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By C. E. Van Orstrand

An intrusive body is a mass of igneous rock that has migrated upward, presumably from great depths. Great variations in form, composition and depth of burial occur. It is not proposed in this paper to go into all of the details of the problem. Instead, it mill be assumed here that the intrusive has the form and characteristics represented in Fig. I. According to W. 11. Emmons minerals are not deposited in appreciable quantities below the "dead line." Important amounts of ores of virtually all metals may be found around summit cupolas, but only gold, copper and zinc (in limited quantities) are usually associated with trough cupolas. Most students of ore deposits agree that temperature changes are largely instrumental in precipitating many ores in the "hood" and that the difference in temperature between the intrusive and that of the country rock may be the chief factor in determining the mineralogy of a deposit. A problem then of some interest is to correlate the principal physical features of the intrusive with the phenomena of heat conduction as evidenced by the cooling curves and the isothermal surfaces. Mathematical Theory In order to show the possible application of heat conduction to the interpretation of the processes of metalliferous deposition associated with intrusives, it will be as- sumed that the intrusive is a large par-allelopiped of dimensions, 2l, 2m, 2n. The equation that represents the flow of heat from the parallelopiped into country rock (v = o, 1 = o), which has the same thermal properties as the intrusive, is2,3 l-x v I FT 2 [2 2 — l-x m — y — m — y n — z In this equation, the origin, x = o, y = o, z = o, is at the center of the parallelopiped. v = temperature at point x, y, z, time 1. v, = initial temperature throughout the intrusive, 1 = o. k = coefficient of thermal diffusivity. a, ß, y are variables of integration. Put n = m in Eq. I, and we have v I [2/5 [2I-x 2 — l-x m — y 2 2 2 kt 2 20xt e-a2da ebrdß

Jan 1, 1946

By C. E. Melbye

A serious problem confronted the city of Gunnison early in 1958 in that, for a few months during each spring runoff, the water supply derived from the Gunnison River became polluted to an unsafe point. The city management had the choice of building a new filter plant to replace the old unworkable one or drilling wells to develop a ground water supply. The cost of a new filter plant was estimated at $180,000 compared to $50,000 for 6 wells, pumps, and additional water lines, hence their decision to attempt the development of sufficient ground water. Six wells at 300 gpm per well were estimated as necessary to handle the peak usage of 1800 gpm, compared to only 600 gpm winter usage. Although the water table is only about 7 feet below the surface, existing private wells drilled at random locations were producing much less than 300 gpm. The problem was to find sufficient quantities from about 6 wells. Since the presence of an ancient bedrock channel was suspected, which would be expected to localize greater quantities of water, the city of Gunnison authorized a resistivity survey to investigate bedrock topography below unconsolidated gravels. Survey results were highly satisfactory and led to the preparation of a fairly detailed bedrock contour map, Fig. 1. This map was used in selection of all well sites. The city of Gunnison is situated in a flat, broad, Quaternary gravel-filled valley (terrain dips south at 20 feet per mile) at the junction of the Gunnison River and Tomichi Creek. The valley, about 2-4 miles wide, is bordered by hills of Tertiary volcanics to the northwest, Cretaceous and Jurassic sediments to the north and northeast, and pre-Cambrian granite and gneiss to the south. One previous deep test well at the west end of the city hit pre-Cambrian granite at 496 feet, which, allowing for 40 feet of surface gravels, makes the older sedimentary section 456 feet thick. This section is probably all Jurassic Morrison formation, consisting of the Saltwash sandstone overlain by the much thicker section of Brushy Basin shales and mudstones. According to the driller's logs, each well was bottomed in what is believed to be Brushy Basin shale. FIELD PROCEDURE A standard Gish-Rooney type of resistivity apparatus was employed, which used 45-volt dry batteries as a direct-current power source. Applied voltages could be selected from 45 volts to a 270-volt maximum. Copper-coated steel stakes were employed as current electrodes and porous porcelain pots as potential electrodes to avoid possible polarization effects with direct current. The expanding Wenner electrode configuration was utilized for this investigation and measurements were made at 20 40, 60, 80, and 100-foot spacings,

