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By J S. Kuszmaul

"A computational model of rock blasting is being developed to examine the blasting problems associated with in situ oil shale processing. This model, however, will also be useful as a design tool for the traditional problems in rock blasting. The model includes fundamental treatment of both shock-wave propagation and the accumulation of brittle fracture in the rock. As a result, the model accurately predicts the degree and extent of fracturing as functions of design parameters. The model has proven useful for making parametric studies and for evaluation of alternate blast designs. This paper demonstrates the use of the numerical model to simulate the fracturing induced by the detonation of a vertical explosive column near a bench. The fracturing induced by three differentexplosives indicate that (in the chosen geometry) the most efficient breakage is done by a column of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil mixture (ANFO) used with a toe charge of aluminized ANFO. There was too much unfractured rock left when ANFO was used alone; aluminized ANFO used for the entire explosive column caused excessive fracturing. A final case involves ANFO used alone to fracture a different rock type. This case points out that in a different rock type, the ANFO will not leave excessive unfractured rock."

Jan 1, 1987

By Seokbin Lim

According to published literature, the equation of motion of linear shaped charges (LSCs) has been investigated as early as the 1960s in a few research organizations. However, due to the comparatively low penetration performance, the amount of research has not been extensive, and the use of this device is quite limited in very specialized applications. Traditionally, the equation of motion of an LSCs’ liner shares the same basis as conical shaped charges (CSCs) because they are under the same functional category and generally have similar geometric configuration. However, the nature of LSCs is not quite similar with that of CSCs due to multiple reasons, and they required a new set of equations to properly address their performance. In this paper, we reviewed different sets of approaches in describing the liner collapse behavior of LSCs mostly based on the author’s contributions.

Jan 1, 2014

By Thierry Bernard

Since the signature hole method principle has been described in the 80's, there has always been a lot of controversy about it. The theory is easy to understand but when it comes to apply it for predicting vibration level, optimizing timing to reduce PPV or shifting frequencies, it’s not always working as expected. Simulations show waveforms that don't make any sense or predictions that are far away from actual results.

Jan 1, 2012

By K. Hausmann, P. A. Sashin, G. J. Prejean

Misfires caused by unreliable shock tube constructions can have significant cost implications and place field workers at serious risk during remediation. Ionomer materials, used as a subtube in shock tube constructions, provide superior hot tack strength, oil resistance, impact resistance at cold temperatures and excellent thermoformability properties. These are important features for resisting blast-throughs and ensuring blasting reliability in demanding environments, such as open pit mining in harsh environments. Superior hot tack strength, strain hardening, and excellent thermoformability properties of the ionomer materials ensure uniform powder distribution along the shock tube during construction and avoid undesired powder accumulation due to deformation or vibration during use. Oil or chemical resistance is another feature of Ionomers. This allows improved property retention in contact with oils and hence longer sleep times of the shock tube. Another feature of these highly engineered ionomers is superior impact strength at low temperatures. This plays an important role considering the resistance to fly rock impact in open pit mining operations in particular in cold climates.

Jan 1, 2011

By Roger Favreau, Patrice Favreau

The article reviews the aspects which contribute to the quality of the results from a blast with explosives, namely a good floor, no large blocks, easy mucking, and explains the mechanisms of the blasting process which decide on the quality of these aspects for a given blast method, and how these mechanisms can be simulated from basic principles. It proposes that good fragmentation size distribution can also be important if the rock is going to a crusher, e. g. for the ore in a mine and for the rock excavated in a quarry.

Jan 1, 2012

By Walter Voglauer

On May 14, 2011 a chimney blast took place in Vienna, Austria. The blasting operation was part of the demolition works at a former railway fabrication. The demolition works on this ground were done under the leadership of the Austrian construction and demolition company PORR. In agreement with the civil organizations which were involved, the commander of the Regional Military Command of Vienna, Brigadier general Dr. Karl SCHMIDSEDER ordered a reserve force engineer company to demolish the chimney. The concrete planning of the chimney blasting was done by specialist Markus SEWALD who belongs to the HEERESTRUPPENSCHULE (combined armed force school) of the Austrian armed forces.

