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By H. H. Hasler

THE mining and removal of coal from two or more beds, either simultaneously or consecutively, in vertically adjacent areas have always been matters of concern to mine operators from both operating and recovery points of view. However, with the progressive introduction and use of electrical and mechanical facilities, such problems assume even greater proportions. In this paper typical cases occuring in Cambia County, Pa., are given and procedures whereby such problems may be greatly reduced, if not entirely eliminated, are suggested.

Jan 5, 1951

By John D. Erickson

The concepts of long-range, open pit planning presented here are not new. The new idea is how the factors that control the location of the final pit limits can be considered altogether as one large, simultaneous equation. The X, or unknown quantity that is being solved for, is a long-range pit design that fulfills the desired objectives. The objectives of a final pit plan are determination of the extent and location of ore reserves, the allowable stripping necessary to uncover the ore, the final pit surface intercept, final pit topography and the contained metal values in both ore and waste.

Jan 4, 1968

By F. R. Hensel

THE present study was rude to determine the laws governing the formation of the primary? crystal structure during solidification. Most of the experiments were carried out on chill castings, but from the results it will be possible to draw certain conclusions as far as sand cast-ings are concerned. It is necessary to discuss first a number of theories, which are generally adopted for explaining the structure of an ingot. Usually, the structure FIG. 1.-VARIOUS ZONES IN A CHILL INGOT. off an ingot consists of the following three zones (Fig. 1): (1) a chill layer of small at. random oriented crystals; (2) a layer of columnar crystals; (3) a zone of equiaxed crystals. The tensile properties of the chill layer and the equiaxed range are usually much better than in the columnar range, particularly the planes that are formed by the columnar crystals growing from two sides at right angles leave low tensile properties. This is one of the reasons why colum-nar crystals in ingot structures are undesirable.

Jan 1, 1937

By Pekka S. Särkkä

The method of interactive dimensioning is based on the computation of the loading-deformation curves caused by country rocks on the pillars with numerical methods. The comparable loading-deformation curves of pillars with different shapes are determined with small-scale model tests in a servo-controlled testing machine. The equilibrium points, i.e. the stability of the different pillar-country rock systems are determined by matching these curves adequately scaled. A case from a Finnish mine is presented together with the stoping results.

Jan 1, 1984

By I. R. Kramer

Single crystals of aluminum were pulled in tension in a solution of paraffin oil and stearic acid. The critical resolved shear stress did not change with the concentration of the stearic acid solution; however, the extents and slopes of Stages I and II were affected greatly. The observations lend evidence that the weakening effect of surface-active agents is controlled by the rate of desorption of the metal soap formed by the reaction of the surface-active agent and the metal surface. IT has been shown by various investigators1-" that surface-active agents markedly affect the mechanical properties of single crystals. (A surface-active agent, for the purpose of this report, is defined as a long-chain organic molecule which contains one or more polar groups. Usually, however, investigations have considered only molecules having one polar group.) In general, when single crystals are deformed in some solutions containing surface-active agents, the creep rate, Fig. 1, is increased and the yield strength is decreased. The fatigue strength has been reported to be affected also.ll Rehbinder and his asociatesl' explained the "weakening" effect of surface-active agents in terms of physical adsorption. They assumed that a large pressure was created in microcracks which existed on the surface of the crystal." Harper and Cottrell,' from their study of the effects of surface conditions, found that the deformation characteristics of zinc single crystals were not altered by a solution containing a surface-active agent unless the surface of the specimen had an oxidized surface. They concluded that the role of the polar molecule was to remove the strengthening effect of the oxide coating. Later, And-radeetBpresented additional evidence which appeared to agree with this conclusion. In contrast, Klinken-berg et al.7 reported data which confirmed the results of Rehbinder. Using zinc and cadmium crystals which had been cleaned by electrolytic polishing, a large increase in the creep rate was observed when Lle specimens were tested in a 1 pct oleic acid-paraffin oil solution. They also reported that the creep rate

