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By Craig H. Olson

"A new ship dock at a Philadelphia area refinery will be capable of docking the largest tanker to travel the Delaware River, the Stena V-MAX, which will induce significant lateral loads. The loads at the dock, a system of mooring dolphins and platforms, will be resisted by over 150 pipe piles, including some 20- and 30-in diameter, reinforced, concrete-filled pipe piles and H-piles. Construction included driving the pipe piles to the required ultimate capacity, flushing the pipe pile casing clean of overburden materials, followed by drilling rock sockets into the underlying Wissahickon Formation. The Wissahickon Formation is a complex subsurface that includes variations in depth to bedrock, rock quality, degree of weathering and the presence of very hard quartzite lenses or inclusions. Because of the problematic subsurface, the designers and client requested extensive pile dynamic analysis (PDA) testing by TRC Engineers (TRC).Before beginning, the contractor requested that TRC perform the WEAP (wave equation analysis program) to evaluate the proposed hammer (APE D30-32 open-end diesel) to drive the piles into the proposed bearing strata while maintaining allowable compression stress levels. The WEAP provided a prediction of blow counts and stresses for various ultimate capacities, and showed that for the HP14x89 piles with a required ultimate capacity of 480 kips, a blow count of at least four blows per in at a stroke of 8.0 ft was necessary.New Approachway RampThe PDA testing began at the new dock approachway ramp, parallel to the existing one. The new structure is a 300-ft-long by 21- ft-wide concrete deck supported on seven bents; each has two 24- ft-diameter steel open-ended pipe piles. Every pipe received an HP 14 x 89 x 80-ft pile that was later driven beyond the pipe pile tip to create a composite pile. The pipe piles were later cleaned of overburden materials and finally filled with concrete and rebar. At each bent, a cap was installed on top of each pair of pipe piles, and then a prefabricated concrete deck was added."

Jan 1, 2008

By Craig H. Olson

"Anew ship dock at a Philadelphia area refinery will be capable of docking the largest tanker to travel the Delaware River, the Stena V-MAX, which will induce significant lateral loads. The loads at the dock, a system of mooring dolphins and platforms, will be resisted by over 150 pipe piles, including some 20- and 30-in diameter, reinforced, concrete-filled pipe piles and H-piles. Construction included driving the pipe piles to the required ultimate capacity, flushing the pipe pile casing clean of overburden materials, followed by drilling rock sockets into the underlying Wissahickon Formation. The Wissahickon Formation is a complex subsurface that includes variations in depth to bedrock, rock quality, degree of weathering and the presence of very hard quartzite lenses or inclusions. Because of the problematic subsurface, the designers and client requested extensive pile dynamic analysis (PDA) testing by TRC Engineers (TRC).Before beginning, the contractor requested that TRC perform the WEAP (wave equation analysis program) to evaluate the proposed hammer (APE D30-32 open-end diesel) to drive the piles into the proposed bearing strata while maintaining allowable compression stress levels. The WEAP provided a prediction of blow counts and stresses for various ultimate capacities, and showed that for the HP14x89 piles with a required ultimate capacity of 480 kips, a blow count of at least four blows per in at a stroke of 8.0 ft was necessary. New Approachway RampThe PDA testing began at the new dock approach way ramp, parallel to the existing one. The new structure is a 300-ft-long by 21- ft-wide concrete deck supported on seven bents; each has two 24- ft-diameter steel open-ended pipe piles. Every pipe received an HP 14 x 89 x 80-ft pile that was later driven beyond the pipe pile tip to create a composite pile. The pipe piles were later cleaned of overburden materials and finally filled with concrete and rebar. At each bent, a cap was installed on top of each pair of pipe piles, and then a prefabricated concrete deck was added."