Jan 1, 2013

By A. Torrance

A better understanding of the detonation performance of an explosive charge can be gained by directly measuring pressure, temperature and velocity of detonation (VOD). This is particularly important with commercial explosives because their performance is directly influenced by the degree of confinement given by the borehole diameter and the surrounding rock mass. A project funded by the Australian Coal Association Research Program (ACARP) was initiated in early 2009 with the view to design and build cost effective prototype instrumentation to measure the relative differences in detonation pressures and temperatures of commercial mining explosives. The project’s primary focus was on low density explosives. Low density (also referred to as low shock) explosives have been available in various forms for nearly 20 years. Identifying the pressure release patterns of both conventional and low density explosives under different geotechnical conditions should provide the necessary information to both validate detonation codes and better define input parameters for breakage and fragmentation models. This paper gives a general description of the prototype instrumentation developed and reports on the results obtained to date in testing the proposed instrumentation in laboratory scale conditions.

Jan 1, 2011

By María Virginia Ramírez, Alejandro Alarcón, Alea Reyes

Reactive grounds (presence of FeS2, CuFeS2) can create hazards in a mine; misfires to premature deflagration or detonation of loaded blast holes. This occurs because some minerals can react to ANFObased explosives. Due to a high potential event that occurred in The Mine in 2013, The Mine and the Explosive Provider (“The Company”) are conducting a soil characterization of the areas containing reactive sulfides. This study was planned along with The Mine and it is being developed by a multidisciplinary team.

Jan 1, 2018

By S. Klerkx, R Battulwar, J Valencia, J Sattarvand, E Emami, M. Soleymani Shishvan

A new technology for energy distribution optimization, supported by NIOSH.

Feb 1, 2020

By Joshua Hoffman, Braden Lusk, David McLane, John Rathbun

The research conducted previously on Shock-Tunnel Waveform Analysis gave a brief insight into the propagation of a shockwave within a shock-tunnel compared to that of an open air arena test. As a refresher, a shock-tunnel is an energy channeling device used to simulate the effects of a large scale detonation with significantly smaller charge weights; having the ability to conduct tests in this fashion can greatly reduce the costs of testing products.

Jan 1, 2012

By Hapsari Rosa, Ross Cowie

Conventional blasting activities in the mining process use various types of explosives, with the primary raw materials being Ammonium Nitrate and diesel fuel. The quality and specifications of the two raw materials significantly affect the performance of explosives. One program from the Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources requires mixing 30% Bio Diesel 30 with 70% diesel fuel oil in several industrial sectors, including mining, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and stabilize CPO prices. This program aims very well for environmental sustainability and the palm oil business. However, it turns out that this change impacts the performance and results of the blasting process in the mining industry, which is the appearance of fumes. This paper will discuss the tests carried out in the laboratory on Bio Diesel 30, the explosive products used, and rock samples were taken from a mine in East Java, Indonesia. The aim is to determine what factors can cause fumes utilizing a mixture of Bio Diesel 30 with pure diesel fuel. The parameters tested were visual differences, infrared spectrometry, density and viscosity, surface tension and contact angle for Bio Diesel 30, stability test for explosives, and the SEM-EDS method for rock samples.

Feb 6, 2023

By W. Birch, G. D. Rangel-Sharp, L. Bermingham

For many years, the accepted method of Measuring the Velocity of Detonation (VOD) in blast holes has been to use an electric cable of a constant resistance per metre. Thus as the wire is consumed by the explosive in the blast hole, the change in resistance is monitored and when this data is plotted against the time period of the in hole explosion, the VOD can be calculated.

Jan 1, 2011

By Dr. Anthony J. Konya

The modern era has seen a boom in virtual training platforms. This study details the effectiveness & applicability of online training in comparison to in-person training for the drill & blast industry.

Feb 1, 2020

By Jonathan D. Aubertin

The unique nature of rock salt blasting is compared to traditional hard rock practices. Rock salt geomechanical nature is discussed in the context of rock blasting events. A cratering mechanism prevalent in soft rocks is presented and exemplified through a series of single hole blast tests performed in salt deposits.