Jan 1, 1962

By W. F. Chiao

With the application of dislocation damping theory an attempt was made to determine whether the generation and extension of dislocations is inherently more difficult in a brittle steel than in a ductile steel. A ductile steel was compared with a brittle stee1 by simultaneously measuring the ultrasonic attenuation and velocity during tensile test, and the density of free dislocations and their mean loop length were then calculated as a function of strain. The results showed that in the ductile steel there was always a large generation of dislocations and great extension of loop length occurring at some stage within the early plastic region. In contrast, the brittle steel showed very little or no such sudden changes in dislocation dynamic states after the onset of plastic deformation. Furthermore, a strong temperature dependence of dislocation dynamic states was also observed in the ductile steel and a hypothesis was suggested that a thermally activated process of dislocation rearrangement could occur at higher deformation temperatures. The activation energy of dislocation rearrangement at room temperature was estimated as about 2030 cal per mole.C. DUCTILITY is an indispensible property in the application of engineering materials, especially steel. During the past two decades the theoretical and experimental approach to the understanding of flow and fracture of metals has been constantly undergoing changes and progress." while the fracture behavior of metals can be influenced by many factors such as chemical Composition,3 second-phase particle mor-phology,4 and dislocation arrangement,5 it is now a general belief that the fundamental understanding of the ductile-brittle fracture phenomena of solid materials must stem from the study of dislocation dv-namics developed under stress conditions.6,7 Most of the traditional ductility tests, such as Charpy impact test, slow bend test, and tensile fracture test, cannot by themselves reveal directly the mechanisms of ductile to brittle transition of materials. In the experimental investigation of tensile ductility it would be ideal to be able to study directly the dynamics of dis-locations in a bulk specimen during the process of deformation. Since the ultrasonic pulse technique is the only satisfactory method for studying dislocations and the fine details of deformation characteristics in metals in the course of a tensile test, it would appear that a comparative study of ultrasonic attenuation changes during tensile tests of metallic materials exhibiting different ductility might be very informative. So far no work comparable to this study has appeared in the literature. Recent progress in both theory and experiment has indicated the feasibility of studying the dislocation mechanisms of ductility behaviors by ultrasonic measurements during tensile test. Granato and Lucke8 have developed a quantitative theory that enables the calculation of dislocation density and their average loop length from the measurements of ultrasonic attenuation and velocity, and several investigators, including Chiao and Gordon,9'10 have shown that simultaneous ultrasonic measurements can be successfully made during a tensile test. Furthermore, many investigators11-13 have repeatedly proposed in the past several decades that deformation and fracture are mutually self-exclusive, and that the ability or inability of a material to deform plastically, i.e., to generate dislocations, is a major factor in determining whether the material will be ductile or brittle. Thus, in the present work an attempt was made to determine whether the generation and extension of dislocations is inherently more difficult in a brittle steel than in a ductile steel. This article is principally concerned with the study of the relation between the propagation of ultrasonic waves and tensile deformation in a steel series which displays quite different toughness at room tempera-turk. changes in attenuation and velocity of ultrasonic waves have been measured as a function of strain during the deformation process. The results have been interpreted in terms of the vibrating string model for dislocation damping as developed by Granato and Lucke, and it has been found that some of the more subtle predications of the model are in good agreement with the experiments. This would be especially meaningful because most of the previous experiments in testfying the model were carried out with single crystals of high-purity materials and little work has been done with polycrystalline steel alloys. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND RESULTS Specimen Materials. The tensile specimens used throughout this experiment were of two compositions selected from a series of Fe-Mo-0.77 pct Mn-0.22 pct C steels prepared for a ductile-brittle fracture transition study. One steel contains 0.21 pct Mo and the other 1.03 pct Mo. These two compositions were chosen for the present study because they possess quite different toughness properties at room temperature. The 0.21 pct Mo steel is quite ductile while the 1.03 pct Mo steel is rather brittle, as measured by the standard Charpy impact test. The alloys had been prepared by vacuum induction melting and chill casting in steel molds. The ingots were hammer-forged into 1/2-in.-sq bars from which tensile specimen blanks were cut. These blanks were first normalized under argon atmosphere at 1700°F and then reaus-tenitized and isothermally transformed at 1050°F to a bainitic microstructure. The chemical compositions, heat treatments, hardness measurements, and Charpy transition temperatures of the two steels are listed in Table I.