Jan 1, 2008

By Arash Khosravifar, Nason McCullough, Stephen, Milad Souri, Scott Schlechter, E. Dickenson

The results of five centrifuge models were used to evaluate the response of pile-supported wharves subjected to inertial and liquefaction-induced lateral spreading loads. The centrifuge models contained pile groups that were embedded in rockfill dikes over layers of loose to dense sand and were shaken by a series of ground motions. The p-y curves were back-calculated for both dynamic and static loading from centrifuge data and were compared against commonly used API p-y relationships. It was found that a significant reduction in ultimate soil resistance occurred in dynamic p-y curves in partially/fully liquefied soils as compared to static p-y curves. It was also found that incorporating p-multipliers that are proportional to the pore water pressure ratio in granular materials is adequate for estimating pile demands in pseudo static analysis. 1. INTRODUCTION Liquefaction-induced ground deformations can cause severe damage to pile-supported wharves and other waterfront structures. A common approach in analyzing the lateral behavior of piles against seismic loads is using the beam on nonlinear Winkler foundation (BNWF) or p-y spring analysis. One common p-y relationship for sand is the one proposed by the American Petroleum Institute, also known as the API sand model (API 1993). While the API sand model was originally developed for the static loading conditions, it is common to modify the API sand curves for the effects of cyclic loading. However, there is no consensus on how to modify the static p-y curves for the effects of liquefaction and pore water pressure generation in loose granular soils. In previous studies, p-y springs of piles in liquefying soils were back-calculated from case histories, centrifuge model studies (e.g., Wilson et al. 2000; Brandenberg et al. 2005; Abdoun et al. 2003), full-scale tests (e.g., Rollins et al. 2005; Chang and Hutchinson 2013), and numerical analyses (e.g., McGann et al. 2011). In general, these studies found the softening effects of soil liquefaction on p-y curves, as well as a hardening behavior attributed to the dilative response of the liquefied soil around the pile. However, these studies provide varying recommendations on how to modify the static p-y curves to capture this complex behavior. Some design guidelines propose softening the static p-y curves using p-multipliers (e.g., Caltrans 2012). Other studies propose an upward concave shape for p-y curves in liquefied soils (e.g., Franke and Rollins 2013; Chang and Hutchinson 2013).

Jan 1, 2019

By Frank Albrecht, Brian McCarthy

"The Ararat Terminal Station (ARTS) is located 190km to the north-west of Melbourne, approximately 1.7km to the north of Elmhurst Township in the Pyrenees region of western Victoria, Australia. The site occupies an area of approximately 7.2 hectare of farmland. The electricity generated by the Ararat Wind Farm is directed to the ARTS terminal station before being connected to the grid. The ARTS structural design includes more than 180 steel yard support structures, three 25m-tall gantry ‘A’ frames, three modular control room buildings, a precast transformer bund, precast fire wall structures and related foundation design. Innovative driven engineered glue laminated timber (glulam) piles in a cruciform shape were used to reduce the foundation construction time, cost and the amount of concrete used in the project. It is the first time that engineered timber piles made from farmed Australian pine trees have been used in a large-scale environmentally-friendly project. Durability of the timber was achieved by H5 treatment and the use of reinforced concrete pile caps to protect the cruciform timber piles at the ground line. A pile-driving sequence was developed based on field trials. The lateral load capacities of the piles were estimated using engineering principles and from full-scale tests in the field. This paper provides an overview of details of engineered timber cruciform piles, durability of timber piles, design information, pile construction procedures, pile-driving procedures, the testing protocol, test results and validation. The test results were compared with predictions from several methods. In addition, potential future applications of similar systems in other infrastructure projects, and opportunities for future improvements are discussed. The structural aspects of this project were presented in a previous paper at the World Conference on Timber Engineering in Vienna in August 2016. See http://wcte2016.conf.tuwien.ac.at/home/ for further information."