Jan 1, 1961

By N. A. D. Parlee, M. M. A. El-Naggar, G. 8. Horsley

The apparatus was of a modified Sieverts type1&apos;2 with a reaction tube designed to function also as the cell component of an oxygen pressure gage. The reaction tube assembly is shown in Fig. 1 and described in Table I. The main body is a 1-in.-OD 15 mol pct calcia-stabilized zirconia tube. The ground-glass joint, g, the male part of which carried a prism for optical pyrometer use, was connected to the remainder of the Sieverts apparatus. The calibration of the cell (at its 1000°K operating temperature) for internal oxygen pressures (PO2in) in the range 0.2 to 10 9 atm was made against internal air pressures measured by mercury manometer and McLeod gage. At very low po2in values down to l<Tn atm the performance was checked by comparing pQ calculated from electromotive force measurement when the apparatus was filled with a) pure CO gas and b) a CO-CO2 mixture of the ratio CO-CO2 = 1:0.398, with Po, values calculated from the equilibrium constants of the following reactions at 1000°K:

Jan 1, 1968

By C. E. Sims

THE following presentation is more a summation of observations made and conclusions drawn over a period of three to four years than a report of experiments made with a definite objective. Tests were made, of course, to verify hypotheses, but the large mass of data was collected incidental to other work. Lack of space forbids the presentation of more than a few of those data. On the other hand, it is unfortunate that some of the most illustrative examples are not available. The work is admit¬tedly incomplete but is presented in the hope that it will stimulate further work along a similar line. The answers to many of the questions left unanswered by this paper will be found only after long and painstaking study, such as is scarcely possible in a commercial laboratory where problems of immediate importance consume most of the time. It is also hoped that this study will in some measure throw light on some of the dark spots of steelmaking, and help to clarify some of the annoyingly vague references to "good practice." Only cast steel was studied and the conclusions apply to cast steel, but it is the authors&apos; opinion that the quality of rolled or forged steel is largely dependent on the quality of the ingot, which is a casting. Although this discussion deals almost entirely with inclusions, it is important that the reader understand that only those natural inclusions which owe their origin to the solubility of certain materials in steel and to the chemical reactions of steelmaking are considered. Accidental inclusions, such as entrapped particles of slag, nozzle, runner, or mold are outside its province and are not considered. Such accidental inclusions are always dangerous and should be carefully avoided.

Jan 1, 1932

By H. H. Bein

Most western industrial sands are feldspathic and contain feldspars in variahle amounts. A few deposits will show alumina contents of less than one per cent while others will contain over twelve per cent alumina. Some industries are not especially concerned with the amount of contained feldspar but are interested only in color and in size gradations. Other industries, however, are very much interested in alumina content and set up quite rigid specifications as to this content. Several western plants are beneficiating crude sands both to reduce the iron content and to control the feldspar content. At present, most of these plants are using flotation processes for both controls although a few plants do use magnetic separators for the reduction of iron content. Some work has also been done with electrostatic separators for the feldspar-quartz splits. The Sand Division of Del Monte Properties Company, Pebble Beach, California, has been operating a flotation plant for iron removal and the separation of quartz and feldspar since 1950. As mentioned before, control of alumina, especially in the quartz product, is very important. Some users require an alumina content of less than two per cent and others will demand a product of less than one per cent Al2,O3,. The standard Quinolate method for determining alumina is lengthy and time consuming. The HF —H2SO4 evaporation step is especially critical and, if forced, spattering is apt to occur with a resulting loss of sample. Standard procedure is to evaporate to dry ness overnight at a low temperature. Even with forcing under optimum conditions the procerlnre will take two or three hours to complete. A new method has been developed which allows an alumina determination to be made, in 10 or 15 minutes, on a sample of the quartz product as it is being produced. This pocedure, although simply an approximation, has been most helpful in showing whether or not the product being formed is meeting specifications. This procedure has also allowed a great reduction in samples formerly taken and analysed by the orthodox method. Whether a sample assays 1.75% A12O3, or 1.95% .41,0, is not so important as the fact that it is below the allowable maximum of 2.00%. Similar thinking would apply to products required to contain less than 1.00% A1,0,. The step by step procedures for the method are as follows: 1. Collect sample, drain or filter, and dry. 2. Split sample through standard Jones sample cutter to quarter or eighth sample, depending on size of original sample taken, then split down to about 5 grams through Sepor micro-splitter. 3. Screen through 50 mesh sieve (U.S. Series) and reject undersize. 4. Weigh out 2 grams and place in platinum crucible. 5. Etch with 3-5 mls 38.40% HF for 1 minute at room temp. 6. Decant and wash. 7. Stain for two minutes in same crucible with a 1% water solution of Nigrosene dye. 8. Decant and wash well. 9. Dry.

