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By A. E. Fiorato

A test program was conducted to evaluate use of high-strength concrete in drilled shafts (caissons). The objective of the program was to determine if internal temperatures developed during cement hydration, or other characteristics of high-strength mixes, affect in-situ strength and stiffness. This paper covers strength results. Two 10-ft (3.0-m) diameter by 40-ft (12.2-m) deep caissons were constructed using two different commercially available high-strength concretes, a "low-heat" and a "high-strength" mix. Measured 6x12-in. (150x300mm) moist cured cylinder strengths at 56 days were 13,690 psi (94 MPa) for the "low-heat" mix and 17,130 psi (118 MPa) for the "high-strength" mix. Compressive strengths and moduli of elasticity of cores taken from the caissons were compared to those of companion cylinders made during casting of the caissons and stored in a moist room. Strengths of 4x8-in. (100x200 mm) cores taken at four ages and tested between 34 and 398 days averaged 81% of strengths of 6x12-in. (150x300 mm) moist cured cylinders at corresponding ages. In-situ (core) strengths of the caissons did not appear to be measurably affected by temperature. However, the data indicate that core strengths were sensitive to level of consolidation, as reflected in entrapped air voids. Overall, the results indicate that high-strength concretes can be used in drilled shaft (caisson) foundations.

Jan 1, 1991

By Eric C. Halpin

"1. Introduction and Backgrounda. In its fundamental form, risk is simply the likelihood of an adverse impact. Expanding on this theme, the Corps of Engineers has broadly defined risk associated with infrastructure as a factor of three distinct elements: a probabilistic assessment of a hazard such as a flood or earthquake; a probabilistic assessment of how the infrastructure performs in the face of this hazard; and a measure of the likely consequences – loss of life, economic damage, environmental impacts – associated with the resulting inundation scenarios.b. The lessons and observations described herein relate to the Corps of Engineers experiences in implementing risk concepts for infrastructure management during the period 2005 through 2013. The Corps of Engineers is a large, decentrally operated and centrally led federal agency that plans, designs, constructs, operates, maintains, and/or manages a portfolio of over 3,000 built dam and levee systems within the United States. The infrastructure in this portfolio is 55 years old on average, and although much of the structures provide for flood risk management benefits, many of the dams deliver multi-purpose benefits. Scale matters – where scale and uncertainty are large, risk concepts provide great opportunity and arrangement for application.c. The amount of organizational change that is demanded for the implementation of risk concepts is considerable and should not be under estimated, but need not be feared if the path others have taken is considered. This paper is, in many ways, an opportunity to step back from the last seven years of implementing risk informed management, check our own azimuth and maturation, and share the purpose and energy behind our own continuing actions. Hopefully, this azimuth check is also beneficial to those that are either considering the use of risk or are in the process of implementing risk concepts.d. Success at managing the massive change related to incorporation of risk concepts will directly affect success of the infrastructure program. The three key organizational elements to consider –human systems such as governance and competencies; policies that outline the who, when, and why of decisions and management; and the processes and technology that outline how work is to be performed - are changed fundamentally. From senior leaders to project team members and all of the people in between, there is a need to discuss, confront, and vet the change and the role people and organizations have in the process. For the Corps of Engineers, with a history of over two centuries, deeply embedded beliefs about infrastructure aren’t transformed over night - the change process is decadal in scope. Given our self imposed “project execution” mantra and corporate objective, risk seemed threatening at first to the cost and schedule of delivering infrastructure projects. In reality, risk concepts have been responsible for savings and cost avoidance of nearly $6 billion over the last three years alone while at the same time justifying increased investment by several fold for the highest risk needs."