Jan 1, 1900

By Karsten Beekhaus, Sander W. Odijk, Rabea Bahlum, Mazin Adnan, Ayman Abdelh Al Nuaimat, Hassan Farhat

The Arab Potash Company, APC, is one of the 10 largest potash producers of the world. The solar ponds at the Dead Sea, used for the enrichment of the salt content in the brine, are of crucial importance for the first step in the exploitation of the potassium salt. Targeting at the expansion of production in the since over 50 years utilized facilities, the increase of the brine exploitation capacity, reducing the substantial brine seepage losses from the ponds, becomes a crucially required measure. In this context, the remediation measures on the over 11 km long Dyke 1, being a main dyke of the solar ponds system, became inevitable to reduce the brine losses, prevent further development of sinkholes and cavities and hence assuring the stability of the dyke. The highly aggressive environment, the acting hydraulic conditions and the sensitive stratification and nature of the existing ground represented remarkable challenges for the design, as well as its implementation by the construction activities. Royal Haskoning developed a solution addressing the challenges above and targeting at a high sustainability of the executed structure, especially in view of the various geological and hydrological hazards repeatedly occurring in this Dead Sea region, including sinkholes of several meters by diameter and depth. The construction works, consisting of a cut-off wall, with depths reaching down to 31 m, were awarded to Bauer International FZE, a subsidiary of Bauer Spezialtiefbau GmbH. Upon the execution of the first section of 4.2 km length, additional sections were subsequently commissioned, also on further dykes, totaling to about 300,000 m² of cut-off wall. The specific project conditions, such as utilization of cutter technique for the excavation in Halite rock, the stability of open trench exposed to hydrostatic pressure of salt-saturated ground water, resulted in unconventional requirements towards the supporting fluid. The extremely aggressive saline conditions –with a Dead Sea water density of 1.25 tons/m3; one of the world's saltiest water–, were further a decisive factor for the definition of the backfill material concept. Despite its clear advantage for construction of cut-off walls with installed sheet piles, the single-phase system with hardening slurries, fulfilling both functions of excavation support and cut-off wall backfill material, had to be abandoned in favor of the two-phase system, to construct a hybrid cut-off wall made of sheet piles and plastic concrete.

May 1, 2022

By James Warner

Investigations of the sinkhole indicated that the loose, disturbed ground was completely encircled by dense competent core. This confinement substantially increased the effectiveness of the compaction grouting compared to what might have been expected at a "greenfield" site. However, the 8 ft diameter circle shown in the plan view was only the surface expression of the sinkhole proper and the deep, loosened ground actually extended to a larger diameter of about 20 ft. The planned spacing of the grout holes was based on the finite element simulations using a target void ratio of less than 0.3 throughout the compacted ground within a 5 ft radius of the grout injection point. Because of the strong confinement effect, the layout of grout holes included one central primary hole surrounded by six secondary holes at a triangular spacing of about 5 ft. Since the disturbed ground was considered a confined cylinder, it was anticipated that the primary hole would perform the majority of work and the secondary holes would act as check holes, with progressively lesser grout takes as the loose ground densified.

