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By L. G. Wang

The stability of foams and froth plays an important role in flotation, in which small amounts of relatively weak non-ionic surfactants (frothers) are used to produce air bubbles and foams. In the present work, factors affecting the stability of the foams produced in the presence of common frothers, such as n-pentanol, n-octanol, methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC), and polypropylene glycol (PPG), have been studied. We used the thin film pressure balance (TFPB) technique of Schelud-ko-Exerowa type to measure the equilibrium film thicknesses. The results were used to determine the contributions from the various surface forces to the disjoining pressures in the thin lamellae (foam) films formed between air bubbles. In addition, we used a model developed by Wang and Yoon (Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 2006) to calculate the elasticities of the lamellae films at the critical thicknesses at which films rupture. The surface forces and elasticity da-ta were then compared with the foam stabilities in the presence of the various flotation frothers. It was found that foam stabilities are controlled by both film elasticity and surface forces, the relative contributions of which change with frother type and concentration. In general, surface forces play a more important role at relatively low frother concentrations, while elasticity plays a more important role at higher concentrations. At the frother additions usually employed in the mining industry, MIBC relies on surface forces while PPG-400 relies on film elasticity in producing stable foams. The former is capable of dampening the hydrophobic force, which is a major attractive force destabilizing lamellae films, while the latter is capable of reducing surface tensions at low concentrations.

Jan 1, 2014

By O. Güven

In recent years, there is an increasing demand on manganese consumption which stems from the important role of manganese in carbon steel production. And the growing need for manganese ores makes the beneficiation of low-grade manganese ores more economical. In this study, the characterization and beneficiation studies were carried out to propose a flow sheet for typical low-grade Turkish manganese ores. For this aim, different gravity separation methods were applied. According to the mineralogical analysis, the major mineral phases are pyrolusite (MnO2) and psilomelane (MnO2) while the major gangue mineral is radiolarite. Gravity separation tests were accomplished by using jigs, shaking table, MGS (Multi Gravity Separator) and in order to obtain products with high Mn ratio, high intensity magnetic separation was also performed. As a result, different combinations of flow sheets were utilized and a concentrate assaying 56.5% Mn with 85 % recovery was obtained.

Sep 1, 2012

By C. A. C. Sequeira, G. N. Anastassakis

Electrochemical processes occur on nano-, micro- and macro- scale in numerous applications such as fuel cells, batteries, hydrogen production, mineral extraction, water treatment, electrotherapy, sensors and many others. In most of these applications, gases evolve either at one or both electrodes due to electrolysis. These gases form bubbles play a crucial role in electrochemical systems. For example, in electrowinning (EW) that is used to extract and refine metals such as Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn, and Cd from their solutions, in most cases the solution is acidic and oxidation of water molecules at the anode is the common counter reaction, which results in the liberation of oxygen bubbles. This generally requires a high overpotential and accounts for a considerable percentage of the energy consumed in metal EW electrolytic cells, apart from producing acid mist that is very corrosive for other cell equipment and building structures. The behaviour of bubbles in electrochemical systems is still a complex challenging topic which requires a better understanding of gas bubbles hydrodynamics and their interactions with electrode surface and bulk liquid, as well as between the bubbles themselves. The objective of the current paper is to briefly review the fundamental hydrodynamics of both gas bubbles on the electrode surface and gas bubbles interaction with the liquid bulk solution. The current work also investigates the impact of gas bubbling and some operating parameters in copper EW, such as current density (100-500 A/m2), temperature (25-75ºC), acidity (50-300 g/L) and a typical chemical mist suppressant (<50 ppm). The results clearly show that both suppressant and temperature reduced the overall surface tension of the solution. Also, chloride concentration and applied current improved electrolyte flow and copper quality at higher current densities. The current paper contributes to the development of mineral processing (specifically to copper hydrometallurgy), as it deals with fundamental hydrodynamics and interactions of gas bubbles that formed during copper EW and play a crucial role in copper electrochemical systems.