Jan 1, 1961

By F. Keller, E. H. Dix, L. A. Willey

The consideration of alloying elements for aluminum has led to a series of investigations of the equilibrium relations between aluminum and those alloying elements. Therefore, the aluminum end of the aluminum-antimony diagram has been studied. The general form of the aluminum-antimony equilibrium diagram has been worked out by Campbell and Mathewsi and by Tammann.2 Canlpbell and mathews described principally the beginning of solidification. They found the curve of beginning of solidification rising gradually from the melting point of pure alunlinum to a maximum at about 67 per cent. aluminum. After a slight lowering of the curve at a little greater antimony concentration the curve again rises to a maximum at 18.4 per cent. aluminum, which corresponds to the compound AISb. The curve then drops to the melting point of pure antimony. Tamrriarln explained the maximum occurring at about 67 per cent. aluminum as the result of the slow formation of the single compound AISb. The space lattice of the compound AISb, according to Owen and Preaton,³ is face-centered cubic, the antimony atoms being intermeshed with an identical aluminum lattice. Very little, if any, work has been done on aluminum alloys containing small amounts of antimony. The Present Investigation It has been the purpose of this investigation to determine the solid solubility of antimony in aluminum and also to investigate the eutectic temperature and concentration. The experimental work has been carried out in a manner similar to that described in a previous paper4 from this laboratory.

Jan 1, 1931

By C. S. Samis, D. P. Seraphim

In the presence of oxygen, galena is oxidized in an aqueous medium containing ammonium acetate in accordance with the following reaction: PbS + 1/2 0, + 2 NH~Ac -» PbAc, + So + 2 NH: + H2O. This reaction was studied in an autoclave under oxygen pressure by polarographic measurement of the concentration of lead ion in solution. Oxidation rate is parabolic. The reaction products are lead acetote and elemental sulfur, the latter forming a film on the galena crystal. Reaction kinetics appear to be determined by the diffusion of lead from the galena phase to the solution interface through the film of sulfur. RECENT applications of pressure leaching on a commercial scale have emphasized the metallurgical importance of the oxidation of sulfide minerals in aqueous media by oxygen under pressure. Research experience has shown that sulfates, thio-nates, and metal oxides are the products of humid oxidation of sulfide minerals in basic solutions. The metal oxides may be solubilized in the presence of a complexing ion.&apos; Certain oxide minerals are also amenable to treatment by this type of oxidation.&apos; Several kinetic studies have been made of reactions of this type. Stenhouse&apos; found that pyrite (FeS?) oxidized in a sodium hydroxide solution to produce a soluble sulfate and an insoluble layer of iron oxide and that the kinetics of the reaction were controlled by oxygen diffusion through the oxide layer. Andersen&apos; studied the oxidation of galena (PbS) in a sodium hydroxide solution under oxygen pressure. He found the lead and sulfur to be simultaneously oxidized to produce plum bite ions and sulfate ions, and that the reaction rate was proportional to the surface area of the galena. The kinetics appeared to be determined by the reaction of oxygen and water with the galena surface. In each of the above reactions the metal and sulfur components of the mineral were oxidized simultaneously and at equal rates. In the present study the alkaline medium has been replaced by an approximately neutral solution of ammonium acetate in which lead sulfate is soluble. Under the conditions no sulfate was produced and no sulfur could be detected in the solution. The metal component of the mineral was solubilized and the liberated sulfur remained as a film of elemental sulfur on the surface of the galena crystal. A kinetic study of this reaction was undertaken to establish the kinetic mechanism and to determine the rate controlling step. Specific reaction rates were determined by oxidizing crystals of galena of measured surface areas in an autoclave maintained at the desired temperature and oxygen pressure. The rate of reaction was followed by measuring the concentration of lead in the ammonium acetate solution with a cathode ray polarograph, employing stationary platinum electrodes incorporated in the autoclave. Experimental Materials and Equipment Crystals of galena obtained from Violamac Mines, Retallack, B. C., were selected for oxidation because