Feb 10, 2003

By Kessi E. Zicko, Eric A. Hackenberg, Paul J. Lewis

"Following snow melt and spring rains in 2011, a landslide measuring approximately 600 feet long and 300 feet in slope length occurred within the southbound roadway embankment of a heavily travelled 2-lane divided highway in North Central Pennsylvania. Driven steel piles were designed to stabilize the embankment slope. Factors affecting the selected stabilization technique included an adjacent reservoir, wetlands, the length and depth of the failure plane, extent of glacial lake deposits, excess pore pressures in the foundation soils, and an area of archaeological interest. Field reconnaissance and subsurface explorations including borings, instrumentation, geophysics, and laboratory testing indicated that glacial lake deposits were present in the toe region of the embankment. Instrumentation proved key in measuring excess pore pressures and in locating the failure plane, and geophysics was utilized to estimate the extent of the soft glacial lake deposits and to estimate pile lengths. The existing condition of the embankment was modeled in computer slope stability analyses, which were also used to help assign soil parameters. Significant costs were associated with constructing a berm due to the impacts on adjacent site features. Therefore, multiple rows of driven steel H-piles were designed for installation along the toe of the embankment. The design lateral load in the piles was based on slope stability analyses, and the pile size and number of piles were based on lateral pile computations with modified p-y curves to account for installing piles in an active landslide. The relationship between the factors of safety from slope stability and the LRFD pile design was significant in determining pile loads for lateral analyses.INTRODUCTIONA landslide developed along the lower portion of the southbound embankment of State Route 15 in Tioga County, Pennsylvania. The road passes through a steep valley and is located along the southern extent of the Tioga Reservoir. Although no damage to S.R. 15 was attributed to this landslide, the close proximity of the slide to the road posed a concern for the long-term stability of this section of roadway.This paper presents a summary of the site history; the subsurface conditions based on borings, instrumentation, a geophysical survey, and laboratory testing; slope stability analyses including alternatives assessment; and the pile design.SITE HISTORYS.R. 15 was originally located in the valley along the Tioga River and traversed through the towns of Tioga and Mansfield. Although the reason is unknown, it is interesting to note that Old S.R. 15 curved away from the river in the area of the landslide. In the mid 1970’s, S.R. 15 was relocated to the eastern hillside prior to construction of the Tioga-Hammond Reservoir by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The relocated highway was constructed in stages. Two lanes of relocated S.R. 15 were initially constructed to carry one lane of northbound and one lane of southbound traffic. At this same time, the majority of the fill was placed for two future lanes immediately to the west, which would eventually allow for two lanes in each direction. The two eastern lanes would then carry northbound traffic after completion of the two southbound lanes to the west."

Jan 1, 2015

By R. K. Filip

"Steel bearing piles have long been used to carry high compressive, tensile and lateral loads. Such piles are most commonly tubular or ""H"" profile and are typically installed using percussive techniques. The noise and vibration associated with such installation techniques tends to preclude the use of steel bearing piles in urban and other sensitive areas.This paper describes the design and construction of an innovative new road bridge in Milton Keynes, UK. The steel bearing piles were required to continue out of the ground to form the bridge columns and abutments and then be cast directly into the soffit of the reinforced concrete bridge deck. This project was to be the first time in the UK, that this form of bridge design had been used.The paper shows how new installation techniques allowed the designers to use these high capacity steel elements in a sensitive urban environment without the use of percussive or vibratory installation techniques. Finally the paper shows how these quiet and vibration-less installation techniques can be extended to other applications.A UNIQUE BRIDGE SUPPORTED ON ""BOXED SHEET PILES""CONCEPT HISTORYThere are over 700 bridges in Milton Keynes. Concrete is the dominant construction material, most are single span with massive parallel wing wall retaining abutments. All have a certain uniformity of aesthetic design. Pell Frischmann Consultants Ltd (PFC) proposed to the client, English Partnerships (EP), that an ""integral bridge"" with a slender open appearance would be an appropriate aesthetic form for a new highways bridge, within the district of Westcroft (figure 1). The concept required that the bearing piles be continued up out of the ground to form the bridge columns and abutments. Four rows with four piles in each row were suggested. Each would then be cast directly into the reinforced concrete bridge deck forming a moment connection (figure 2). This concept meant that a single continuous steel structural member would replace traditional reinforced concrete bored piles, pile caps and piers. This member would carry vertical and lateral loads. The conceptual design was intended to meet the following client requirements:"

Jan 1, 2005

By Robert Small, Amshu Chappa, Ihab Allam

The Biosolids Digester Facilities Project (BDFP) is located in southeast San Francisco. The jobsite is bounded by active Caltrain and Union Pacific Railroad tracks on the west side and the existing Southeast Treatment Plant (SEP) on the north, south and east sides. The existing SEP was constructed in the 1950s and portions of the facility have reached their operational life. The $2 billion BDFP will replace and relocate the outdated existing solids treatment facilities with more reliable, efficient and modern technologies and facilities. In addition, the nearby Bayview and Hunters Point neighborhoods will benefit from the improved odor control. MWH/Webcor, a joint venture, as the construction manager general con- tractor (CMGC) for the project. As part of an alternate delivery method set forth in the prime contract, the CMGC was permitted to propose the use of a core trade subcontractor partner for the SFPUC's approval to provide precon- struction services. The CMGC identified three major scopes (electrical, mechanical and foundation) where a core trade partner would be able to assist