Jan 1, 2018

By B. Das

The processing of banded iron ore by direct anionic and reverse cationic flotation to produce pellet grade concentrate is investigated. This low-grade iron ore, known as banded hematite quartzite (BHQ) contains 41.8% Fe, 41.5% SiO2, 1.2% Al2O3, and 0.5% LOI. The flotation behavior of BHQ is studied by varying the effect of concentration of collector, frother, dispersant and pH. Oleic acid and dodecylamine are used as the anionic and cationic collectors respectively. The parameters that gave the best results in cell flotation are utilized in 100 mm diameter flotation column. All the results are compared with regard to the iron grade and recovery in concentrate. It is observed that, anionic collector with dispersant dosage of 220 g/ton, at pH ~8.5 is selective and yielded a high-grade iron concentrate with low silica as impurity. Also, it is possible to achieve an iron concentrate with 64% Fe at 30-37% weight recovery. The characterization studies of the BHQ ore using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and liberation analysis with QEMSCAN® are carried out. The sample contains 58.8% hematite and 37.7% quartz and the liberation of hematite particles are found to be 90.3% in -25 µm size. An alternative statistical modeling approach called response surface methodology was also undertaken to optimize the operating parameters in order to maximize the iron grade and recovery. The predicted results by the model are in agreement with the experimental values.

Sep 1, 2012

By Y. P. Lu

PET/kaolin nanocomposites were prepared with melt blending and the structure of the composites was characterized through IR techniques. The results showed that there is stable chemical bonding between PET and kaolin. In addition, the dispersion condition of nanokaolin was observed by means of SEM and TEM. As a result, the thickness of the dispersed nanokaolin particles in PET matrix is mainly from 20mm to 200nm, and the nanosized particles congregate to some extent in the samples. In addition, it was found the kaolin particles almost homogeneously dispersed in the PET matrix, without preferential orientation because of the shear effect due to melt blending. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of PET/kaolin nanocomposites are dependent on the modification efficiency of nanokaolin. With the poor efficiency, the nanokaolin particles tend to aggregate at a high content and have a bad interfacial compability between nanokaolin and PET matrix, which lead to stress concentration, so the mechanical property descends. Experiments of different contents of modified nanokalin indicated that the intensity of PET/kaolin nanocomposites decreased firstly, then increased, and then decreased, with the nanokaolin content of 4 to 5 percent, the rupture stress of the composites showed a maximum value, which was higher than that of pure PET. On one hand, nanokaolin decreases the function among PET macromolecules, which will decline the mechanical properties, on the other hand, the piece structure of kaolinite improves the intensity of the nanocomposite. When the nanokaolin content is low, the former has the dominant effect on mechanical property, while the latter will play a leading role with the content increasing. But if the nanokaolin content still increases, the agglomeration and stress concentration will be obvious.

Jan 1, 2014

By J. H. Starkey

SAGDesignTM Testing for grinding mill design was introduced commercially in 2004. Up to January 2008, 18 projects have been completed and 99 samples have been tested using this method. Two papers have been published describing the patented test procedure and one of these shows how the results compare with other grinding test methods. This paper will briefly discuss the theory on which this technology is based, and explain the procedures used to develop the calibration equation. Case studies are also included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the test work being done. These case studies show how the SAGDesign test is being used today: to design new grinding circuits for commercial full scale use; to calculate throughput in existing mills for production planning; and to accurately define grinding mill requirements at the scoping, pre-feasibility or feasibility study stage of project development, in order to economically identify the size and cost of the grinding mills that will be needed for the project. This is important because if the full rec-ommended SAGDesign testing program is done at an early stage in the project, the definitive cost for a guaranteed throughput, grinding mill design (by Outotec if their mills are purchased) is available. New grinding mill design for final engineering will be represented by the test work done on the Climax Molybdenum Project for Phelps Dodge (now FMI) in Colorado, USA. The SAG mill and ball mill for Climax are now in fabrication with project start up in late 2009. Next, the sizing of grinding mills at the scoping, pre-feasibility or feasibility study stage of mine development will be represented by a large metal mining property in Russia. Finally, calculation of the throughput for existing mills will be represented by work done at a base metal mine, in eastern Canada. Test work for designing SAG mills is now done in four laboratories at the time this paper was written. One in the USA at Dawson Metallurgical Laboratories, Inc. in Salt Lake City, two in Russia at the TOMS Research and Design Institute and at the Irgiredmet Research Institute, both in Irkutsk, and a fourth mill has been installed in Australia at AMMTEC Limited?s lab in Perth. A fifth SAGDesign test mill for radioactive ores has been built by Starkey & Associates, specifically for testing uranium ores and can be moved to any licensed lab in the world on a project basis.