Jan 1, 1957

By Thomas Lane Carter

THE history of mining in South Africa differs somewhat from that of other countries in the part taken by the aborigines in the development ?of the mineral deposits. The Spaniards in America, and the fortune-seekers of Australia and New Zealand, found large numbers of natives in these new countries, but the inhabitants did not become willing or efficient workers ill the mines which the white men started. The Kaffirs of South. Africa have not shown the same antipathy to labor, nor do they show any signs of dying out in the presence of the white man&apos;s civilization. They are a virile race, and so far the vices of civilization have not killed. them. While it is true that the brain and skill necessary for the exploitation of the mineral resources of this sub-continent-have been supplied by the white race, it is also a fact that most of the rough labor in the development of the mining industry of South Africa has been done by the Kaffirs. The Kaffir tribes differ greatly in their mental and physical capabilities. Compare, for instance, a Zulu of Natal with a Bechuana, or a Xosa of Cape Colony with some of the degenerate tribes of Central or East Africa, and you will find that they have little in common, save that their skin is black and that they do not believe in clothes. As a general rule, the tribe&apos;s in the milder, healthier climates are far superior, both in mind and body, to the Kaffirs brought up in the hot malarial sections of Central Africa; and it naturally follows that the black men from the temperate zones of the country, are much finer workmen than the degenerates from less favorable sections: It is universal in South Africa to speak. of the .Kaffirs as " boys." No matter if he is 90 years old, the Kaffir is always a " boy," and in this paper the word " boy " is synonymous with Kaffir.

Nov 1, 1908

By H. C. H. Darley

The principal causes of unstable boreholes* have been known for many years. For example, in a paper published in 1938, Halbouty and Kaldenbachl listed nearly all the classes of troublesome shales that we know today. Much progress has been made since then, but we still have difficulty in identifying the cause of hole problems and consequently in selecting the right technique for combatting them. This subject was discussed at length by Kelly2 in a recent paper and much valuable information was provided. In the Shell Laboratory it was felt that there was a need for a better understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying the various forms of hole instability, and accordingly, a study was undertaken. This entailed reviewing the physics and chemistry of shales, developing tests for characterizing shales, and constructing a model to study borehole stability. Full simulation of underground conditions was not attempted; for example, we used reconstituted shale specimens, and often simple solutions or suspensions rather than practical drilling muds. Such procedures are necessary in order to establish mechanisms, but caution must be exercised in applying the results to the more complex conditions in the field. Part I — Compaction Swelling and Dispersion of Shales Compaction of Sediments Shales are formed by the compaction of sediments. Water is expressed as sediments are buried by subsequent layers, and the degree of compaction is proportional to the depth of burial, provided the water is able to escape easily to permeable formations. The younger sediments, when recovered at the surface, soften and disperse when mixed with water; the older shales have undergone diagenesis (alteration of the clay minerals, secondary cementation, etc.), and remain hard and unaffected by water. In this paper we shall apply the term "shale", as the drilling engineer does, to everything from clays, which are highly reactive to water, to completely lithified materials such as claystones and slates, which are completely inert. However, because these materials behave quite differently when encountered in the drilling well, it is desirable to develop a simple means of characterizing them. The feature that distinguishes the various shales is their dispersibility in water —soft clays disperse readily, harder shales disperse slowly when agitated, the lithified materials will not disperse at all unless milled. In the dispersibility test used in our study, a weighed amount of dry shale particles in the 12-to-100-mesh-size range was placed in a tube filled with distilled water and allowed to soak for 16 hours. The