Jan 1, 2023

By J. L. Liu

Long-term maintained load test on the bored pile group in unsaturated silty soil has been carried out. And the research on the time effects of bearing behavior of pile group has been done by the method of installing pressure cells and reinforcement stress gauges for measuring the soil reaction beneath the cap and the pile bottom as well as the shaft resistance. The test shows that, within a certain duration after loading, the soil reaction beneath the cap and the pile point resistance increase with time; but the shaft resistance decreases. The load distribution among the pile tops in the group tends to be even with time. The shaft resistance redistributes along the pile shaft with time, that is, getting less in the upper part, getting larger in the middle. The redistribution does not tend to stop till the distribution in both upper and middle part becomes to be uniform. The load-bearing conditions of soil beneath the cap of pile group and the variation in time effects with related factors also have been discussed.

Jan 1, 2010

By Hayel M. El-Naggar, Mohamed Sobhi, Mamdouh M. Hamza, Marawan M. Shahien

"This paper presents the results of two lateral load tests on large bored piles in soft clay deposit for a major site in northern Egypt. The tests are carried out on 0.8 m diameter piles. One of the tests is carried out on the pile where the clay starts from the ground surface. The other test is carried out on a pile after surface improvement by replacing the top 1.50 m of the clay deposit by compacted granular soil. The results of the tests show the influence of the surface replacement layer on the lateral load versus lateral displacement relationships of the loaded pile. The results of the two tests are used to calibrate a 3D Finite Element Analysis model for the pile. The model is used to investigate the influence of the thickness and lateral extent of the surface replacement layer on the behavior of laterally loaded large bored piles.INTRODUCTIONLateral loads for piles are produced by seismic events, wind, wave action, ship impact, traffic, and land slide forces. The lateral resistance of a pile is controlled by the stiffness and the strength of the material of the pile and the soil surrounding the upper portion of the pile. In most situations, the soil surrounding the upper portion of the pile is too weak to sustain the design lateral loads. Thus there is a need to increase the lateral resistance of the pile or groups of piles. Such an increase may be achieved by either increase number of piles or increase pile diameter. Alternatively, an economic way to increase the lateral resistance is to improve the soil surrounding the upper portion of the pile (Rollins and Brown, 2011; Faro et al., 2015).Ground improvement has the ability to increase the lateral resistance of the pile by increasing the passive resistance of the soil surrounding the upper portion of the pile. The ground improvement techniques have the potential for being more cost-effective and reducing construction time. In spite of this fact, such techniques are rarely implemented in practice. Further, there are relatively few tests or records available in the literature to guide engineers in evaluating the actual effectiveness of this approach. In addition, there is no standard or methodology to aid engineers in designing increase of lateral resistance with surface ground improvement. There are specific improvement methods for each soil type, whether it is loose cohesionless soil or soft cohesive soil and these methods are provided by Michell (1981), Tershai and Juran (2000), ASCE (1997), and Rollins and Brown (2011). Furthermore, there are number of case histories that add a new hole in the sight, such as the cases provided by Brown et al. (1987, 1988), Mokwa and Duncan (2001), Rollins et al. (2005), Rollins and Cole (2006), Cole and Rollins (2006), Rollins, Snyder et al. (2010) , Rollins, Gerber, and Kwon (2010), Rollins and Nasr (2010), and Gerber et al. (2010)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Meeok Kim, Paul Beljan, Gordon Chen