Jan 1, 2014

By Nicholas Enraght – Moony, Alvin Johns, Zhonghan Zhang, Zhang Xianhua, T. Choo

"The tungsten (WO3)-rich ores from King Island Scheelite (KIS) Mine, Australia, containing scheelite(CaWO4) were previously recovered by gravity separation and flotation of fine scheelite (1978-92) with an overall recovery of 76% when both circuits were operating. Recently extensive test work has been conducted both in China and in Australia on KIS ores, assaying from 0.50%-1.34%WO3, and tailings assaying 0.2%WO3(GZRINM 2009; 2011a; 2011b). A new approach, which aimed at improving both recovery and grade of concentrate by means of an innovative all flotation route WOF (Whole Ore Flotation), achieved excellent results: 90%-92% recovery to concentrate grade of 66%-70%WO3for the ores. The process is characterized by the use of selective reagents in flotation, including a newly developed collector for scheelite, GYWA. The WOF process also embraces the "Improved Petrov Method" in the cleaning of scheelite rougher concentrate. Earlier investigations found that the removal of sulfides by flotation prior to scheelite flotation was not necessary. It was also found that recycling of process water did not influenceresults. Two main ore types were tested as well as tailings from 2009to 2001(0.20%WO3). In addition a flow sheet using wet high gradient magnetic separation (WHGMS) in tandem with flotation was also investigated for the tailings."

Jan 1, 2014

By T. Leißner

This contribution deals with the mineral processing of Li-silicate greisen-type ores comprising of quartz, topaz and zinnwaldite (lithium-rich mica). The origin of the greisen-type ores processed is the Ore Mountains(Germany) where it is explored as a potential resource for the production of lithium carbonate. The goal is to develop a process chain for the enrichment of zinnwaldite using dry techniques only. As basis for the investigation the process chain, which historically was used to process the greisen focused on cassiterite and wolframite, is taken and modified towards the zinnwaldite. Starting with crushed material with particle sizes smaller than 35 millimeters, investigations on different approaches to grinding to liberate mica from gangue are carried out. Concentrates of zinnwaldite are then produced by magnetic separation of size fractions. To assess the success of grinding, classification and separation, mineral liberation analysis and atomic absorption spectroscopy are used. The amount of lithium measured in the sample with atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to calculate the content of zinnwaldite based on its known mineral chemistry. Combined with the particle size distributions, product qualities are determined. Altogether, this allows the thorough evaluation of the success of comminution with focus on following steps of concentration. Keywords: lithium, zinnwaldite, magnetic separation, mineral liberation analysis

Sep 1, 2012

By A. Kogelbauer, A. Stadtschnitzer, A. Boehm, F. Schillab

"The paper covers the design and implementation of an industrial dense medium cyclone plant for carbonaceous iron ore, the proving of efficiency as well as the development of a predictive model for plant control. The VA Erzberg GmbH mines about 12 Mio.t of carbonaceous rock ore at the “Steirische Erzberg”. Due to increased demand of the Austrian steel plants, the production of ore concentrate was raised by 30 % up to 3.0 Mio t/a during the last 5 years. One of the projects to realize the increase in capacity at improved concentrate quality was the implementation of a dense medium cyclone plant for the fine size fraction – 8 +1 mm replacing the former dry permanent magnetic drum separators. By physical separation the siderite variety “spateisenstein” (42% Fe) of a density of 3,8 g/cm³ is separated from ankerite (10 – 17% Fe), the second iron bearing carbonate with a density of 3,2 g/cm³, dolomite, calcite and silicate bearing schists. The feasibility of the process was proven by the test results obtained from a test rig, that was constructed and operated in close cooperation between the Chair of Mineral Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben and VA Erzberg GmbH. The density separation surpassed the efficiency of magnetic separation clearly shown by •- values. The plant performance tests (capacity 120 t/h) verify the cut densities defined by Tromp T50 -values and the assigned efficiency found in the pilot tests at varied settings of media density, pressure drop, cone angle and apex diameter. The test rig as well as the final process will be presented. In order to create a tool to predict the performance of the DMS in the centrifugal field at various settings for varying feed composition the experimental results from size and density testing are analyzed in a modified way to obtain physically justified, smooth approximations for the performance curves. Models developed on coal washing plants are checked for their validity at increased densities."