Jan 1, 1970

By E. A. Anderson, W. M. Peirce

Deflection in a corrugated roofing sheet under load may be considered to take place in two stages; an initial bending of the sheet under the load and a slow, permanent flow or creep under continued application of the load. Stresses great enough to produce permanent set when prolonged may produce apparent elastic deformation when applied for only a brief interval. It is impossible to set a time limit on the duration of stress in actual roof installations. Roofs in industrial locations where dust accumulations are heavy, as in cement plants, are often loaded continuously with

Jan 1, 1929

By W. M. Peirce, E. A. Anderson

Deflection in a corrugated roofing sheet under load may be considered to take place in two stages; an initial bending of the sheet under the load and a slow, permanent flow or creep under continued application of the load. Stresses great enough to produce permanent set when prolonged may produce apparent elastic deformation when applied for only a brief interval. It is impossible to set a time limit on the duration of stress in actual roof installations. Roofs in industrial locations where dust accumulations are heavy, as in cement plants, are often loaded continuously with

Jan 1, 1929

By R. C. Corson

Modern microprocessor systems make it possible to use several variables to anticipate changes in the process and to react with responses before upsets can be magnified by the process or by control action. Through tighter control, "insurance" can be eliminated from process set points without affecting product quality. In actual operation with a traveling grate furnace this control philosophy has produced savings of up to 20% in fuel consumption and 8% in fan power usage while producing a more consistent quality product.

Jan 1, 1984

By C. F. Clausen

"Cement" means binding agent or glue. It is derived from the Latin word "Caementum," the name of a limestone, chips of which were used in mortar more than 2,000 years ago in Italy. During the middle ages "cement" or "cement" generally denoted mortar. Today it means any binding material. The Thomas Register lists nearly 200 classifications for "cement" including automobile cement, household cement, rubber cement, etc. The material most commonly associated with this word, however, is portland cement which, when mixed with water and allowed to hydrate, is a ceramic binding material used to cement aggregates (crushed stone, gravel and sand) together in "concrete," the most universally used building material of today. It is estimated that more tons of concrete are used annually than all other building materials put together including steel, lumber, gypsum, bricks, tiles, aluminum and glass. Its use in foundations, building construction, sanitary work, dams, railroads, and highways, makes it difficult to conceive of modem civilization without concrete. A survey made in October 1955 showed the following uses of portland cement: [Percent Highways20 Nonresidential buildings20 Residential buildings15 Military construction10 Sewer and water works8 Public utilities10 Other (conservation, farm, and maintenance and repair)17 100] As of today, the percentage for highways is probably even higher. Ceramic binding materials have unquestionably been used in construction work for thousands of years. The mortar between the blocks of the great pyramids was calcined gypsum (plaster of paris). The use of calcined and slaked limestone goes back earlier than the Roman Empire. Gypsum, however, is relatively soft, and common lime mortar is not "hydraulic," i.e., it does not harden under water. The Greeks and Romans discovered later that an addition of a finely divided active siliceous material (Santorin earth or Pozzolana) would react with slaked lime to form a stronger, and hydraulic, cement. The Appian Way in Italy, Colosseum, and the great Aqueducts built by the Romans were made with this type cement, and some of these structures are still in existence today. However, not until 1756 did some serious research result in the development of better cements. In that year the English engineer, John Smeaton produced a stronger cement by burning a limestone containing considerable proportions of clayey impurities. Other investigations and improvements were made by Bryan Higgins, Bergmann, Joseph Parker, L. J. Vicat, J. F. John, James Frost, and I. C. Johnson.2 Traditionally, but perhaps unfairly to others, the invention of the prototype of today's portland cement is credited to the English mason Joseph Aspdin who in 1824 obtained a patent and gave the product its name, because in color the mortar produced from it resembled a natural building stone obtained from the British Isle of Portland. The contributions of Johnson and Aspdin were primarily the important step of preparing a synthetic mixture of lime and clay without depending on raw materials found in nature which might contain such elements in desirable proportions. However, even these early

