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By P. H. Dudley

A Discussion of the Paper of Prof. Howe. (Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 14, March, 1907, pp. 169 to 274.) P. H. DUDLEY, New York, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary*) :-The characteristics of Prof. Howe's metallurgical papers are, that he is able, from the mass of confusing evidence on the subject, to make an analysis and present hypothetical and essential principles in concrete form for consideration and discussion. I can appreciate, from the practical side of the subject, the arduous labor of collecting and investigating the data that is essential to prepare the paper. Much of the data necessarily came from material of preceding years. of manufacture in which there was allowed time for chemical reactions of the recarburizer, and for the elimination of the oxidation-products before teeming the ingots. This condition gave a favorable tinge-element to free the metal from slag- and other impurities, but, in allowing the. ingot to cool before charging in the furnace, the time-element entered as a detrimental factor in the development of the pipe or shrinkage-cavities, which gave an ingot-structure deficient in soundness. The interpretations from such material must be made with due allowances for the methods of manufacture, and must be given proper weight, as general facts, in subsequent arguments. The difficulties under which investigators labor are not easily surmounted in differentiating between reliable and unreliable data incident to variables of methods of manufacture, chemical composition of the alloys of steel, mediocre practice and that of the highest state of the art. Modern practice and large outputs in Bessemer steel have reversed the effects of the time-element-by cutting short the chemical reactions of the recarburizer and the elimination of

Jan 5, 1908

By P. E. Fitzgerald, J. C. Gindlesperger

1. The Acidizer (Trade Publication of Dowell Inc.): No. 1. Aspects of Acidizing. No. 2. Inhibited Acid. No. 3. The Value of Acidizing. No. 4. The Chemistry of Acidizing. No. 5. Jelly Seal in Acidizing. No. 6. Loosening Stuck Drill Pipe. No. 7. The Geology of Acidizing. 2. J. C. Albright: Acid Is Being Used for Cleaning Intake Wells in Water-flooded Areas. Oil Weekly (Sept. 23, 1935) 24. 3. D. H. Bancroft: Acid Tests Increase Production of Zwolle Wells, Miller County, Arkansas. Oil and Gas Jnl. (Dec. 22, 1932) 42. 4. A. H. Bell: Possible Areas for Acid Treatment in Illinois. Pub. of Illinois- Indiana Petr. Assn. and lllinois Geol. Survey (1934) 49. 5. N. A. Best: Treating Limestone Formations Consists of More than Pouring Hydrochloric Acid in the Well. Oil and Gas Jnl. (April 5, 1934) 54. 6. L. G. E. Bignell: Sealing Off Salt Water from Oil-bearing Formations. Oil and Gas Jnl. (Jan. 30, 1936) 59. 7. L. G. E, Bignell: Acidizing Upper Limestone Formation Facilitated by the Use of Jelly Seal. Oil and Gas Jnl. (March 5, 1936) 30. 8. L. G. E. Bignell: Bailing, Shooting, Tubing and Acidizing Have All Been Tried in Deep Test at Binger, Oklahoma. Oil and Gas Jnl. (May 10, 1934) 38. 9. L. G. E. Bignell: Dowel1 Incorporated Increasing Its Field Service for Acid Treatment of Wells. Oil and Gas Jnl. (June 7, 1934) 62. 10. L. C. Chamberlain, Jr. and P. E. Fitzgerald: Oil Well Acidizing in Michigan. Mich. Acad. Sci. Papers (March 1937). 11. M. E. Chapman: Some of the Theoretical and Practical Aspects of the Acid Treatment of Limestone Wells. Oil and Gas Jnl. (Oct. 12, 1933) 10. 12. C. E. Clason and J. G. Staudt: Limestone Reservoir Rocks of Kansas React Favorably to Acid Treatment. Oil and Gas Jnl. (April 25, 1935) 53. 13. W. F. Cloud: Cleaning and Reconditioning Oil Wells—Reconditioning by Use of Acid (Petroleum Production 1937), 389. University of Oklahoma Press, 1937,' 14. K. A. Covell: Developments in Eastern Production Practice. Acid Treatment of Michigan Wells. Amer. Petr. Inst. Prod. Bull. 213 (1934) 77; Oil and Gas Jnl. (May 31, 1934) 89; Oil Weekly (May 28, 1934) 17. 15. B. A. Cunningham: Acid Treatment of Lime Formations. Amer. Petr. Inst. Paper 901 (1933) 9D, 1-7. 16. 0. I. DeSchon: Pondera Production up 22,000 Barrels. Montana Oil & Min. Jnl. (Jan. 26, 1935) 1.