Jan 1, 2018

By Yuhua Wang, Haitao Zheng, Guangli Zhu, Yuehao Zhao, Fushun Yu, Dongfang Lu

"Spodumene, feldspar and quartz possess similar surface properties, which make the difficult to separate spodumene from other silicate minerals by flotation. The differences of crystal structure, surface property and floatability of three minerals were studied by various technical means. The results show that Li-O and Al-O bonds in spodumene structure are not strong and easy to be broken. However, Al-O and Si-O bonds in feldspar and Si-O bond in quartz are very strong and not easy to be broken. High contents of Al and Li on spodumene surface were found by XPS measurements, which is benefit for the adsorption of anionic collector. The surface energies of main cleavage planes of spodumene (110), feldspar (001) and quartz (001) are 1.88 J/m2, 2.97J/m2 and 2.68J/m2, respectively. Hence, the exposed surfaces of feldspar and quartz are not saturated and easy to adsorb OH- ions from solution and cause the lower IEP than spodumene. The contact angles of three minerals in water are lower than 16º, suggesting that the hydrophilicity of three minerals is high, and the order of hydrophilicity is quartz > feldspar >spodumene. Correspondingly, contact angles and flotation recoveries of spodumene are bigger than that of feldspar and quartz in presence of a combined anionic and cationic collector named YOA.INTRODUCTION Flotation technology plays most important role for the recovery of spodumene from pegmatite ore. Generally, spodumene with fresh surface is easy to be floated using soap and oleic acid as collector, and the best flotation pH range is 4.0 to 9.0. However, the flotability of spodumene will become worse when its surface was polluted by slime which produced by the weathering of spodumene and other silicates (Dresler et al. 1998; Moon and Fuerstenau 2003; Menéndez et al. 2004; Yu et al. 2015). In addition, the species of Ca2+, Fe3+, Mg2+ and other metal ions in pulp can not only activate the flotation of spodumene, but also the activation of gangue minerals, and then the flotation selectivity of spodumene from gangue minerals became wores (Wang and Yu 2007; Yu et al. 2014). In order to eliminate the negative effects of slime and metal ions on the flotation of spoddumene, the desliming and long time scrubbing with the addition of NaOH and Na2CO3 were adopted. Usually, NaOH shows the activation for spodumene flotation, and the recovery of spodumene increases with the increase of NaOH dosage. Na2CO3 can eliminate the non selective activation of Ca2+, Fe3+, Mg2+ ions in the pulp, and the concentrate grade of spodumene increases with the increase of Na2CO3 dosage. Anionic collectors such as chelants, hydroxamic acid, oxidized paraffin soap, naphthenic acid and oleic acid were widely used for the flotation of spodumene (Dresler et al. 1998; Moon and Fuerstenau 2003; Menéndez et al. 2004; Yu et al. 2015)."

Jan 1, 2018

By Carmina Quintanar, Mario Palominos

"The mining industry is currently facing significant challenges to identify and adopt sustainable collector chemistry that effectively recover value minerals in difficult-to-process low-grade resources. These are typically characterized by complex mineralogy and the presence of significant amounts of penalty gangue sulfide minerals, especially pyrit which is a challenge to separate from value minerals at many major mine operations. Three chemical strategies for dealing with gangue sulfides and penalty elements are: a) selective flotation of value minerals while rejecting penalty minerals in the whole circuit, b) rejecting penalty minerals in an appropriate part of the circuit using selective depressants, c) using a combination of selective collectors and depressants in appropriate parts of the circuit. This paper will evaluate different strategies for dealing with those penalty elements and propose the most efficient alternative. New products and application technologies have been developed in the past 25 years by Cytec for implementing these strategies as dictated by the particular needs of a given plant. However, in recognition of the growing interest in meeting the sustainability challenges, Cytec Research and Development have been focused in the development of greener products (collectors, modifiers and frothers) and processes using FLOTATION MATRIX 100TM approach used to develop the optimal collector system for each specific ore. An overview of these new developments is given in this paper using case studies of application of selective collectors and polymeric modifiers including the newer, greener chemistries."