Jan 1, 1960

By W. M. McCardell, W. O. Winsauer, M. Williams

The mechanism by which an electrical potential difference is developed between two salt solutions separated by shale is shown to be a consequence of the electrical double layer of the shale surfaces. A mathematical derivation is presented to show -the dependence of the potential on the shale characteristic.? and on the concentration of the salt solutions. The equations developed describe adequately the potential-concentration behavior of a long shale core. The equations also describe the variation of potential of sand-shale mixtures with variation of clay content. Ion adsorption i* an important factor in he developments of the surface charge on the shale. and electrical resistivity and ion transference number data are emlployed to estimate the increase of surface charge with concentration. Since the potential is shown to be dependent on the characteristics of the particular .system. water salinities estimated from the potential log by previously proposed methods may be low in some rase;. INTRODUCTION That the electric well log exists today may he attributed to the ingenuity of the Schlumberger brothers who adapted to the logging of wells techniques which were originally developed as surface prospecting methods for the location of ore bodies Empirically it was found that the potential curve of the electric log usually gave values for clean sands which were negative with respect to the values for shales. It was suggested that the potential was responsive to porosity. It was postulated in explanation? that the potential was the sum of a streaming potential, which differed for sands and shales, and of an "electro-chemical" potential of undetermined origin. Mounce and Rust in 1943 showed that the streaming potential is small in most cases and that the potential is generated by a process in which shale and a salinity difference play-essential party. Dickey.:' in the same year, concluded that the potential is dependent upon adsorptive properties of reservoir rock. Wyllie in 1949. and Wyllie and Patnode, in 1950, measured the potential-: between two salt solutions separated by barriers of either naturally-compacted or artificially-compacted shales and concluded that the potential can be expressed by where E is the potential R is the gas content F is Faraday's constant T is the absolute temperature are the activities of the two uni-univalent solutions These authors postulated that shale. in the ideal case is impermeable to the migration of negative ions. Any potential less than the "ideal" shale potential was considered to be due to imperfections in the shale barrier. Although the studies by Wyllie and Patnode of the development of the shale potential are fairly recent. investigators in fields other than well logging have discussed the mechanisms responsible for analogous potentials over a period of several decades. Although it is evident that much thought has been devoted to the question of the origin of the potential observed in wells, it is also apparent that all of the explanations presented to

Jan 1, 1953

By L. R. Woodyatt, H. J. Beattie, C. T. Sims

Theories correlating the formation of u and related intermetallic compounds to the electron-per-atom density of binary and ternary alloys have appeared regularly in recent technical literature. These same principles can be modified and applied to complex precipitation-strengthened alloys such as the iron-, cobalt-, and nickel-base superalloys and the stainless steels. Since these complex alloys contain carbides and other phases that normally precipitate before the U-type phases, the nature and amount of the precipitated phases must be calculated first. The following general formula is then applied to the residual matrix composition of the alloy: element. The magnitude of the resulting number is indicative of whether the alloy will form a a -type phase. When these calculations (which are computerized) are systematically applied to alloys of knoun phase analysis, a breakoff in average electron-vacancy number is noted between U-free and U-prone alloys. Alloys with an average electron-vacancy number higher than the breakoff form a-type phases, while those with lower ones do not form these phases. This method could then be used to eliminate from consideration all experimental compositions that would precipitate undesirable phases. It also is useful in evaluating analyzed heats of alloys where minor heat-to-heat variations determine whether the alloy is o-free or o-prone. THE highly significant development of strong, ductile superalloys to provide reliable construction materials in the 1000" to 2500° F temperature range has been due principally to unremitting application of Edisonian techniques and logic by the dedicated physical metallurgists who have shouldered this responsibility. Tools such as the electron microscope, phase analysis, and computers to accomplish regression analyses have been used heavily, but the effort has been essentially practice of an art, rather than a science. The objective of this paper is to describe and illustrate application of some relatively fundamental principles to certain of these alloy systems in an attempt to remove some of the empiricism from the technology. Specifically, the work presented here deals with the use of periodic-group relationships to predict the formation of intermetallic phases which can occur in primarily austenitic (fcc) structures. Calculations that have been developed might be applied in the design of new alloys and the evaluation of known alloys, and thus have the potential of eliminating vast areas of unnecessary alloy preparation and evaluation. ALLOYING CONCEPTS AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF SUPERALLOYS Strength is produced in austenitic superalloys by three principle mechanisms: 1) precipitation of y'; 2) formation of carbides; 3) solid-solution hardening by soluble refractory metals. The first mechanism requires the addition of aluminum and titanium, the second requires carbon and carbide-forming elements, while the third calls for the addition of molybdenum and/or tungsten. A considerable concentration of chromium is usually maintained to resist oxidation/corrosion, but it is also an important carbide-forming element. Fig. 1 shows a sketch and electron micrograph of the structure of a typical wrought nickel-base super-