"Clinton combined sewer overflow storage (CSO) facility project developed by the Department of Water Environment Protection of Onondaga County, New York, is to improve sewer facilities and infrastructure in Syracuse, New York. The below grade facility will provide a storage of untreated stormwater during highflow periods to be treated later, thus reducing CSO discharges to Onondaga Creek.The CSO system consists of three parallel storage tunnels and two end chambers (west and east chambers) as main underground structure. The storage tunnels are about 850 ft. long, 55 ft. wide, 24 ft tall and located 20 ft deep below grade. The chambers, include above access and operation structure, are about 40 to 55 ft. deep and approximately 60 to 100 ft. wide.Kiewit Infrastructure and Weidlinger Associates Inc. developed an alternative approach for the tunnels to meet the facility completion schedule, strict design guide lines and quality control as an environmental and water tight concrete structure for the project. The original design anticipated use of a TBM machine to bore three parallel tunnels between two previously constructed chambers.The alternative design used a three barrel culvert cast-in-place structure in a cut and cover excavation supported by a soil bentonite wall. The SOE along the jet grouted bottom seal provided a ground water cut off as well.The SOE system is specially designed to enhance the quality of culvert CIP structure construction by providing enough space for a full height construction. Also it further reduces the construction time by having the less squarefootage of jet grout installation. The design of tunnel systems is accomplished effectively through the utilization of soil structure interaction using a finite element methodIntroductionTo avoid construction of an additional treatment plant to handle increases in combined sewage flows, the Department of Water Environment Protection of Onondaga opted to construct the Clinton combined sewer overflow storage (CSO) facility.The Clinton CSO facility provides an environmental friendly mitigation method for combined sewer overflows on Onondaga lake which is located in northwest of Syracuse."

Jan 1, 2015

By Ed Revoort, Robert Schippers

In Rotterdam in the Netherlands the project ‘De Zalmhaven’ is being developed. The project consists of the realization of houses, parking facilities, two residential towers of 70 m and a residential high rise of 215 m. An artist impression for the project is given in figure 1. For the high rise a new development in the use of large diameter, drilled piles with a steel casing has been successfully utilized. In this article the installation method of 65 m long steel drilled piles in two consecutive sections is presented. The settlements for the building (and the influence on its surroundings) have been analyzed in detail using 3D Finite Element calculations, which will also be discussed. Finally there is focus on the results of settlement measurements carried out during construction in relation to the settlement prognosis.

May 1, 2022

By Kevin Baumgartner, Steven Babcock

A landfill in Phoenix, AZ reached capacity and was graded over in the 1970s. The property was subdivided into lots in 2007 to create a business park. However, the challenging site conditions caused by the underlaying landfill put into question the feasibility of typical deep foundation systems. Several different foundation systems were evaluated to support the proposed development. The considered systems were: drilled concrete shaft, driven piles, drilled micropiles and helical piles. Soil stability, landfill decomposition, method of installation, flexibility of design, anticipated material, and equipment costs were considered. A system of helical piles with concrete pile caps and grade beams was selected. To mitigate unknown obstructions, holes were drilled through the landfill debris at pile locations and then backfilled with screened granular material. The helical piles were installed through these backfilled holes and advanced to bear in competent native material below the landfill. This method allowed for minimal disturbance of the landfill materials and provided a strong and adaptable foundation. Additional advantages of helical piles on this site include minimal installation vibration, no grout or concrete in the deep foundation, and capacity verification for each pile via torque correlation. Two load tests were performed to verify the design.

Sep 8, 2021

By Phillip E. Glogowski, N. Catherine Bazan-Arias

Steel foundations can be designed to cross-sectional configurations ranging from triangular and square to other multi-side shapes. Adding lateral extensions (hereby called wings) along the length of the steel stem can increase the foundation’s uplift, torsional and lateral load capacities. DiGioia Gray staff developed a methodology for the optimal design for multi-facetted, winged deep steel foundations. A finite element (FE) model is used to represent the steel components and the nonlinear subsurface behavior. The geometry of the foundation can be complex; thus, an optimal design needs to be fine-tuned to the specific site conditions. We created a pre-processor tool to generate the FE model including varying values for the number and size of wings, depths of embedment, reveal/stickup heights, top plate geometries, and subsurface profiles. The analytical model has been partially validated through full-scale testing and the methodology has been applied to two installed projects to date.