Jan 1, 2014

By Amr M. Sallam

In recent years, with the increase of the number of high-rise buildings that are proposed and being built in Central Florida especially in Downtown Orlando, Augered Pressure Grouted Displacement (APGD) piles became a pronounced foundation option. The APGD pile is a bored displacement pile that does not result in drilling spoil. APGD piles are mostly suited for loose to medium granular soils and slightly silty/clayey sandy materials, such as those encountered in Central Florida. The case history presented in this paper involves the APGD piles recommended for a 35-story mixed-use condominium in Downtown Orlando. The subsoil condition was typical for the region; that is loose to medium fine sands underlain by thin layer of plastic sandy clays and plastic clays followed by mixed clayey sands and sandy clays with phosphates and traces of shells transitioned to the weathered limestone. Four APGD test piles were installed and were, statically, tested. Three of the tested piles failed to support the design load. Analysis of load test results showed that the bottom half of the test piles, below the plastic clay deposits, was not effective, which was attributed to structural deficiency resulted from possible pile necking due, in our opinion, to the increase of the porewater pressure within the plastic clays. Three additional test piles were constructed with modified reinforcement cage; that is to extend beyond the plastic clays with tighter stirrups. The additional test piles were, statnamically, tested and were able to sustain the design loads. The construction of the APGD piles through subsoil conditions similar to those of Downtown Orlando, where plastic clayey deposits are encountered, should account for the high porewater pressures that mostly will be developed within the plastic clay, hence, may cause pile necking. Extending the cage to penetrate through and pass the plastic clays reduced the necking potential and improved the test piles performance.

Jan 1, 2006

By Silas C. Nichols

"Abstract Piling and deep foundations are a staple for transportation projects in the United States (US). Driven or bored piles have been used for everything from support of bridge foundations and retaining structures to support of culverts and embankments on soft ground. Deep foundations have been popular in the US transportation market to better handle large axial and lateral loads, extreme event loading, and to better control structure movement. However, there are challenges in the maintenance of design and construction codes in transportation for consistent and reliable structure foundation elements. A significant amount of effort continues in the US to maintain national codes and specifications at a level consistent with the state of practice, and identify and conduct research for providing safe and cost effective highway structures.IntroductionThe transportation sector in the United States has a hierarchy of design and construction codes that are used for the specification of piling and deep foundations. Any highway or bridge project on the National Highway System (NHS) must be designed and constructed in accordance with a national set of standards approved by the State Highway Departments, and that are acceptable to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). However, in any jurisdiction, exceptions are permitted with approval. Therefore, design may be governed by the national standard specification, a state standard specification and design manuals, special provisions, or guideline specifications. Any of these standards, or a combination, may be used depending on the needs of the owner agency.The FHWA and the American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) have worked together in the development and maintenance of geotechnical design and construction guidance and codes that support the surface transportation community. General geotechnical engineering practice in the United States lacks a singular, national design and construction code that addresses all aspects of geotechnical engineering. As a result, the AASHTO specifications provide the most complete geotechnical specifications focusing on structure foundations, retaining walls, and buried structures for surface transportation applications. This includes piling and deep foundation types commonly used for support of bridges and transportation structures.The FHWA National Geotechnical Team has published several technical guidance documents that include guideline specifications for the design and construction of driven and bored deep foundations. Reference documents published by FHWA summarize the state of practice and provide recommended design and construction guidance. These reference documents have long served as a basis for provisions included in the AASHTO specifications. Maintenance of the design code and specification, and related guidance documents for consistent use on US transportation projects requires a collaborative effort between industry, FHWA, and the member state highway departments that make up AASHTO."

Jan 1, 2014

By Davide Grassi, Joel Joaquin Cortez, Giovanni Spagnoli, Nick Chittenden

Grouting is a technique used to improve the engineering properties of soils and rocks. Grouting techniques are classified under different criteria: injection method used, type of grout material injected, typical application, and the sequence of construction. The best-known criterion is the mode of entrance or admission of grout into the soil or rock. It is possible to identify therefore several grouting techniques: compaction, fracture, jet/mixing and permeation. The function of penetration grouting is to reduce the permeability of the soil or rock and/or increase the strength and density. In order to avoid displacement, permeation grouting shall be carried out at carefully controlled pressures and flow rates, using appropriate grouts. Colloidal silica is an innovative binder which has low viscosity (about 5 m·Pas), it is not toxic (pH lower than 9) and it is workable between +5°C and +45°C. This paper presents several case histories: a consolidation job related to the installation of a new sewer in North Italy in cohesionless soils, water stopping injection in a weathered granitic bedrock in California, permeation works in the US in sandy soils to improve excavation and the installation of sheet piles in the UAE. Results show that the colloidal silica an innovative and robust technology to perform grouting in very fine soils where conventional binders or micro-fine cements cannot penetrate.