Jan 1, 2014

By Hamid-Reza Manouchehri

"The triboelectric charge attributes of feldspar, quartz and wollastonite minerals, after contacting different triboecharging medium made of different materials, were considered. Their charge acquisitions by different size fractions of minerals were monitored and accordingly their energetic work function values were estimated. Moreover the separation behaviours of these minerals through the electric field of a laboratory free falling separator were determined and the effects of some chemical reagents on separation their separation characteristics were studied.Finally an attempt was made to translate the findings from single mineral systems to a complex silicate ore, containing quartz, feldspars, wollastonite and some other silicates. The results show favourable prospect to apply the triboelectric separation technique for beneficiation such a complex raw material."

Jan 1, 2003

By V. P. Yakushkin, B. S. Ksenofontov

"Multistage model designed and used for more detailed description of floatation process. The study develops a new model of flotation kinetics description. It defines flotation as process that consists of several stages: air bubbles and particles are separate, air bubbles and particles form a raising aggregate, aggregate raises to froth layer. This description significantly differs from commonly used model, which is much simplified. The multistage model gives an in-depth description and considers different aspects of flotation. Experimental approval of the new model resulted in its accuracy.The model is to be used for description of all flotation processes’ kinetics of wastewater treatment. It helps in accurate designing of flotation treatment plants and may be used for further research of flotation process. Columnar flotation installation was designed by using multistage model. This installation consists of new tubular aerators with special ejectors, froth pressing system as well as unit of thin-layering lighting to catch microflotocomplex “particle – bubble”. Usage of tubular aerators allowed to aerate the overall volume of pulp. Due to use of special ejectors with longer mixing camera we state higher volume of small-sized floto-active bubbles. Use of multistage model allowed to optimize and get higher technological results of potash salts enrichment. Tests were conducted on centrifuges-floatation installation system. Meanwhile, froth concentrate contained mainly thin hydrophobic particles sized circa 0,1 mm. As a result we set that during floatation cleaning process of froth concentrate 95-98% of chloride potassium (KCI) is derived from foam.The final product satisfies production quality. Columnar floatation installation productivity was 17 – 21 m3/m2h, which is a high technological result. Columnar floatation installation is one of the best examples of concentrating equipment using nearly all technological indices."

Jan 1, 2018

By Avishan Atrafi, Marek Pawlik

"Gas dispersion properties of sodium salts of 6, 12 and 18-carbon fatty acids (hexanoic, lauric and oleic acid) were investigated as a function of pH. A strong effect of pH was observed on gas dispersion properties of fatty acids. At high pH for 12 and 18 carbon fatty acids, at which these surfactants formed a true solution, the gas dispersion properties were similar to those of MIBC. In the case of sodium hexanoate, which has a much higher solubility than the longer chain fatty acids and therefore does not form precipitates, the gas dispersion properties of this surfactant were strongly enhanced in the acidic pH range, where hexanoic acid was fully associated. This result is an indication that undissociated hexanoic acid is much more surface-active than anionic hexanoate. Only a small effect of the surfactant chain length on gas dispersion properties of the tested reagents was observed. The measured critical coalescence concentration (CCC95) values increase slightly by decreasing chain length and range from 5.8 x 10-5 mol/L (17.7 mg/L) for sodium oleate to 7.2 x 10-5 mol/L (16 mg/L) for sodium laurate at pH 10 and 1.9 x 10-4 mol/L (26 mg/L) for sodium hexanoate at pH 3.7. These are compared to CCC95 of MIBC, which is measured to be 8 x 10-5 mol/L (8 mg/L). The soluble molecular species were recognized as the most effective species in preventing bubble coalescence."