Feb 1, 2020

By L. Muñoz, L. Steffen, W. Vilas

The emission of particulate material is one of the several parameters related to environmental control in mining operations near communities. Blasting is an event that generates and leaves a large amount of dust in suspension, which can cause discomfort to communities, generating complaints that can compromise the operational continuity of the mine. The proper management of these environmental impacts is a key factor to ensure a good relationship with the neighborhoods, making a responsible mining in harmony with the environment, giving sustainability to the mining business in the medium and long term. The main goal of this work is to present different techniques and technologies applied in a large-scale open pit mine in Brazil, with operations close to a community, to minimize the emissions of particulate material into the atmosphere. For this, different technical solutions were implemented. First, a non-conventional blasting technique was introduced that incorporates special charging and timing configurations, generating a first upper layer that serves as a blanket to contain a second, higher-energy lower layer. An optimal stemming was also defined in order to minimize ejections and maximize cratering, using the scaled depth of burial theory as well as video and fragmentation analysis. In addition, changes were made in the timing between decks (to guarantee a minimum time between layers) and between holes (changing the initiation point opposite to the free face). Finally, additional measures such as humidification of the bench, use of a wind vane to identify wind direction and the construction of a physical barrier between the mine and the community were implemented as additional mitigation measures. By applying the above techniques together, in some specific zones of the mine, it was possible to considerably reduce the ejections generated by blasting versus conventional blasting without the above measures, which was demonstrated in the field with dual blasts trials. Additionally, it was possible to achieve a vibration reduction in the community of ~30%. This work demonstrates how, by applying these technical solutions, it was possible to minimize the dust and vibrations generated by blasting allowing this operation to do sustainable mining

Jan 1, 2024

By R Yang, D B. Kay

"Blast vibration control is of vital importance for tunnel blasting in urban environments. A vibration model with multiple seed waveforms (MSW) as input for a point of interest was developed in recent years by one of its authors. The MSW blast vibration model has been applied successfully in open cut and quarry blasting situations. From the literature, it appears that there may not be any seed wave-based vibration modelling work for tunnel blasting.A project was conducted to test the MSW model for tunnel blast vibration. A series of tunnel blast rounds were fired and tri-axial vibration waveforms from the blasts were recorded with several seismographs at distances ranging from 10 to 100 metres from the blasts. Seed waveforms were collected and the charge weight scaling law for the signature hole PPV were established.The MSW model is applied to tunnel blasting and specific issues associated with tunnel blast vibration addressed, such as variable effects of confinement and screening to vibration during a blast round. The capability of the model in terms of the PPV and frequency prediction is demonstrated in the paper. The paper demonstrates that the MSW blast vibration model is a useful tool for managing tunnel blast vibration with the potential to optimise round by round design in terms of managing the vibration below the limit while maximising tunnel advance rate."

Jan 1, 2011

By P D. Katsabanis, L Liu

Numerical modelling of fragmentation and throw is used to provide information on practical blast design parameters. The function of airdecking and its practical implications, the importance of the initiation point and aspect ratio of cratering charges and the timing between adjacent blastholes are investigated. Accuracy requirements for detonators are discussed with emphasis placed on the volume and fragmentation of the blasted rock, and compared to experimental results. Practical guidelines which have been based on intuition are examined using the model. Some of the predictions have been tested and correlate well with experimental results, obtained in the laboratory. Findings show that a minimum airdeck length is needed to realize any benefit from the application of airdecking in production blasting while the process can enhance the shock energy provided by non-ideal explosives significantly, bottom initiation of charges is beneficial to fragmentation and the aspect ratio for cratering charges can exceed the traditionally accepted ratio of 6. Regarding timing, in the ease of cratering charges, true simultaneous initiation shows beneficial results for the volume of blasted rock; however the accuracy required for practical detonators is very high. Fragmentation improves after a certain delay time while the optimum can be achieved at a range of delays. Timing affects muckpile shape; however it appears that subtle differences in delay times do not have a significant effect.