May 1, 2022

By Andy Boeckmann

Engineers and owners widely recognize the benefits of foundation reuse - cost savings, reduced construction schedules and reduced environmental impacts, among others. Yet for many projects with existing foundations identified as reusable, reuse is an idea that is discussed at length before cold feet prevail. To address this disconnect, Deep Foundations Institute (DFI) formed the Foundation Reuse Task Force in 2021, which intends to promote reuse, leveraging experience among DFI members and collaborating across pertinent committees. Indeed, the task force includes about 40 members drawn from the Subsurface Characterization for Deep Foundations, Sustainability and Testing and Evaluation committees. One of the first orders of business for the task force was to create a database of successful reuse projects, developing short summary documents highlighting the database projects and recruiting reuse-focused presentations for the ITS Money program. Solid progress has been made on each front: the case history database includes 12 cases so far; the first three summary documents were recently published to DFI's website and foundation reuse projects have been well represented among the past year's ITS Money program. The reuse case history summary documents are available at www.dfi.org/foundation-reuse- case-histories; each of the three is also discussed below. The summary documents demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of foundation reuse. The documents are therefore a useful tool for foundation engineers to share with owners, structural engineers and anyone else who may be hesitant to pursue foundation reuse. The task force continues to welcome new members and anyone interested in joining can contact Andy Boeckmann. The task force is also eager to highlight additional reuse success stories. Anyone with case history information to share is also encouraged to contact Boeckmann.

Jul 1, 2022

By J. -L. Briaud

This presentation shows the results of laboratory and field tests to date for the NCHRP project entitled "Downdrag on Bitumen-coated Piles". This project required to test a variety of bitumens in the laboratory to determine their properties and then to establish a field testing program to verify the bitumens effectiveness. Figure 1 shows an organizational chart that gives an overview of the agencies involved in the project. The first part describes the laboratory testing program in which bitumen samples of various types were obtained from a variety of manufacturers. Initially, classification tests were performed to verify the manufacturers' specifications. Additional tests were then developed and performed to determine the bitumens behavior under the various conditions that they may be exposed to in the field. The test results were analyzed and their usefulness for design purposes were determined. The test results are presented in either graphical or tabular form. The second part describes the field testing program which was designed to test the effectiveness of various bitumens under a wide range of soil, temperature, and construction conditions. The first site was in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, where a construction project was to take place in the winter of 1989-90. This was ideal for the cold temperature extreme that was needed. The soil conditions were conducive to downdrag problems: an embankment placed over soft clay underlain by dense sand resulting in end-bearing piles. The other site was in New Orleans, Louisiana. The part of the project involving this downdrag study was to be carried out in the summer of 1990. The hot summer temperatures and extremely soft soil conditions (resulting in friction piles) gave the other extreme needed for this study. Each site is discussed in

Jan 1, 1991

By Mario A. Terceros Herrera, Mario Terceros Arce, Antonio Marinucci

This paper describes the general principles of the expander body with post-grouting (EBI) system, and how it is similar in nature to a large-scale pressuremeter device. The results from the installation of an EBI can be used to provide information about the stress-strain characteristics of the soil adjacent to the device and to compute estimates of nominal axial resistance. As the EBI expands during grouting, pressure is applied to the in-situ soil surrounding the device thereby compacting/densifying the soil. The nominal axial resistance for small diameter piles/ground anchors can be increased due to the greater soil stiffness and shear strength around the device, larger surface and end area, and improved soil-to-EBI interaction in side resistance. The shape of the response curves depends on the geotechnical conditions of the soil (e.g., in-situ stress state, strength, and stiffness) and the installation method of the piling/ground anchor. This technique has been used successfully with different pile types and ground anchors in a wide range of conditions from very loose sands/silts to very dense sands and medium-dense gravels as well as in soft to stiff clays. This paper also describes a mini case history in which 80 piles were installed to support an office building, and the results of the static axial compression load tests performed on a production FDP+EBI pile is also included.