Jan 1, 1970

By J. H. Schulman, M. H. Buckenham

R. W. Christy (Manager of Sales, Sanitary Engineering Equipment, Link-Belt Co.) and C.D. Rubert (Barrett, Haentjens & Co.) — Messrs. King and Schepman have presented an excellent paper which outlines the general practice in the design of thickener mechanisms. Lifting devices, controls, special applications and underflow pumping arrangements have been reviewed in detail. Pumping arrangements were illustrated which eliminate the need for an expensive tunnel beneath the thickener floor. Most of those illustrated have the common feature of a relatively long underflow suction line extending from the hopper floor to the pump located on the bridge at the periphery of the tank. The authors limit these arrangements to comparatively dilute or thin slurrys. It is implied that dense and coarse concentrates, which are difficult to pump, cannot be handled unless a tunnel is constructed. Fig. 1 shows an underflow pump arrangement which negates the need for a tunnel but which permits the operator to convey a heavy dense slurry. The pump is mounted directly on the fixed hoist platform and the impeller is located at the base of the steel center column. Priming water is not needed. The column

Jan 1, 1963

By K. C. Ko, D. A. Pifer

The theory of probability with respect to the failure of structures is discussed. It is shown that the probability of safety, probability of failure, and factor of safety are directly related to each other and that as standard deviation approaches zero, the probability curves approach a unit step function which can be interpreted as the conventional factor of safety. The factor of safety is numerically the ratio of the load to the strength of the material at a particular point or plane in an engineering structure. Mathematically, it can be illustrated as a unit step function undefined at the point where the factor of safety is one (Fig. 1). The uncertainty of variation of soil and rock strengths require factors of safety much higher than those used in other engineering structures. The factors of safety used are generally determined from past experiences with similar structures. However, the factors thus determined do not have any theoretical meaning or do not indicate any relationship to actual safety.&apos; It seems, therefore, logical to develop a system with a sound theoretical basis to obtain a more suitable factor of safety for structures. An application of elementary theory of probability indicates that it is possible to relate this number to theoretical and practical engineering facts.

Jan 1, 1971

By LUDWIG VOGELSTEIN

WE are indebted to Mr. Barbour for his valuable contribution to the literature on copper statistics; it is to my knowledge the only intelligent attempt to throw light on a much misunderstood subject. If I should appear to criticize some of his findings and arguments, I do not want to leave the impression that I do not appreciate the article; I think Mr. Barbour has been painstaking, and even where one might not agree with his conclusions, he has opened our eyes and stimulated us in our search for the truth.&apos; It might be well to define the term "secondary copper" and to make a few remarks about the origin and the reasons for the variation of the supply. Mr. Barbour has touched on these points, but not sufficiently to make them clear to those not in the business.

Jan 1, 1931

By Kefton H. Teague

This paper deals with the practical application of the Dutch State Mines cyclone separator for fine-coal cleaning. The more important operating variables are discussed, and results of a number of continuous-scale tests on various fine coals with a 6-in. cyclone separator are given. Descriptions of the Cyanamid Pilot Plant and the 50 tph Cyclone Separator Plant at the Emma Washery in Holland are included.

