a great number of determinations are made under routine conditions. The wavelength setting is stable under even the most rigorous conditions and with the provision for automatic setting of full scale deflection the instrument requires virtually no adjustment. The instrument has been used under routine conditions for the determination of nickel (in the range O· 05-2 per cent) in mineral samples.

Jan 1, 1968

By D van der Wal, R Dobbe, K Moeller

"Ore mineralogy and texture are primary variables controlling mill recovery efficiency in flotation plants. However, tracking daily variations of key mineralogical characteristics such as species-by-species liberation is not possible with current on stream analysers and assay lab techniques. In addition, traditional plant mineralogical analysis limited by long data turn-around times from central analysis laboratories typically provides only a time-averaged view of mill performance, e.g. by means of monthly composite feed, con or tailings analysis.This paper presents the results of a development and first field test of an on-site Automated Mineralogy solution (MLA or QEMSCAN) with the specific goal of monitoring recovery variation, ore quality and flotation performance on a mineral species-by-species and day-by-day basis, from up to twelve million direct particle observations per month. The trial was performed at a Pb/Zn-Ag operation in the US from November 2012 to April 2013. The focus of the study was three-fold: to validate the robustness of equipment and operational procedures for daily use by mine site technicians at a remote mine site to develop a methodology to boil down hundred-thousands of Automated Mineralogy particle data from size-by-size con and tailings samples to a couple of numbers meaningful to chief metallurgists to monitor recovery trend changes and correlate these to changes in the feed properties and/or flotation efficiency.The study focused primarily on the Pb/Ag rougher-concentrator circuit. Ten polished blocks of two and three size fractions of con and tailings were prepared by mine site technicians during a daily twelve hour shift. Eight hours of daily measurement time by the instrument revealed an estimate of the dayÆs recovery performance, ore quality and flotation performance for Freibergite (Ag-species) and Galena (Pb-species), within 36 hours from initial sampling. Data quality was assessed by means of calculated versus measured assay reconciliation. Cumulative sum curves of recovery performance, ore quality and flotation performance reveal trend changes with a frequency of 1 to 4 weeks. These were correlated to cumulative sum curves of e.g. locked and slimed particle classes of the mineral species of interest, attempting to identify a possible root cause of recovery performance trend changes. Systematic over-grinding and flotation chemistry issues were the primary causes of below average plant operations during the trial.CITATION:van der Wal, D, Dobbe, R and Moeller, K, 2013. Development of an on-site mineralogy solution for metallurgists, in Proceedings MetPlant 2013, pp 126-132 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jul 15, 2013

By K White, R Hardie, J Merritt, B Kirsch, R Lucas

Constructed stream diversions are a common element of mine sites across Australia. A review of constructed stream diversion performance in the Bowen Basin funded by the Australian Coal Association Research Program (ACARP) in 1999 found over 80 per cent of constructed stream diversions failed to meet regulator and operator expectations. Since that time, improvements have been made in the assessment, design, monitoring and management of constructed stream diversions. Fundamental to these improvements has been the development of a better understanding of the regional stream systems and efforts to replicate the natural stream processes in the function and operation of constructed stream diversions.This paper discusses the history of constructed stream diversions through the Bowen Basin in central Queensland recorded in the outcomes of a series of ACARP funded research projects. Further, the paper reports on the outcomes of a current ACARP funded project that has reviewed the success or otherwise of constructed stream diversions in the region. The assessment has compared the performance of diversions that have been designed to replicate and provide for ongoing stream geomorphic processes with those diversions that were designed and built prior to the development of these design improvements. Based on these investigations we have identified design and construction successes and issues requiring further research and management attention.CITATION:White, K, Lucas, R, Hardie, R, Merritt, J and Kirsch, B, 2013. Challenges and opportunities for constructed stream diversions in the Bowen Basin, Central Queensland, in Proceedings Water in Mining 2013 , pp 73-82 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 26, 2013

Agglomeration for Copper Heap Leaching Agglomeration of ore is a method which can be used to eliminate the migration of fine grained particles throughout a leach heap. Without agglomeration, fine ore particles are able to migration within the heap, clogging flow channels and producing large areas where access of the solution is poor. In order to gain the benefits of agglomeration and improve agglomerate strength even further in copper heap leaching, an economical, acid-resistant binder is needed. However, most binders have been used without any systematic reasoning. A set of novel testing methods were developed, including a soak test, percolation flooded columns, and larger long-term leach columns. The soak test compares the degree of breakdown when agglomerates are subjected to an acidic environment. While the percolation flooded columns and larger long-term leach columns evaluate the flow of leach solution throughout the ore bed. Systematic studies have been completed on a wide range of binders using these novel testing procedures. It was found that for a low grade chalcocite ore, which was rich in silica, from a southwest US mine, polyacrylamides reduced the fines migration the best in the novel soak test. The non-ionic binder, in particular, was found to reduce fines migration as much as 93 per cent. Several of the binders tested were shown to increase the hydraulic conductivities of the agglomerated ore up to 2.5 mm/sec, compared to a hydraulic conductivity of only 0.25 mm/sec when no binder was used. These binders also prevented 'slumping' of the ore, which indicates a decrease in breakdown of the agglomerates. The use of a binder also showed no interference with leaching reactions in long-term leaching experiments.