By João Veludo, Eduardo Júlio, Helen D. Robinson, Jesús E. Gómez

"Utilization of micropiles for structural retrofit requires connection of the micropiles to the footings of the existing structure. Almost ten years ago, an experimental research effort was carried out in the US to investigate the magnitude and mechanism of development of the bond strength between micropiles and existing concrete. The study resulted in important conclusions on the mechanism of connection capacity development and provided specific recommendations for practical design of micropile-to-footing connections. In the last five years, the original study was complemented by an intensive experimental effort in Portugal aimed at answering many of the questions still remaining on this topic. This paper is a summary of the knowledge that is presently available on the capacity of micropile-to-existing footing connections. It presents the results and observations of model tests performed in the US and Portugal, as well as some tests from actual construction sites. The paper presents clear evidence that friction may be the most important component of connection capacity. It also presents a clear correlation between confinement and connection capacity.IntroductionUtilization of micropiles for structural retrofit requires connection of the micropiles to the footings of the existing structure. This is often accomplished by drilling through the footing and developing the connection by direct bond between the micropile grout and the existing concrete. Almost ten years ago, an experimental research effort was carried out in the US to investigate the magnitude and mechanism of development of the bond strength between micropiles and existing concrete. Smooth and textured micropile inserts of varying lengths were tested to failure inside pre-drilled holes of varying diameters. That investigation led to several publications (Gomez et al. 2005, Wilder et al. 2005, Cadden 2009) on the mechanism of development of bond strength between micropiles and concrete, which included a chart for preliminary bond value selection depending on the diameter of the hole and texture of the micropile.An intensive testing program was carried out in Portugal in the last five years. The program focused on answering questions posed by the original investigation and on finding the relationship between connection capacity and level of confinement. Both investigations, and especially the testing performed in Portugal, provided an invaluable amount of information on the mechanisms of failure of micropile-to-footing connections. This information should be the basis for development of design procedures that, until now, were not available."

Jan 1, 2015

By David A. Staab

Numerical modeling was used to investigate the feasibility of using two geophysical imaging techniques, cross-borehole ground penetrating radar (XBGPR) tomography and electrical resistivity (ER) tomography, for detecting and characterizing defects in deep-mixed soil columns. XBGPR modeling was accomplished with a three-dimensional numerical forward modeling code and a two-dimensional inversion routine. Spatial variations in apparent dielectric constant (Ka) and attenuation (a) were mapped. Electrical resistivity modeling was accomplished with a three-dimensional numerical forward modeling code and a three-dimensional inversion routine. Spatial changes in electrical resistivity were then mapped. Three different types of defects were simulated, in addition to a defect-free column. The computer simulations suggest that XBGPR tomography and ER tomography might be useful, non-destructive methods for detecting and estimating the extent of defects in deep-mixed soil columns. The results show that small, isolated defects might be difficult to detect, but defects approximately equal to or larger than the sampling interval (for XBGPR) or vertical electrode spacing (for ERT) should be detectable.

Jan 1, 2004

By A. Boominathan

The behaviour of single piles under lateral dynamic loading is very critical and the study is still a current field of research since 1950's. Though many methods have been developed analytically to estimate the dynamic lateral stiffness, very limited dynamic testing on full scale piles were carried out to study the response of piles under lateral dynamic loading. Hence, field lateral dynamic vibration tests are conducted on driven precast concrete square pile of 400mm size and driven cast in-situ concrete piles of 400mm and 500 mm diameter at a petrochemical complexes site at Haldia (India). The results of steady state and free vibrations tests are discussed herein and compared with the response of the piles estimated from PILAY.