Jan 1, 1950

By AIME AIME

EDWIN W. KEMMERER, professor of international finance at Princeton, in a speech before a banking conference at Urbana, Ill., on Nov. 26, stated that the increase in the store of gold held by the United States is not so alarming as it appears on the surface. Excerpts from his address, as reported by The New York Times, follow: "It is significant . . . that the value of gold as expressed in its purchasing power in the United States during the last half-dozen years has been higher than at any other equivalent period since our records began 140 years ago. Our so-called 59-cent dollar today buys about 25 per cent more goods at wholesale than did our old dollar in the prosperous year 1926, and an ounce of gold will now buy considerably more than twice what it did then. This present high value of gold is one reason for its recent large production.

Jan 1, 1941

By K. J. Gill, P. Chiotti

Thermal, metallographic, and vapor pressure data were obtained to establish the phase diagram for the thorium-zinc system. Four compounds corresponding to the stoichiometric formulas Th2Zn, ThZn2, ThZn4, and Th2Zn17 were observed. The melting points of these compounds under constrained vapor conditions were found to be 1055°, 1105°, 1095°, and 1015°C respectively. Four eutectics exist in this system with the following eutectic temperatures and thorium contents in wt pct: 1040°C, 89 Th; 945°C, 79 Th; 1045°C, 55 Th; and 995°C, 35 Th. The standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of formation for the compounds were determined from zinc vapor pressure data. ALTHOUGH the thorium-zinc system has been of technical importance in the commercial production of thorium and more recently of interest to some proposed pyrometallurgical separations processes for reactor fuels or blanket materials no detailed investigation of this system has been made in the past. Some previous work has been reviewed by Hanssen.1 The existence of four compounds, Th2Zn17, ThZn4, ThZn2, and Th2Zn has been established and their crystal structures have been studied by X-ray diffraction techniques.2-4 Smirnov et al.,5 determined the solubility of thorium in zinc and investigated the two-phase region between Th2Zn17 and zinc. They calculated some of the thermodynamic properties for these alloys from emf measurements on the cells Th/ThCl4(fused)/Cl2, C and Th2Zn17(s)+ Zn (l)/ThCl4(fused)/Cl2, C. The possibility of reaction between the anode materials and fused thorium tetrachloride to produce a lower valent thorium salt would have to be resolved in order to evaluate the results obtained. The purpose of the present investigation is to establish the phase diagram for the thorium-zinc system and to determine the standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of formation for the compounds formed. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES The metals employed in the preparation of alloys were Bunker Hill slab zinc, 99.99 pct pure and Ames Lalboratory thorium. The major impurities in the thorium in parts per million were oxygen—1250, carbon—350, iron—100, nitrogen-75, and silicon—70. The metals in the form of several small massive pieces, total weight about 30 g, were cleaned with acid, washed with water and acetone, and dried just prior to their use for alloy preparation. Tantalum containers were found to be suitable for all the alloys studied and were used throughout this investigation. The metals were sealed inside of small 1-in.-diam tantalum crucibles by welding on preformed tantalum covers. A small thermocouple well made from 1/8-in.-diam tantalum tubing was welded in the bottom of each crucible. These crucibles were enclosed in

Jan 1, 1962

By C. A. Heiland

THIS year&apos;s review of geophysical activities has a somewhat different complexion than usual. With the ending of the war, the time seems opportune to supplement the customary report on operations and discoveries in oil and mine exploration by a review out-lining the contributions of geophysicists to the. war effort. To give as much space as possible to the latter, presented as Part 2, some of the usual review features have been omitted from the statistical section, given as Part 1 immediately following.

Jan 1, 1946

By Howard I. Young

WHEN so many statements are being made relative to the requirements of zinc metal, it is difficult for some of us who are acquainted with the industry to visualize how it is possible to step up production so as to supply some of the fantastic requirement figures that are published from time to time. I shall attempt to approach this subject from the standpoint of existing conditions which affect production, also keeping in mind the price ceiling under which the industry operates. Total production of primary and secondary zinc in the United States for 1941 will be about 878,000 tons, to which should be added about 36,000 tons of Mexican slab zinc available for consumption or export from the United States, giving a total available of 914,000 tons. Production of slab zinc of all grades in 1942 should be 953,000 tons. Adding the available Mexican supply should bring the total to 989,000 tons.