Jan 1, 2014

By Y. M. Fu

In order to evaluate the flotation process, the process flow sheet was investigated. The process mineralogy of main products was studied. Through chemical mineralogical and screening analysis as well as surveying using a microscope and scanning electro-microscope, the oxidation degree and mineral composition of main-products the liberation of main minerals, the occurrence of elements such as Pb, Zn were revealed. It is pointed that to determine the flotation process, the type of prod-ucts optimum grind of original ore and middling was provided on the basis of liberation of main minerals is reliable. As correct finer ground original ore, first high-grade lead-concentrates and zinc-concentrates fast was floated from a great part of free of the galena and sphalerite of liberated. Then for finely re-ground middling of locked mineral grains of difficult liberation, mixing lead-zinc-concentrates second was floated. The four products was best in contact with characteristic of ore of Fan Kou. Therefore be obtained certain to successful economic effect.

Jan 1, 2014

By N. J. Bolin

The Aitik copper mine is located in the north of Sweden and the concentrator at the mine started its operation in 1968 with a capacity of 2 Mton ore per year. Since then the operation has expanded several times, and today the capacity is 18 Mton ore per year. A new expansion plan was investigated in 2005, however the building of a new concentrator was found to be a better solution, giving a lower cost, a longer lifetime and more concentrates to the smelter at the coast. Several choices have been evaluated regarding the location of the concentrator?s crushing, grinding, dewatering, process control and water systems. The energy cost comparison has been an important factor when evaluating the various choices. The single most important decision has been in choosing the grinding system. Once again the fully autogenous grinding system, favoured by Boliden, has proven to be the best solution. The location of the mill, high and near the tailing pond, gives lower transportation costs for the ore and tailings, compared to other locations. A new water system will lower the pumping cost, give better control of water circulation to the plant and create fewer problems with permafrost in the tailings disposal area. Molybdenum recovery will be installed in the new plant using a separate circuit. A gold leaching plant was also investigated. Gold leaching is planned for the pyrite concentrate from the chalcopyrite/pyrite separation and the concentrate from the desulphurisation circuit that will be installed on the bulk flotation tailings.

Jan 1, 2014

By Carlos Rabanal, Levi Guzmán

"The concern regarding grinding media consumption rates is as old as the invention of the tumbling mill. Over the years many materials and grinding media shapes have been tested. Through all this, steel grinding balls have proved to be the most effective media for comminution in tumbling mills. There have been several approaches to be able to the wear of the ball charge in any given mill, all of them based on limited empirical evidence. The mining industry still utilizes the Bond Abrasion test that was developed in the 1960´s. As shown later in this publication, this approach shows error greater than 60%. More recently, in 2007, Radziszewski from Mc Gill University has proposed a different total grinding media wear model; this model is based on decoupling the effects of the abrasion, corrosion and impact wear mechanisms. Also in 2007, Benavente, at the time with Moly-Cop Peru, presented an empirical model relating both ore properties and operational conditions that would affect the wear performance of the grinding media. For the database referred in this article, Benavente’s model shows an average error of ± 12% which represents a higher degree of improvement in comparison with previous approaches. The current paper presents recent research conducted by Moly-Cop Peru to further improve the capability of the empirical model originally developed by Benavente to estimate grinding media wear rates. The work performed included extensive determinations of the Bond Abrasion Index for different types of ores, collected at industrial grinding applications where the corresponding operational information was made available. The results of the research enabled us to build a more robust and confident model for estimating the grinding media wear rate. The average error of this new model is in the order of ± 9% which is a significant improvement over the models previously described."