Jan 1, 1937

By Donald L. Colwell

THIS is a metallurgical war. More than ever before, the mechanized forces and the air-borne warfare are deciding campaigns. Both of these are primarily dependent upon metals. There are two ways of increasing the effective supply of these metals when the demand is greater than the total over-all supply. The American custom, when a shortage of anything develops, is to get more. In the case of some nonferrous metals this has been done. For example, our potential peak output of magnesium will be almost one hundred times the prewar production. Output of aluminun has also been tremendously increased, and production of other metals is being stimulated by every possible means. Our enemies, however, have another successful method of increasing the effective supply of a material, and that is, to eliminate entirely all nonessential uses, and also to use, in essential applications, alternate materials wherever possible. Sometimes, ersatz material is inferior to the original, and consequently does not do the job as well. Often, however, it has been found superior, and many substitute items are now being used both by industry and by the military which will continue even when the original material again becomes available.

Jan 1, 1943

By FOSTER HEWElT

THE scope of this paper is the description of two districts in Peru in which deposits of vanadium have been found, and the consideration of much laboratory-work that I and others have done to determine the nature of these deposits. It is with regret that I present some of the data in a state of evident incompletion, particularly the analyses of a few of the minerals, which leaves some doubt as to whether the true nature of the minerals is understood. I make no apology, however, since in this case, as in many others referring to ore-deposits, conclusive opinions cannot be stated until a great amount of work has been done, and the deposit has been thoroughly exploited. I believe that the data and the tentative conclusions here presented indicate a unique and interesting condition which may assist others in work along similar lines; and further, what is of more practical importance, stimulate a search for a metal which, though long considered rare, is probably so merely because proper care has not been taken to recognize it. An excellent bibliography on the occurrence of vanadium in nature is given by F. W. Clarke in his paper, Data of Geo-chemistry;1 and in the preparation of this paper I have consulted many of the references contained in the Bibliography of the Chemistry of Vanadium, by M. Moissan.2 A brief review of the subject having special reference to the metallurgy of vanadium is contained in the small book by P.. Nicolardot.3 One of these vanadium-deposits has already been briefly

Mar 1, 1909

By A. B. Parsons

LECTURE, it appears, is a discourse that is supposed to be instructive. I am quite sure that you will derive no instruction from what I have to say. I will be satisfied if my remarks provoke thought along one or two mental paths that have not been traveled so fre¬quently as to be devoid of interest. I have no particular message apropos of professional engineers or professional engineering, and any conclusions that I may seem to reach will be purely tentative and incidental. Probably at times you have wondered, in a casual way at least, why so many people who are not, never have been, and never will be engineers, want to use the title. For example, I recently received a communication from a life insurance broker or salesman, whose chaste letterhead bore the legend "Estate Engineer." He was perfectly serious about it, as is also the expert accountant who assumes the imposing name of cost-analysis engineer. Dozens of equally amazing titles might be cited. Then there is that class of individuals who have been engineers, in the true sense of the word; who have gone into some other kind of occupation; but who cling tenaciously to the name engineer, usually prefixing some word or other which at once gives them away by telling what their work really is. For example, we have such pseudomorphs as the management engineer, and the sales engineer. It is quite evident that engineer is a word to conjure with. Evidently both the man who appro¬priates the designation without any justification and the ex-engineer who persists in calling himself an engineer even after he has abandoned engineer-