Jan 1, 1967

By J. M. Floyd

The theory, construction and applications of oxygen sensors employing high-temperature electro- chemical cells with solid electrolytes are briefly reviewed. The application of disposable probes to measurement of the oxygen potential in matte and slag baths in tin, copper, and nickel smelting operations is described. Examples discussed include end-point determination in smelting and slag-cleaning operations, pilot-scale investigations of process chemistry to assist in the development of smelting strategies, and measurements in operating smelters to improve the efficiency of operation.

Jan 1, 1984

By Hugh H. Waesche

High quality quartz crystals weighing more than 50 grams are required in several important industrial applications.30,31 Primarily, they are the basic raw material for precision, electronic, frequency control components; this includes oscillators and filters in both radio and telephone services. Quartz crystals are also necessary for optical lenses and prisms in special applications requiring high ultraviolet light-transmission as in spectrographs. Quartz wedges are regular components for petrographic microscopes. The application of crystalline quartz as a transducer* in ultrasonic devices has increased in recent years despite strong competition from barium titanate and magnetostrictive [f] devices. Some quartz is fabricated into delay lines for radar. Man has valued quartz for fabrication of art objects since the dawn of history. The art forms were and are painstakingly carved and polished to form intricate figurines, bowls, statuettes, and the well-known crystal balls. The largest known ball, made of perfect quartz from Burma, is now in the National Museum in Washington. It is 12 7/8 in. in diameter and weighs 106 lb 12 oz. Clear, pure quartz chips and small crystals not meeting the electronic-grade dimensional requirements are known by the Brazilian term lasca. They are used to produce fused quartz having wide application in laboratory equipment, as special glasses, for torsion suspension in scientific instruments, and as a source material for growing large artificial quartz crystals 18,35 Electronic applications far exceed all other uses in importance so any discussion of high-quality quartz crystals must be concerned almost exclusively with those functions. Historical Background Because of their ubiquitous character and natural beauty, quartz crystals have long been of interest and known to man. They have been found among early Egyptian and Chinese art forms and the Sumerians are believed to have fashioned seals, beads, and other jewelry from quartz crystals, perhaps 5,000 years ago. Also, American Indians made arrow heads and fashioned some simple objects of different kinds. The origin of the name quartz, although of Greek derivation, is uncertain. The Greeks appropriately applied their word for frozen water or ice, krustallos, to quartz. The present-day, large-scale practical applications of quartz crystals began in 1880-1881 when Pierre and Jacques Curie reported discovery of the "piezoelectric" effect. They found this effect first in Rochelle salt, a common product of grape-wine refineries, while studying crystal symmetry. Piezoelectricity is that property found in certain crystals, including quartz, whereby electrical charges of equal and opposite sign appear on opposite parts of the crystals when they are stressed. If equal and opposite forces are applied to two opposing prism edges of a single untwinned quartz crystal a positive electrical charge will appear on one edge and a negative charge on the other. The amount of the charges will be directly proportional to the force applied. This property seems to be intimately related to pyroelectricity

Jan 1, 1960

NEW MEMBERS. The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the month of November, 1913: Members. AGNEW, JOHN L., Gent Supt Copper Cliff, Ont., Canada. BAILEY, FRANK C, Mine Mgr 2003 IV. Snito Ave., Spokane, Wash. BATEMAN, ALAN M., Min. Geol.,Care L. C. Graton, Geological Museum, Cambridge,Mass. BERRYHILL, JAMES G.,Atty.-at-law and Mining Investor, Equitable Bldg., Des Moines, Ia. CARTLIDGE, OSCAR, Mgr. State Mine Rescue Station, 452 W. South Grand Ave.. Springfield. Ill.