Sep 8, 2021

By Zhou Haizuo, Diao Yu, Zheng Gang

"The conventional design method for the embankment supported by DM columns usually assumes the simultaneous failure of all the columns. However, the progressive failure may occur in practice, especially considering that many researches have justified the critical load of DM columns is bending moment. In this study, a finite difference method was adopted to simulate the embankment on soft clay improved by DM columns. An increasing surcharge was applied on the embankment surface to investigate the mechanism of the progressive failure of columns beneath embankment. To capture the brittle bending failure of the DM columns, the model employed a cut-off method, in which the column was separated on failed section as long as the ultimate bending failure was reached. Furthermore, high-strength DM columns were used to enhance the global stability of embankment in this study. The numerical results showed that the ultimate bending failure was first reached at the column beneath embankment toe, and then a continuous collapse extended to the column beneath the embankment shoulder. It is found that the reinforcement could be obviously effective when the reinforced area of high-strength DM columns was extended to a certain area.INTRODUCTIONDeep mixed (DM) columns have been commonly used as a soil-improvement technique to increase stability and to reduce settlement of embankment. Research on failure modes of DM columns owing to embankment fill and surcharge has been the subject of interest for a number of investigators (Miyake 1991; Kitazume 2000; Han 2005; 2006).The potential failure modes of DM column include bending, inclination, shearing, rotating, soil flowing and a combination of these modes (Kitazume and Terashi 1991; Broms 1999). Many researchers have found that bending failure of DM columns was more critical than the shear failure. A centrifuge test was performed by Kitazume (2000) and the results showed that the columns failed in bending before shear failure. In addition, several numerical computations illustrated that design method using the shear strength overestimated the stability of embankment over DM columns (Han and Huang 2005; 2006; Navin 2006; Liu 2007; Wang 1996). In practice, an equivalent shear strength method based on bending failure could better reflect the stability of embankment (Zheng 2010; China Code JGJ79-2011)."

Jan 1, 2015

By Joshua C. Adams, Les Chernauskas, Edward L. Hajduk

"Drilled shafts are increasingly being used to support bridge and building foundations. Because these foundations usually carry very high design loads and often serve as non-redundant, single load carrying units, these foundation systems need a high level of quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) during construction. One such method for providing QC/QA is crosshole sonic logging (CSL) testing, in which ultrasonic signals sent across the drilled shaft concrete assess concrete quality.CSL testing is an effective tool to evaluate the integrity of the in-place drilled shaft concrete. While typically used to evaluate drilled shaft concrete after construction, CSL testing can also be used to evaluate drilled shaft repairs. This application can be difficult, given the variability of repair methods and material properties. CSL testing can also be adversely affected by the condition of the concrete/access tube bond, leading to false anomaly detection and/or inability to evaluate concrete integrity effectively. This phenomenon, called access tube debonding, is often located in upper portions of the drilled shafts where large changes in groundwater occur, such as within tidal zones.Two case histories showcase innovative uses of CSL testing to deal with consistent access tube debonding and to evaluate drilled shaft repairs.CSL OverviewCSL testing involves placing ultrasonic transmitters and receivers in access tubes installed in the drilled shafts prior to concrete placement. Concrete quality is assessed by examining the First Arrival Time (FAT) and relative energy of the signal sent between the transducers. If the distance between the access tubes is known, an apparent signal velocity (i.e., wave speed of the ultrasonic signal through the concrete) can also be determined and used to assess concrete quality.Common CSL testing practice consists of simultaneously raising the ultrasonic transmitter and receiver and recording the ultrasonic signals with respect to depth. This results in a 2D examination of the"