Jan 1, 1933

By AIME AIME

THE program of government drilling, conducted jointly by the U. S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mines, has demonstrated the presence in Texas and New Mexico of potash-bearing beds of considerable importance. Information regarding the ex- tent and location of the potash deposits as presented at the non-metallic sessions was of great interest to many engineers. These subjects will be covered in greater detail in later paragraphs. The first session, with about 50 in attendance, convened at 10 a.m. on Feb. 18, with Oliver Bowles, chair- man of the Committee on Non-Metallic Minerals, pre- siding. The first paper was on "Soapstone Mining In Virginia," presented by C. W. Ryan of Lynchburg, Va. The nature and extent of the soapstone deposits of Nelson County were described in some detail. In origin, the soapstone is undoubtedly related to a basic peridotite rock though its mode of formation is some- what uncertain. This main soapstone deposit occurs in three veins, the western, middle, and eastern, the middle vein being of greatest economic importance. Methods of stripping, quarrying and milling the rock were described and the uses of soapstone were enum- erated. In discussing this paper, C. P. Berkey, of Co- lumbia University strongly favored the theory of igneous origin of the soapstone and the need for further detailed geological study. J. L. Gillson of Cambridge, Mass., stated that the Vermont and New York talc deposits were always associated with characteristic minerals, such as, a chlorite of one particular variety, siderite, amphibole, magnetite, and biotite. C. H. Behre of Cincinnati, Ohio, raised the question of parallelism in the soapstone structure and Mr. Ryan stated that such parallelism was in evidence in some parts of the deposits. H. A. Wheeler of St. Louis, Mo., also took 'part in the discussion.

Jan 1, 1929

By Salinger, Herbert

WITH the large amount of metallurgical re- search work now being done and the constant effort of the engineer to effect economies of operation, I think it is a safe prediction that the next few years will see a great change in the handling of mine products. The well-managed mine, with sufficient ore reserves to warrant the necessary plants, will increasingly call upon the metallurgist and chemist for the solution of its problems. Shipping sorted ore or concentrate to the nearest smelter will not be the course followed. From ore to metal, or at least to a product directly salable to the consumer, will be the practice followed. As a consequence, mine managers will be increasingly interested in metal trade problems. By metal trade I mean the buying, selling, shipping, handling, and all the practices, forms and customs that go to make up the trade.

Jan 1, 1928

By J. M. GLEDHILL

(Washington Meeting, May, 1905.) A Discussion of Mr. J. M. Gledhill's paper, read by title at the Lake Superior meeting, but presented first at the New Yolk meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute (October, 1904), and here published under a mutual agreement. Between the two Institutes. Discussion. MR. E: WINDSOR RICHARDS, Past-President, said that at a recent meeting of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers a paper was read on tool steel, and he called the attention of the members to the high-speed tool steel at the Bethlehem Works. They would have the pleasure of seeing those wonderful works and would see 60, 70, 80 and 100 tons oil lathe with half-a-dozen of these high-speed tools running. PROP. H. M. HOWE (Columbia University) said that they all looked upon these high-speed tool steels as of very great importance, particularly to the machine shop. One point occurred to hire : Had it really been shown that Swedish steel is necessary, or better than equally pure steel that is not Swedish; and is cemented steel really necessary, and is there any advantage in using that, rather than equally pure open-hearth steel'! It might be well if the author could indicate the kind of evidence on which lie bases his assertion that it is necessary to have cemented Swedish steel. Many were hoping for the development of high-speed steels from elements which exist in great quantities, such as silicon, manganese and chromium, rather than from rarer metals like molybdenum, vanadium and tungsten, the supply of which is likely to be soon exhausted. If the high-cutting speed was to last more than a generation, it. seemed to him that they would have to draw upon the common ele¬ments and not upon the rare ones. MR. Tom WESTGARTH (Middlesbrough) said he fully appreci¬ated what had been said about the advantages of using high-speed steel, because great benefit had been derived from the

Mar 1, 1905

By Paul Weir

FOR the first time in 1938, bituminous coal production for the week ending Nov. 19 surpassed that of the corresponding week in 1937, and indexes of industrial activity indicated the possibility that the remaining weeks of 1938 would run ahead of the corresponding weeks of the preceding year. But regardless of this year-end pickup, total production in 1938 was approximately 25 per cent less than in 1937. The estimate of 340 million tons for 1938 places the bituminous industry slightly above the production level of 1933 and approximately 10 per cent above the modem low of 1932. Anthracite production is not subject to the same extent as is bituminous coal to fluctuations arising out of the rate of industrial activity, hence the decline from 1937 has not been so great being approximately 14 per cent under 1937. The estimate for 1938 production is approximately 45 million tons, but this represents the lowest level reached in the last fifty years with the possible exception of several strike years.