Jan 12, 1913

By D. B. Masson

THE martensitic transformations occurring in ,B AgCd as a result of cold working at room temp.. a-ture and cooling below room ten1erature have been reported by Masson and Barrett.1 These authors found that simple cooling to 127°K caused body-cen-tered-cubic AgCd containing 53.0 at. pct Ag to transform to an orthorhombic structure, while mechanical deformation at room temperature was found to induce a hexagonal structure. Furthermore, they observed that the temperature at which martensite first appeared on cooling, Ms, and that at which the transformation was complete, MI, as well as the corresponding temperatures for the reversion on heating, As and Af, could be ascertained to ± 1°K, although they report these temperatures only for the alloy containing 53.0 at. pct Ag (51.96 wt pct). In the work reported here the temperature range of the transformation on cooling was studied as a function of composition, and further consideration was given to the relationship between the original bcc structure and the transformation-induced hexagonal and orthorhomic structures. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE All samples studied were in the form of annealed 300-mesh powder and were prepared from the constituent metals in the manner described previously.1 The compositions in weight and atomic pct are listed in Columns 1 and 2 of Table I. Method of determination of transformation temperature was the same as utilized previously1—measurement of the intensity of X-rays diffracted by the transformation product. A diagram of the low-temperature sample mount is shown in Fig. 1. This mount was made to fit a GE model XRD-3 X-ray diffraction unit. The powder sample was varnished to a flat surface on a copper sample holder at A. This sample holder was soldered to a brass rod, B, which was in turn soldered to a second copper rod, C. Rod C could be cooled to 78°K by inserting it into a reservoir of liquid nitrogen, D. A heater coil of nichrome wire was wound at E on the sample holder, and by varying the current through the heater a thermal gradient could be maintained along brass rod B. Sample temperatures from 78°K up could be attained and held as long as needed. The sample holder and nitrogen reservoir were insulated by Styrofoam, F, and the sample itself was protected by two radiation shields, G. The X-ray beam entered and left the sample chamber through windoys in the supporting container at H and I. Sample temperatures were measured by a calibrated copper-constantan thermocouple varnished to the sample holder just out of the beam at A. The low-temperature structure had been found to possess orthorhombic symmetry1 and the expected positions of the diffraction maxima were known. Therefore the sample was aligned in the X-ray beam and the Geiger counter of the spectrometer set to receive the most intense orthorhombic reflection without an adjacent interfering cubic reflection. This

Jan 1, 1961

• In 1949 the United States imported 7,400,000 tons of iron ore; Chile, Sweden and Canada, in that order of importance, supplied over 80 pct of this amount. U. S. imports have increased from 3 pct of the total supply in 1940 to 8 pct in 1949. • Mica has been successfully synthesized by scientists of the National Bureau of Standards. quartz, magnesite and bauxite, plus a fluorosilicate compound to act as a crystallizing agent, are heated to 2500°F in a platinum-lined crucible and as the furnace cools mica crystals grow. The key to parallel growth to make sheets is in precision control of temperature. • Inland Steel Co. of Chicago has taken an option to lease from Steep Rock Iron Mines, Ltd., of Canada -- a large undeveloped acreage in the vicinity of Steed Rock Lake, Ontario -- for the purpose of exploring and developing a new iron ore mine. The exploration program is expected to begin at an early date. •A 20-yr test conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Mines with the cooperation of Cleveland-Cliffs indicated that chemically treated timbers last from 2 to 3-1/2 times as long as untreated ones set in the same passageway. Of the three reagents used, zinc chloride gave the best result -- 13.3 yr as compared to 3.8 yr for untreated timber. •Senator Pat McCarran charged that President Truman used a "shotgun approach" to the taxation problem when he accused the mining industry of enjoying excessive depletion exemptions when actually mining taxes should be lowered. He introduced to the Senate a report of the National Advisory Council -recommending a decrease * The country's first graduate program of research and instruction in conservation of natural resources will begin at Yale in September. The Conservation Foundation is supplying $20,000 a year to finance the program. •Felix E. Wormser urged that adequate tariff protection should be provided to offset effects of devaluation on the domestic mining industry in an address before the Colorado Mining Association. He advocates tariffs rather than subsidy legislation, such as S. 2105, for the protection of the lead-zinc miners because the latter would promote inefficiency and "impair our priceless free market." •"It may be startling to realize that for the world's white population the per capita requirements for minerals have multiplied 30 times in 30 yr, or that more minerals have been mined in the last 40 yr than in all prior history." -- Evan Just, in "Mineral Depletion and Metal Supply." •The National City Bank in its monthly letter states that both management and the unions concede that there are too many miners trying to make a living out of the industry for its present market. •On Feb. 3 it was reported that 6000 Anaconda employes in Chile quit jobs in sympathy with striking telephone and electric workers. The government has ordered them back to work on penalty of discharge. It appears that the walkout will not be prolonged in view of the government stand.