Jan 1, 2009

By Stefan Mewes

Europe’s second-largest seaport has installed a new combi wall consisting of pipe piles, sheet piles and inclined shaft grouted piles to support it. The new Liebherr piling rig with swinging leader was used to drive shaft grouted piles into a very dense soil layer of sand with glauconite. The 60 m Liebherr swinging leader was suspended at an inclination of 45° via a suspension frame and suspension ropes from the crawler crane. This inclined installation of shaft grouted piles via freely hanging swinging leader, as used for this project, is unique in Belgium. Moreover, the pile length of 43 m is a novelty for this type of pile. Shaft grouted piles consist of a steel profile with a separate box-like pile shoe with an open top. A thin grout is injected via an injection pipe during driving and emerges just above the pile shoe. As the pile is driven further down, so compressing the ground, the space above the pile foot is immediately filled with grout under pressure. This piling system is ideally suited for the transfer of high tensile loadings. It is a method to increase geotechnical load-bearing capacity and to reduce negative skin friction during pile driving.

Sep 1, 2022

By Stefan Schwank, Alexander Blatt, Franz-Werner Gerressen

Diaphragm wall technique is usually used to install diaphragm walls, which are known as underground structural elements commonly used for retention systems and permanent foundation elements as well as deep groundwater barriers, named Cut-Off-Walls (COW). In this exploration project, the diaphragm wall equipment was used in the 2019 summer season to perform the first part of an exploration and bulk sampling program for a potential mine on the Star Kimberlite. Beside the idea of using the diaphragm wall technique as bulk sampling equipment, the sampling program required the adaption of equipment and tools for a depth capability never reached before by a trench cutter in any commercial application worldwide. The paper will explain the development of the sampling program as well as the challenges occurred with the local geology and the specific demands of the exploration and sampling program. It will also provide an overview of the lessons learned during the 2019 season and will give an outlook to the approaches of optimization for the second phase which will be carried out in 2020.

By David Chadwick, Paul Marsden, Chris Hughes, Mathias Delapille

"Following damage caused by the 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, the NZ$127.5million Christchurch Town Hall Restoration project is due for completion in 2018. The building is undergoing extensive repairs and a strengthening regime to meet New Zealand’s New Building Standard. One major aspect of the project is the stabilisation of the soil directly beneath the building using interconnected jetgrouting columns installed a cellular configuration, the purpose of this being to decrease the likelihood and severity of foundation movements caused by earthquake-induced soil liquefaction and lateral spreading. The soils encountered on the site ranged from cobbles and gravels through to sandy silts with a significant quantity of timber and rootlets. This wide variation of soil types presented a number of challenges with regard to effective and consistent treatment by jet grouting. The paper presents an overview of the quality assurance practices and also the testing regime adopted on this project.INTRODUCTIONMost of the deformation experienced by the Christchurch Town Hall structure over the course of the Canterbury earthquakes was caused by movement of the underlying ground. Two primary mechanisms of ground deformation were observed:- Liquefaction of the soils underlying the building foundation- Lateral spread of surface soils towards the free face at the river edge which runs 20 metres from the building. This mechanism also resulted in additional vertical settlement of the building foundations.The overall foundation design philosophy adopted by the project team for the Christchurch Town Hall Conservation Project has been to improve the ground directly beneath the structure to mitigate against these two mechanisms of ground movement. Additionally, a robust raft slab is proposed to distribute the foundation loading more evenly and increase the ability of the structure to resist lateral stretch of the underlying ground.The ground improvement system proposed by the Client’s geotechnical consultants, Tonkin &Taylor, comprised a cellular arrangement of interlocking jet grout columns, this arrangement would effectively encapsulate the soil within the cells preventing lateral spread.In total 1,097 interlocking jet grout columns, extending over the entire floor plan of the structure, were required to satisfy the design requirements."

Jan 1, 1900