Jan 1, 1939

By James H. Bechtold

The yield strength of annealed tungsten was found to have a strain rate exponent 12 times as great as that of low carbon steel. The effects of temperature and strain rate could be correlated through the Zener-Hollomon parameter with a heat of activation associated with yielding of 32,000 cal per g-atom. This heat of activation is independent of strain although both the temperature and strain rate dependence of the yield strength vary with strain. MOST metals have mechanical properties that are relatively insensitive to strain rate, especially at temperatures below that at which creep is important. In iron and molybdenum," however, relatively large strain rate effects are observed in the temperature range where the rapid increase in yield strength occurs which leads to the ductile to brittle transition. In this temperature range Zener and Hollomon' have suggested that the effects of strain rate and temperature T on the yield strength could be correlated through a single parameter, P, in the following manner where Q is a heat of activation characteristic of the metal and associated with some unspecified relaxation process. They also observed that if the temperature is restricted to a relatively narrow range— below room temperature for steel—that the logarithm of the yield strength could be expressed as a linear function of the logarithm of P. From this relation the logarithm of stress should be a linear function of the logarithm of the strain rate at constant temperature: where r will be referred to herein as the strain rate exponent. At a constant strain rate the logarithm of stress should be a linear function of l/T, ay(e = C) ~ eT [4] where q = Qr [5] and is referred to herein as the temperature exponent. These equations have been found to relate the effects of temperature and strain rate on the yield strength of molybdenum in the temperature range wherein the ductile to brittle transition occurs, —75° to +150°C.2 Bechtold and Shewmon3 have shown recently that the ductile to brittle transition in annealed tungsten occurs in the temperature range +150° to +350°C. In this temperature range the yield strength in-

Jan 1, 1957

By JO. E. SHERID

THE Dawson coal-mines are owned and operated by the Stag Canon Fuel Co., of which Dr. James Douglas is President and E. L. Carpenter general manager. The property is situated in Colfax county, N. M., and the openings now in operation are in townships 28 and 29 N. R. 20 E., and township 28 N. R. 21 E., shown in Fig. 1. The mines are part of the southern end of the Raton coal-field, which extends north into Colorado and embraces many coal-camps of the Trinidad section. II. GEOLOGY. Geologically, the coal-measures, commonly known as the Laranmie series of the Cretaceous system, have a thickness of about 800 ft. in the vicinity of Dawson. The coal makes an excellent coke, and, according to some authorities, its coking properties are clue to the action of intruded sheets and sills of igneous rock, the sheets occasionally thickening into masses resembling laccoliths, at such places making nearer approach to the coal and sometimes producing small areas of natural coke. There are but few dikes through¬out the entire southern portion of the field and little or no faulting along the dikes. In some parts of this great coal-field the intrusive sheets are far removed in the green shales below the coal-measures, and are so much altered as to be difficult of identification. There is but little disturbance of the strata through¬out the Raton coal-field in as far as it extends into New Mexico. There are two workable seams in the coal-measures, and two or three smaller coal-seams, ranging from 1 to 2.5 ft. in thick-

Jun 1, 1909

By AIME AIME

THE list of deaths during the year 1906 comprises the following names, the figures in parentheses indicating the year in which the persons named were elected to membership Members and Associates.-Arthur Vaughan Abbott (1882), William Anderson Akers (1889), R. Scott Allen (1905), George H. Arlett (1900), Thomas Septimus Austin (1883), Thomas T. Baker (1887), William Tittley Batchelor (1902), Charles Lowthian Bell (1897), Edgar Vallentine Bensusan (1892), George Lothrop Bradley (1874), Ernst Elmer Breisch (1896), Horace F. Brown (1895), James A. Burden (1876), Alexander B. Coxe (1880), George A. Crocker (1879), Albert W. Fiero (1886),

Jul 1, 1907

By Arthur S. Huey

AS the end of the collegiate year approaches, the problem of student employment again becomes acute. This subject divides itself into two phases: (1) employment prior to graduation and (2) employment following graduation. "Experience is the best teacher," according to the old adage, and the student needs all that he can get. He is afforded every opportunity to reap from his books the theories and principles of scientific and engineering practice, and occasionally he is privileged to make field trips to observe the practical side of the subject. But it is not enough for one to know the theory and to observe its application; it is also desirable for the student to get the feel of the tools during his training Such opportunities can only be afforded the student if the major companies cooperate with the universities in giving the student part-time and vacation work.