Jan 3, 1950

By R. M. Leibrock, C. W. Ziemer, R. P. Vincent

The Stanolind flowmeter, which employs a hot-wire anemometer connected in a Wheat-stone bridge circuit, has proved useful for determining the relative productive ability of individual sand members of gas wells. The operation of this instrument in measuring gas velocities in the well bore above each producing member has provided both a direct and accurate means of analyzing reservoir performance. Results of tests conducted with the well flowmeter in the Hugoton gas field of western Kansas have indicated some rather unusual production characteristics. In two cases it was found that all or the greater part of the total gas produced was coming from one section in wells where four "pay" sections had been perforated individually. These actual measurements contradict in many instances the indications of data obtained from electric logs and from core analysis; the fact that these latter sources often give incorrect results, demonstrates the necessity of a method, such as is provided by the well flowmeter, for accurately determining the amount of gas coming from each producing member. Introduction In any gas well where a number of pay sections have been perforated individually and are producing to a common outlet, the question arises as to the relative amounts of gas being passed through each set of perforations. In the past it has been the policy to depend on core analysis to estimate relative productivities, or, where the sections were not cored, to obtain some idea of production characteristics from electric-log studies. The weaknesses in these methods are readily apparent and indicate the need for more reliable means of measuring gas flow from each zone. The Stano-lind flowmeter* was developed for this purpose. Preliminary tests were made with the instrument in the Katy gas field near Houston; however, the bulk of the routine work with the well flowmeter has been confined to the Hugoton gas field in western Kansas, where results obtained have been encouraging. A description of the instrument, the field technique employed in testing, and a few of the results obtained in the Hugoton area are discussed in this paper. Description or Instrument The well flowmeter is 1¾ in. od and 7 ft long; it is entirely self-contained, can be run through tubing as small as 2 in. id in wells with high pressure (4500 psi) and temperature (210°F) and is lowered on a wire line commonly used for other instruments of the bottom-hole type at falling rates up to 500 ft per minute. It will detect gas flow as low as 10 ft per minute linear velocity, and yet withstand and record velocities of 1000 ft per minute without damage to the detecting element. Killing the well is not required nor desirable for running a production profile when using the instrument, and it is necessary to stop flow for only a short time. The detecting element of the instrument is a hot-wire anemometer connected in a