Jan 1, 2014

By T. Chmielewski

Unique mineralogical and petrological properties of black shale in the copper ore deposit of the Foresudetic Monocline (SW Poland) resulting from three lithological layers have been described in terms of its unfavorable behavior in the ore processing circuits. A concept of processing of a part of the black shale fraction from the flotation circuit of the concentrating plant by separating a by-product enriched in the shale matter was presented. This by-product represents the tailings of the first cleaning flotation and, as a hard-to-treat circulating middlings, overload the cleaning operation in the flotation circuit. It was found that the investigated by-product cannot be effectively up-graded using standard xanthate flotation. This is due to a fine dissemination of sulfide minerals in the dolomitic and clay shale particles significantly enriched in organic carbon. The content of the organic carbon is similar to that in the petrographically "pure" black shales. After a comprehensive examination of the shale by-product it was recognized that the investigated middlings can be regarded as a specific shale concentrate for individual processing. The effect of non-oxidative leaching of middlings with sulfuric acid on their further flotation was presented. It was shown that non-oxidative leaching is a selective process, in which calcium and magnesium carbonates decomposition leads to effective liberation of sulfide minerals which were finely disseminated in the hydrophilic carbonate gangue. Leaching of the flotation feed with sulfuric acid selectively decomposes carbonate minerals and consequently enhances flotation results. Saturation of leaching slurry with gaseous carbon dioxide favorably creates non-oxidative conditions and leads to a great decrease of the electrochemical potential of sulfide particles as well as hinders their solubilization. Partial carbonates leaching from middlings resulted in evident liberation of valuable minerals. Consequently, it resulted in an increase of both recovery and grade of concentrates obtained by flotation of shale by-product after non-oxidative leaching.

Jan 1, 2014

By B. Csoke

As opposed to large household appliances, in the processing of which dissambling has an important role, this possibility is pushed into the background as the size decreases. The practicable solution is physical liberation of the used small electronic household devices (by comminution) and separation of the liberated components according to their physical properties. In the first phase of the experimental work the structural/material composition of the typical products (mixer, kitchen robot, hair dryer, coffee machine, iron, bread toaster, vacuum cleaner, oil fryer) was determined. In the second phase a physical liberability test for each appliance using a rotary shear/shredder for crushing and a hammer shredder for milling was carried out. In the third phase the experimental separability tests using an air classifier and a shaking air table, as well as an eddy-current and an electrostatic separator were performed. In the present paper the results obtained using the air classifier and the electrostatic separator, are reported. To follow the life of a grain a new methodological procedure was elaborated. The particle size fractions after comminution were sorted into material fractions (copper, aluminium, plastics, etc.), then separated, and finally the recovery of the material components in the products were determined. Furthermore, the joint separability was investigated from two points of view: 1) for grain fractions and 2) for each waste appliance. According to the tests carried out so far, it was established that it is reasonable to form appliance groups by selection (e.g. mixer, iron, bread toaster and similar appliances form the first group, while the sandwich oven,

Jan 1, 2014

By H. Z. Kuyumcu

Associated with the development of a novel microbiological oxidation process for the conditioning of iron hydroxide slurries from ferrous mine waters, there is a realistic chance to make the contained iron available for a material utilization. The transformation of ferrous into ferric compounds is coupled with the precipitation of iron hydroxisulphate mostly in terms of the mineral Schwert-mannite. The further treatment of the iron hydroxisulphate has to be aimed on the processing for product recovery and product refinement. For many potential applications, e.g. in the ceramic industry, the pigment industry or for metallurgical applications, the removal of sulphate is essential. For the dehydration of the iron hydroxisulphate and the sulphate removal, microwave heating technology is a beneficial method. In contrast to conventional thermal heating processes the supply of energy in microwave application takes place directly within the material through the dissipation of electromagnetic energy, i.e. no heating medium is needed. It is a volumetric heating process regardless of the surface of the material. The rapid and targeted energy supply and the good controllability of microwave heating systems are advantages which have led to a wide variety of applications in industrial processes. Among the diverse use for heating of temperature-sensitive, chemical and pharmaceutical products as well as foodstuffs the number of applications also in mineral and solid processing increases. At the Department for Mechanical Process Engineering and Solids Processing of the Technical University Berlin the use of microwave technology for the treatment of iron hydroxisulphates has been investigated systematically within the framework of a cooperative research project. The paper at hand shows results from material conversion tests subject to a variation of the relevant process parameters. The reaction products are characterized and the process is compared with the conventional heating in a rotary kiln.

Jan 1, 2014