Sep 13, 2010

THE art of mine surveying has made very great progress in recent years, and is still advancing, perhaps faster than any other branch of surveying. The scope of the mine surveyor's duties has greatly increased, his instruments and methods have improved, the responsibility of his position is greater, and the end is not yet in sight.It might be supposed that such a steadily growing subject would have an adequate literature, but this is by no means the case and outsiders commonly judge mine surveyors by their text-books. Hardly any condemnation can be too strong for most of these books. The English books truckle to the antiquated and crude methods apparently still in use in England, and thereby largely aid in perpetuating them; they commonly in illustrative examples give the distances in fathoms, feet, and inches; they spend page after page discoursing on instruments that should have been forgotten long ago; they try to antagonize theory and practice by detailing such calculations as that a certain vein will contain 2,003.907 pounds of galena per square fathom, and then reduce this amazing quantity to hundredweights, quarters, and pounds. Nothing can be more unscientific, or, for that matter, less businesslike, than unwarranted assumptions of accuracy; it is, perhaps, the greatest curse of applied science. Here we have a calculation to thethousandth part of a pound, when there is probably an unavoidable error of two hundred pounds. What shall we say of a man who explains how to measure the depths of shafts to the hundredth part of an inch by means of short brass rods screwed together...

Jan 1, 1909

The West Coast region of the South Island is situated astride the Pacific û Australian plate boundary zone. The most significant component of this zone is the Alpine Fault. A variety of reconstructions of the pre-Alpine Fault plate tectonic configuration of the New Zealand continental area have been attempted over the past 25 years or so. Most of these have not been closely constrained by a regional compilation of field data related to the age and horizontal displacement history of the Alpine Fault. A model in which the Alpine Fault was initiated no earlier than the interval 18 - 16.5 Ma (B.P.) is proposed, a significantly younger age of inception than has been widely accepted as the onset of dextral displacement along the plate boundary through the South Island. A subsequent history of displacement is presented consistent with the West Coast basin stratigraphy. The alluvial gold content of some parts of the Miocene to Pleistocene conglomerate sequences is also discussed.

Jan 1, 1996

By G Veillette, B Parker, S Hart

This paper provides a history of the challenges that were experienced while treating both the clayey oxide gold ores and the supergene copper-gold ores at the Boddington Gold Mine during the period 1989 to 2001. However the bigger challenge was to find a process flow sheet that would allow the economic treatment of the large low-grade competent gold-copper resource that underlies the oxide and supergene gold resource. Metallurgical test work and engineering studies on this resource started in the mid 1990s and culminated in the approval in 2006 of the 35 Mtpa Boddington Expansion Project to treat this material. The process flow sheet provides the basis of an energy efficient comminution circuit that includes high pressure grinding rolls and a treatment circuit with gravity separation, flash and conventional flotation to produce a precious metal low-grade copper concentrate followed by cyanide leaching of the rougher-scavenger and cleaner tailings streams. The treatment circuit allows maximum removal of copper minerals prior to cyanide leaching and so provides an environmentally responsible tailings disposal circuit.

Jan 1, 2007

By N Pranoto, E Lawell, T Dean, M Grant

The Goonyella Riverside Mine is located 30 km north of Moranbah in Central Queensland, Australia. Recent mining activities have exposed the north–south striking Kenya and Zimbabwe thrust Faults. These faults vertically offset coal seams by up to 25 m and locally thicken coal packages through imbrication of coal seams. The presence of back-thrusts add to the geotechnical complexity of maintaining highwall stability. The Kenya and Zimbabwe Faults have provided multiple challenges to the mining operation, with an unplanned additional 240 kt of coal tonnes being mined from imbrication of coals seams or from the refinement to local scale geological models. These additional coal tonnes have been either identified during the mining of the coal seam or just prior to overburden removal above the coal seam. These faults can also negatively impacted highwall stability with highwall failures, lowering the overall slope angle for pit designs and increasing stand-off distances for hazardous highwall conditions. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are used to scan exposed highwalls and enable geological mapping via high-quality 3D images. Measure while drill data from drill and blast rigs can provide local-scale intersections of the faults and coal seams. Mine Geologists utilise these and other data sets to create localised geological models refined position of the fault planes and coal seams. These models are utilised by relevant mine site teams to ensure the safe and efficient mining of coal around these faults.

Mar 22, 2022