Jan 1, 2002

By Kazunori Matsushita, Masaru Sakakibara, Kenji Harada, Naotoshi Shinkawa, Mitsuo Nozu

The Sand Compaction Pile (SCP) method has been widely used as a typical countermeasure against liquefaction in Japan, and its effectiveness has been confirmed in many case histories of damages caused by the past large-scale earthquakes. A series of studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the compaction method and other factors, if any, in sustaining a seismic force that is greater than the assumed one and caused no damage. Based on the results of these studies, the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) has indicated in its “Recommendations for Design of Ground Improvement for Building Foundations” published in 2006 that the liquefaction resistance ratio (tl/sz) of the composite ground, which consists of sand piles and surrounding compacted ground, is higher than the RL calculated by using the SPT N-values of the ground in-between the sand piles. In this paper, statistical analysis of safety factor against liquefaction, FL, was performed by using the SPT N-values of ground in Port Island and Rokko Island which were both fully reclaimed islands in Kobe city during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu Earthquake (classified as intense shaking) and, together with the consideration of relative settlement, resulted in tl/sz of the composite ground being 1.5~2.5 times of tl/sz of the soil in-between piles after improvement. Furthermore, the liquefaction resistance curve of SCP-improved sites obtained from the relationship between SPT N-values and cyclic shear stress ratio during the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake, which was regarded as long-duration earthquake, was plotted to the left side of the curve originally proposed by Japan Road Association. Thus, the liquefaction resistance of the improved ground was found to be higher than that of the natural ground, even for the same SPT N-values, verifying the validity of the AIJ recommendation.

Jan 1, 2017

By Dario Libano, Luis Carlos Tenuta, Juliano Penteado

"Subway Line Number 4 is one of the newest additions to the Rio de Janeiro subway network. Built for the 2016 Olympic Games, the 16 km (10 mi) subway line connects the south of the city, with the famous beaches Copacabana and Ipanema, to Barra da Tijuca, west of the city, where the Olympic Village and Park are located. This new line, which is estimated to cost USD 2.2 billion, is composed of six new stations: Jardim Oceanico, São Conrado, Gavea, Antero de Quintal, Jardim de Alah (JA) and Nossa Senhora da Paz Station.Brasfond participated in the construction of foundations and retaining structures for all the stations, and each presented unique challenges. This is not surprising considering the difficulties present in a highly-dense urban environment including utilities, nearby buildings, traffic limitations and noise.Of all the stations, JA Station was the most challenging to construct. It was located in the middle of an avenue between residential high rises supported on shallow foundations as well as below sea level in sands with high groundwater. The other five stations were located in small parks and squares, with no buildings in the immediate proximity.The interaction between designer, owner, and the general and foundation contractors during execution was key in safely reducing the construction schedule. This was significant given the unforeseen construction delays the client, Linha 4 Sul JV, faced due to permitting, utility and traffic relocation so that the owner could fulfill their final goal: making the line operational by the Olympic Games. The GeologyGeologically, the state of Rio de Janeiro is formed by Pre- Cambrian crystalline basement rock. Its geological formation is very old and comprises two major orogenic cycles, a Mid-Precambrian formation, called “Transamazonian” (Proterozoic Era), and an Upper-Precambrian to Cambrian called “Brasiliano” (Proterozoic-Paleozoic). The soil structure of the city of Rio de Janeiro is represented by a core of crystalline rocks, usually granite-gneiss, covered with a layer of residual soil and/or partially weathered rock.JA Station is located in a Rio de Janeiro neighborhood called Ipanema, between the Atlantic Ocean and Lagoon Rodrigo de Freitas. Local geology is composed of a superficial soil, consisting of medium to coarse grained sands. Top of rock varied significantly from 20 m (66 ft) deep on one side of the station to 33 m (108 ft) on the other. Water is at a depth of 3 m (10 ft)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Mary C. Nodine, Michael P. Walker, Paul Eggers, Donald E. Aubrecht