Jan 1, 1997

By Unknown

[Executive Director’s note: According to 17th edition of the ISEE Blasters Handbook in its section on trench blasting, “...consideration must be given to the proper venting of gases generated from the blasting. Should those gases spread laterally rather than vent directly to the surface, the gases may travel underground and finally vent well outside of the planned area. Such events may be caused by the strata, soil conditions or root systems, or existing and/or abandoned utilities or other man-made structures. In the worst situation, gases resulting from the detonation such as CO2, CO, and/or NOx may travel through the strata and find their way into basements of nearby homes or businesses. The IME has recommendations on how to minimize this potential problem. Some of the points include removing the overburden and digging the rock immediately after the shot, and drilling vent holes periodically between the ditch and adjacent homes.” The Board of Directors of the International Society of Explosives Engineers has expressed its concern that blasters be made aware of the issue of migration of carbon monoxide resulting from blasting operations. What follows are excerpts from “Carbon Monoxide - The Silent Hazard”, an article that was recently included in the Safety Update, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2001, published by Nobel Insurance Services.]

Jan 1, 2002

By John Wright

As part of the redevelopment of the Royal Brisbane Hospital complex in Australia, a number of antiquated buildings were to be demolished and replaced by newer, modem facilities. Aside from the decommissioning of the hospital buildings, the project called for the removal of approximateIy 24,000 bank cubic metres (bcm) of varying quality rock material. Given the sensitivity of the project, in particular the close proximity of the required excavation to the existing hospital structures (-3 metres at the closest point), and the requirement that these were to remain lily operational during the construction phase, it was initially proposed to use hydraulic rock hammers as the primary means of excavation. Poor production rates and unexpected dif3icuIt rock conditions led to a revision of the excavation methods and a feasibility study on drill and blast practices was undertaken. Subsequent to an initial series of trial blasts to illustrate that vibration and flyrock could be adequately controlled, drill and blast methods were used in conjunction with mechanical methods of rock breakage. This paper reviews the drU and blast processes and the practices which were necessary to comply with the multiple constraints imposed on the project. The project has highlighted that modified drill and blast practices remain a cost-effective method of excavation, even in sensitive areas which are commonly deemed inappropriate for such methods.

Jan 1, 2000

By J. Schoonover, A. Moore

In the explosives industry, individuals face a multitude of hazards while working in mines, quarries, and construction sites. Safety becomes an ever-present driver as companies attempt to control costs, promote quality service and products, and grow business all while ensuring employees return home safely every day. One of the most challenging hazards that threatens the goal of absolute safety is flyrock. Ensuring that a blast does not result in rock leaving the blast area, thereby creating a danger for personnel in the vicinity, can be complicated due to the multitude of factors. Shot design, geology, operational procedures/techniques, explosive products, security plans, communication methods, and drilling practices can all adversely affect the safety of individuals helping execute a blast through an increased risk of flyrock. Flyrock can also pose a major threat to the public and other non-blasting personnel in proximity. Like many other industries encountering various challenging hazards, the explosives industry has recently adopted innovative technologies to help mitigate the risk of complex hazards such as flyrock. Specific applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly referred to as drones, employed in the explosives industry can help reduce the likelihood and severity of a flyrock incident. This paper explores a case study and theories of how the integration of drone technology within blast security plans, mine planning, blast design, design auditing, and blast area clearance procedures can help to decrease the risk of a flyrock event through the provision of data and information previously unavailable. Multiple opportunities exist during a blasting operation to gather data using drone technology. It is these data-gathering opportunities that can be leveraged to be maximally equipped for the mitigation of flyrock. Better data from drones can be sourced and used in security plans and clearance measures as well as utilized during mine planning and blast design. Increases in the quality and quantity of information during these crucial steps of blasting has proven to be an effective way to increase the peace of mind for explosive end users. This peace of mind, along with design flexibility and adherence to performance, is why the integration and utilization of drone technology is key for effective flyrock risk reduction

Jan 1, 2024