Jan 1, 1948

By R. M. Leibrock, R. P. Vincent, C. W. Ziemer

The Stanolind flowmeter, which employs a hot-wire anemometer connected in a Wheat-stone bridge circuit, has proved useful for determining the relative productive ability of individual sand members of gas wells. The operation of this instrument in measuring gas velocities in the well bore above each producing member has provided both a direct and accurate means of analyzing reservoir performance. Results of tests conducted with the well flowmeter in the Hugoton gas field of western Kansas have indicated some rather unusual production characteristics. In two cases it was found that all or the greater part of the total gas produced was coming from one section in wells where four "pay" sections had been perforated individually. These actual measurements contradict in many instances the indications of data obtained from electric logs and from core analysis; the fact that these latter sources often give incorrect results, demonstrates the necessity of a method, such as is provided by the well flowmeter, for accurately determining the amount of gas coming from each producing member. Introduction In any gas well where a number of pay sections have been perforated individually and are producing to a common outlet, the question arises as to the relative amounts of gas being passed through each set of perforations. In the past it has been the policy to depend on core analysis to estimate relative productivities, or, where the sections were not cored, to obtain some idea of production characteristics from electric-log studies. The weaknesses in these methods are readily apparent and indicate the need for more reliable means of measuring gas flow from each zone. The Stano-lind flowmeter* was developed for this purpose. Preliminary tests were made with the instrument in the Katy gas field near Houston; however, the bulk of the routine work with the well flowmeter has been confined to the Hugoton gas field in western Kansas, where results obtained have been encouraging. A description of the instrument, the field technique employed in testing, and a few of the results obtained in the Hugoton area are discussed in this paper. Description or Instrument The well flowmeter is 1¾ in. od and 7 ft long; it is entirely self-contained, can be run through tubing as small as 2 in. id in wells with high pressure (4500 psi) and temperature (210°F) and is lowered on a wire line commonly used for other instruments of the bottom-hole type at falling rates up to 500 ft per minute. It will detect gas flow as low as 10 ft per minute linear velocity, and yet withstand and record velocities of 1000 ft per minute without damage to the detecting element. Killing the well is not required nor desirable for running a production profile when using the instrument, and it is necessary to stop flow for only a short time. The detecting element of the instrument is a hot-wire anemometer connected in a

Jan 1, 1948

Edward Dyer Peters, the only child of Henry Hunter Peters and Susan Barker Thaxter, was born in Dorchester, Mass., June 1, 1849. From his father he was a descendant of the Peters family of Ipswich and Andover, Mass., whose earliest ancestor settled in Essex County in 1659; while upon his mother's side he descended from several old Hingham families, as well as from the Quineys and from Governor Bradford. Between the ages of fourteen and sixteen he was a student at the Episcopal School for boys in Cheshire, Conn. Near the school was an old tin mine, and he used to spend his Saturday afternoons exploring it. When Edward was sixteen, his father sold his property in South-borough, and for the next three years lived in Europe. Sept. 26, 1865, Edward entered the Royal School of Mines at Freiberg, Saxony. In the summer of 1867 he joined his family on Lake Geneva, and spent a part of the season in that vicinity, going to Chamounix and taking other trips. Extract from a letter to his father: Elbingerode, Harz, Aug. 30, 1868: I left Freiberg with my friend Lilienthal, on Wednesday the 19th of August, reached Leipzig in the evening and spent the night in that city: the next morning we took the cars and in the afternoon reached Eisleben, in Prussia, which was to be our first stopping-place; there are immense copper-mines and smelting-works at this place, and the method of working the mines is very peculiar ... The next morning we got up at five and spent the whole day in the smelting-works where I obtained a number of drawings of the furnaces they use here and a good many valuable data. Saturday morning we got up at four o'clock, and descended a mine about three miles from the town; the Director of this mine was one of the most intelligent and agreeable men that I ever met; he accompanied us in the mine and explained everything that was new to us. The system of mining at Eisleben is peculiar to this town, and is not used at any other place in the world; the copper ore comes in narrow, flat veins eighteen inches high, at the utmost, consequently the men work lying flat on their left side and using the pick with both hands: the ore is carried out of the side passages into the main ones, in very low waggons about twelve inches high, and four by two feet; the boys who pull these waggons have a board buckled to their left thigh and their left arm; they pass their bare foot through a strap in the waggon and wriggle along on their side dragging the waggon after them, with their foot, almost as fast as a man can walk above ground. In the afternoon we walked over to Hittstadt, about twelve miles, and remained there Sunday and Monday. Monday night, at ten o'clock we went out to one of the smelting-works, to see the refining of the copper; this is only done at night, so we worked there from ten in the evening till eleven the next morning, and came home all blackened up and with blistered hands, for our skin was not quite so tough as that of the workmen: at noon the same day we took the stage to Ascherls-leben, and then the train to Stassfurt, where there are immense salt-mines, as well as factories for the manufacture of bromium, which latter process is, however, kept a profound secret, so we had very little hope of seeing anything but the salt mines; we were talking with our landlord about our disappointment, that evening, when he told us that the director of the Bromium works was sitting in the next room with no company but his glass of beer, so we went over to him, introduced ourselves as Americans, and actually succeeded in persuading him that it could do his business no earthly hurt if he showed us his works; at last he consented, after making us give our word of honor

Jan 1, 1919