The CANALSIDE commercial development in Buffalo, New York serves to revitalize the former site of the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium, adjacent to Lake Erie. The Auditorium was constructed in 1940 and founded on steel H-piles driven to limestone bedrock. After decades of professional sport and entertainment events, the “Aud,” as it was locally known, was closed in 1996. It sat vacant until it was demolished in 2009, at which time plans were made to revitalize the area with shops, restaurants, and a historic replica canal. The only portion of the Aud that was left intact was a subbasement boiler room. The subbasement was renovated in 2014 and has since been used to house water and ice making equipment for the historic replica canals, which boast recreational ice skating in the winter. The subbasement floor was about 10 feet below groundwater and the Lake Erie water level. The floor consisted of an approximately 4-foot-thick layered inverted waffle slab system, with reinforced concrete grade beams and concrete infill between the grade beams. A waterproofing membrane was located near the base of the slab. There were no major seepage issues in the subbasement, so the existing waterproofing membrane was assumed to be intact and performing adequately. A four-story building housing a children’s museum was proposed to be constructed directly above the subbasement. The loads imparted by the new building would exceed the capacity of the existing piles, so it was determined that drilling micropiles through the subbasement floor would be the most practical means of supporting the new building. Drilling through the existing slab and waterproofing system was a concern due to the challenges of controlling water during construction and the importance of maintaining the integrity of the permanent waterproofing system.

Jan 1, 2018

By Tony Suckling

"As we head toward the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December, the environment and sustainability will become headline news for a while. Governments are expected to agree to a set of binding targets to reduce carbon emissions probably before 2020, and certainly before 2050. This will, in effect, initiate a low carbon economy in many parts of the world. Sustainability has mainly been rhetoric so far, the exceptions being projects for those looking to the long-term future and not for short-term financial gains.The probabilities and consequences of negative impacts on the environment and on society over the short term and in the long term can be assessed and mitigated, but mitigation often adds cost. Also, we cannot know what technologies will be available, say 1,000 years into the future, which is about 40 generations of our society. It is easier to have a connection with 100 years into the future, which is only about 4 generations. Individuals may have a different sense of sustainability, and place a different value on mitigation, its cost, its importance and its potential impacts.Sustainability means different things to different parties on a construction project. For example, a land developer is likely to have a different view on the design in terms of sustainability than that of the designer. The developer may also likely to be more interested in sustainabiliy if there are tangible economic benefits that might accrue. Achieving sustainability on any project, leads to conflict between competing interests or demands cooperation between the economic and technical sectors involved. The foundations for a building or bridge, by definition, need to interact with the ground whose behaviour cannot be dictated by man. The aims of sustainability are the same as for the building or bridge, both of which are constructed of manmade materials, but it is less clear how they should be achieved. An example is the driven pile that does not produce spoil waste, but is likely to be too noisy to be acceptable in an urban environment. This then begs the question, should the public accept the nuisance of short-term pile driving to achieve a more sustainable foundation? Additionally, the question has to be asked, can the deep foundations industry develop its techniques and products to help make them more acceptable and appropriate more often than is possible now?"