Jan 1, 1942

By Grafton Thrasher

For the proper discussion of this subject it is necessary to incorporate in this paper the substance of part of an article published by rite in Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering for January, 1915. CAST-IRON TEST PLUG, SHOWING LOW MOTTLED AND MOTTLED FRACTURES. Several years ago, while I was thief chemist for a malleable-iron company, it occurred to me that the mere regulation of silicon was not sufficient to produce the desired degree of chill. But only after repeatedly encountering this fact in befit open-hearth and air-furnace, as well as cupola metal, was I led to regard variation in the total carbon as the principal cause of disturbance; and I resolved to determine the total carbon as well as the sill on ill every heat, and by a carefully prepared test piece to gauge the approximate degree of chill. The test piece selected was a round plug, 2 in. in diameter and 12 in. long, cast on end

Jan 10, 1915

By Paul Billingsley

THE purpose of this paper is a comparison, based on genesis, of the ore deposits associated with the igneous rocks of the central Montana Rockies. Considered separately, without attention to their origin, the orebodies appear to be distributed haphazard, with no fundamental laws controlling their position and character. It is believed, however, that if all the factors be weighed, this apparent confusion will to a large degree disappear. The, first essential to such a comparison is detailed knowledge of the individual mines, as to their geographic position (see Fig. 1), their mineralogical character, and in particular the derivation of their ores.1 The authors of this paper have pursued such an investigation for the past 6 years, and have accumulated a mass of evidence that enables a preliminary correlation to be attempted. It appears that the majority of ore deposits are genetically related to one or another of the igneous

Jan 4, 1917

By H. R. Hanley

The characteristics of alloyed anodes and their influence on the products of electrolysis and power consumption have been noted previosly ously in the literature.&apos; This paper presents data in continuation of the subject given in an earlier paper by the authors.2 As noted in the authors1 previous paper, the objectives of this work are the reduction in the cell voltage and the purity of the cathode product resulting from the use of alloyed lead anodes. The fundamental facts developed in the previous paper were: (I) that the presence of a small amount of calcium lowers the anode potential approximately 50 per cent. below that of pure lead; and (2) that thallium when present to the extent of 4 per cent. rendered the anode practically stable, thereby lowering the contamination of the cathode by lead to a very insignificant amount. The specific features determined in this recent work are as follows: 1. The lowest limit of calcium in the lead which will still give maximum lowering of the anode potential. 2. The characteristics of the thallium-calcium-lead anode. 3. The characteristics of the silver-calcium-lead anode. 4. The characteristics of the thallium-silver-calciurn-lead anode. It was determined that 0.1 per cent. calcium in the anode was sufficient to lower the anode potential approximately 50 per cent. Table 1 shows the characteristics of alloyed anodes tested. The anode composed of 0.1 per cent. calcium, 4 per cent. thallium, and 95.9 per cent. * Professor of Metsllurgy, Missouri School of Mines. t Professor of Metallurgy and Ore Dressing, Hea.d of Department, Missouri School of Mines. Assistant Professor of Metallurgy, Missouri School of Mines. 1 Among others, see C. G. Fink and Li Chi Pan: Insoluble .Anodes for the Electrol-ysis of Brine [Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc., (1926) 49, 83-1341 and other papers by these authors. U. CJ. Taintori, 8. G. Taylor arid H. P. Ehrlinger: Lead Alloys for Anodes in Electrolytic Production of Zinc of High Purity. Truns. A. I. M. E. (1929) 192-200. 2 H. R. Hanley, C. Y. Clayton, D. F. Walsh: Investigation of Anodes for Production of Electrolytic Zinc. Trans. A. I. M. E. (1930) 275

Jan 1, 1931