Jan 1, 2009

By C. M. Haberfield

"1 INTRODUCTION Around the world, there is a demand for larger structures, tall buildings and large bridges. While good footing design is important for all structures, it is even more important in the case of large structures. Recent experience with footing design for tall buildings (e.g. Burj Al Alam development and Nakheel Tower in Dubai, the Gate of Kuwait in Kuwait, the City Centre Project in Bahrain and Eureka Tower and Freshwater Place in Melbourne) has shown the benefits of investing in footing planning, design and construction (Haberfield, 2011, Poulos and Bunce, 2007). The footing systems for most of these projects include the use of deep bored piles or barrettes (piles of rectangular cross-section). Many use piled rafts where the piles, while acting to support the load, are primarily used to reduce settlements. A clear understanding of the factors controlling the behaviour of the footing system is needed to enable a good engineering design to be achieved. This starts with a sound understanding of the ground characteristics and individual pile performance, including adequate collection of data and testing. The best footing solution can then be found using recent improvements in data collection and analytical techniques, complex and highly capable computer-based models and the availability of high speed computers. This paper focuses on the axial performance of deep bored piles socketed into rock – both their individual performance and their performance as part of a larger footing system. Recent research and construction practice is discussed. In practically all cases, serviceability conditions control the behaviour of the footings. Methods of establishing the parameters for input into sophisticated computer programs are described. Application of the methods to case studies is included and it is shown that the behaviour of individual piles can be closely predicted. These developments lead to lower construction costs, better constructability and shortened construction time because of the better understanding of footing behaviour. 2 FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE OF FOOTINGS ON ROCK For a typical pile-supported footing, it is necessary to consider both individual pile, pile group and raft performance. These require consideration of the behaviour of the ground immediately beneath the surface raft or footing, along the pile shaft, and at and beneath the pile toe (Figure 1). Immediately beneath the surface raft or footing, the important factors are strength for bearing capacity and stiffness for settlement and interaction effects. Along the pile shaft, of most interest are strength for bearing, excavatability and stability; stiffness for settlement and interaction effects; geology and permeability for pile stability and, most importantly, pile shaft resistance. At the pile toe all the above factors for the pile shaft are present and in addition the pile end bearing is of interest. Below the toe, stiffness for pile settlement is important to at least a depth of twice the building width."

Jan 1, 1900

By William M. Tanner, Daniel C. Brahana

"A drilled pier foundation was originally designed to support the proposed G. Wayne Clough Undergraduate Learning Commons on the campus of Georgia Tech in Atlanta, GA. Reflective of the site geology, the original drilled pier foundation was divided into a Northern and Southern portion with an allowable end bearing capacity of 60 ksf and 100 ksf, respectively. After initial pricing on the original design, several value engineering options were submitted that featured changes to the original design capacity and construction method. The project team selected the value engineering option that involved conducting an Osterberg Load Cell test to assess end bearing of the site bedrock and skin friction. Results of the Osterberg Load Cell test justified increasing the allowable end bearing capacity of the site bedrock to 100 ksf in the Northern portion and 125 ksf in the Southern portion. Considering the final foundation design and Osterberg Load Cell test program, a net savings of approximately $259,000, or approximately 34%, was obtained over the original design.Project BackgroundThe G. Wayne Clough Undergraduate Learning Commons (CULC) is a 5-story academic building on the Georgia Tech campus in Atlanta, Georgia. The CULC was completed in 2011 and consists of a concrete frame structure supported on a drilled pier foundation.After pricing of the original drilled pier foundation design, several value engineering (VE) analyses were performed by the foundation contractor in an effort to demonstrate the potential for a reduced foundation cost. The VE analyses focused on variations in design assumptions, as well as construction techniques. This paper presents a case study that demonstrates how the value engineering process can be used to reduce foundation costs.Site Investigation and Subsurface ConditionsThe CULC building site is located within the Southern Piedmont Physiographic Province, an area underlain by metamorphic and igneous rocks. McConnell and Abrams (1984) indicate that the site is located at the boundary between two distinct geologic formations. The Northern portion of the site is underlain by the Wahoo Creek Formation while the Southern portion of the site is underlain by the Stonewall Formation. The following paragraphs briefly describe the geotechnical investigations performed by the project geotechnical engineer (GE) for the CULC."

Jan 1, 2015

By Roger A. Bullivant

As the UK's foremost domestic foundation underpinning contractor over the last 25 years it has become abundantly clear that the size of the repair market, some £500m per annum is a significant waste of resource and cost. To experience this scale of foundation failure in mainly new construction less than 20 years old is unacceptable. This is being further endorsed by our contracting experience in the USA over the last 10 years. Our foundation repair systems are mainly based upon the use of driven mini piles and it was considered appropriate that this type of pile should be upgraded and used on new build construction where the ground was marginal or bad.

Jan 1, 1995

By Shigetoyo Yasui, Masahiro Saitou, Nobushige Yasuoka, Keisuke Tsujimoto

"The Dry Jet Mixing (DJM) Method was developed and has been put to practical use on the initiative of the Public Works Research Institute and Japan Construction Method and Machinery Research Institute. This method is used to inject powdery binder with compressed air into soft ground while mixing the binder with the soil using the mixing blade to reduce the moisture content of the ground and cause chemical reactions between the soil and binder, thereby strengthening the ground and stabilizing its quality.Recently, there is a demand for high-quality, high-accuracy execution control.This paper introduces the New DJM Execution Control System, developed to meet the future demand for more sophisticated ground improvement, based on the past results of the conventional system in order to provide new automated execution control with improved accuracy, functionality and column quantity.1. INTRODUCTIONIn association with the densification of cities and the improvement of the social overhead capital, the underground space in urban areas is tangled with various underground structures including transportation facilities such as subways and underground roads, buried pipe such as water supply and sewerage systems,gas, electric power and communications lines, and underground malls.In addition, a lot of aboveground structures such as office and residential buildings, elevated tracks, expressways, embankment tracks are also supported with underground foundations.Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya and many other large cities in Japan grow on plains spread along the coast or rivers. Waterfront flat areas which are very convenient for human activities, however, are often on the alluvial soft ground, where soft cohesive soil with a high moisture content, loose sandy soil, etc. are accumulated in a thick formation, with a high groundwater level.The DJM Method introduced here is used to decrease the moisture content of the soft ground, strengthen the ground and stabilize the soil quality by injecting powdery binder into the ground with compressed air, while mixing the binder with the soil using the mixing blade.2. OUTLINE OF DJM METHODThe DJM Method is used to inject powdery binder with compressed air into soft ground, while mixing the binder with the soil using the mixing blade, to cause chemical reactions between the soil and binder, thereby decreasing the moisture content of the ground and strengthen and stabilize the ground."

Jan 1, 2015

By Allan Herse

"The years following World War II were nation building years in Australia. Soldiers returned from the European and Asian theatres of war sparking a major infrastructure construction boom. Dams and highways were built to keep up with the growth of towns and cities, which were bursting at the seams, not just from the returning soldiers settling down with their families but also from the many waves of refugees from war torn areas around the globe.The demand for electricity generation and distribution required for the growing population sparked the expansion of the national power grid with new high-voltage transmission towers appearing across the landscape. However, with an original design life of 50 years, those transmission lines constructed in the 1950s are nearing, or are at the end of, their anticipated service life.In recent years, the Australian power distribution network has changed from a period of high construction activity in greenfield high-voltage lines to a period that is now focused on reducing cost and maintaining existing assets. Replacing aboveground structural members and electrical components is relatively simple even under live conditions. However, the replacement or repair of tower foundations, many of which are in remote locations, has been a problem that has caused difficulties for power utilities trying to operate on a budget while also avoiding costly and unpopular power outages.With thousands of miles of aging transmission lines needing life extension work, Piling & Civil Australia (PCA) has developed a patented system of upgrading the foundations with micropiles while under live-line conditions without requiring costly outages. The system is seen as revolutionary by power utilities, allowing the utilities to extend the life of their existing assets until demand increases to warrant the construction of a new line. PCA has been working on a potential solution with Powerlink Queensland for the past 5 years to develop a quick and cost-effective foundation replacement system that can extend the life of its existing asset base anywhere from an additional 5 years to 50 years.With design support from Quanta Subsurface, USA, PCA recently completed the foundation replacement of 26 lattice tower foundations in the Townsville region of North Queensland. Using a steel bracket (patent pending) to connect hollow bar micropiles to the lattice towers, the installation techniques that were developed enabled the micropiles to be installed within a tolerance of less than about 3/8 in (10 mm) through the existing steel grillage foundation while maintaining live line conditions. The project was an Australian first and a trial by Powerlink for wider use within its network, and it was delivered on time and within budget at one tenth of the cost of traditional methods."

Jan 1, 2017