Jan 1, 1932

By L. Weaver

THE Tennessee Copper Co.'s mines are in the southeast corner of the state of Tennessee, Polk Co., in the well-known Ducktown copper basin. Their new circular production shaft will eventually be the only ore hoisting shaft, and is located for handling ore from Boyd, Calloway, Mary, and Cherokee mines. A circular, rather than a rectangular, shaft was decided upon because: 1-The circular shaft section is stronger when lined with concrete. Reinforcing steel was not required, thus reducing lining cost by one- quarter. 2-Water sealing was desired; it was thought it could best be done with a concrete lining followed by pressure grouting to eliminate water seeps. 3-The shaft labor saving equipment could best be used in a large opening, so the round section was made for economy, sinking, mucking, concreting and water sealing. Less shaft steel is used than could have been possible with steel sets. There are no posts required; center beams and Tee plate assembly placed at 10 ft hold the 100 lb steel guide rails.

Jan 1, 1950

By Charles Albert Ashburner

The coal-fields of the United States have been variously classified as to their geographical positions. In 1887 I proposed slight changes to the classification generally used, for more convenient description of our coal-fields in my report on the statistical history of coal in the States during 1886 for the United States Geological Survey. This new classification seems to meet all practical requirements and has been generally adopted. The coal-areas are grouped in two divisions—the anthracite division and the bituminous division. The anthracite division, in a commercial sense, may be said to include the anthracite districts of Pennsylvania alone, although small amounts of anthracite are mined in Colorado and have been

Jan 1, 1890

By JOHN JERMAIN

In my opinion, the explanation of the fuel-requirements involving the conception of heat available and necessary above a critical temperature, as advanced by Johnson 1 and elaborated by Howe, Raymond and others,2 affords a theoretically correct basis for such an accounting. It is the purpose of this paper to set forth a first crude attempt to construct a formula which shall show quantitatively the relation between the various factors affecting fuel-economy, and afford a means of comparing the enormous amount of data on the fuel-consumption of various blast-furnaces, at various times and under various conditions of operation. I have also applied this formula to a large number. of individual cases, and have, by its means, compared the furnace-practice of several important iron-making districts. II. DERIVATION OF FORMULA FOR FUEL-REQUIREMENTS. The general expression for the fuel-requirements of the blast-furnace, which I believe to be theoretically correct as to form, is as follows Carbon per ton of iron = Heat per ton of iron necessary in hearth above Tc./Heat per pound of carbon available in hearth above Tc. XFactor of rate of driving. +Carbon dissolved by CO2 of flux. +Carbon dissolved incidental to reduction of ore. + Carbon dissolved in pig-iron. (NOTE.-Tc = critical temperature.) Since, according to Johnson's theory, fuel-economy is usually limited by heat available and necessary in the hearth, rather than by the total heat supplied and necessary, we may write Carbon needed in hearth = Hn/Ha in which Hn is the heat per ton of iron necessary in the hearth above some critical temperature, and Ha is the heat per pound of carbon available in the hearth above this same critical tem¬perature. 1 Trans., xxxvi., 454 (1906). 2 Trans, xxxvi., 792 to 798 (1906) ; Trans, xxxvii., 216 to 237 (1907).

May 1, 1911

By Byron M. Bird

JIGGING is the stratification of a mass of solid particles in upward pulsations of water or in alternating upward and downward pulsa¬tions. The stratification usually is effected in a rectangular open¬top container having a perforated bottom through which the pulsations of water are applied to the materials to be separated; in separating coal, to a mass of coal and refuse. Jigging usually is a continuous process involving three steps: (1) the reception of the raw coal, (91) the stratification of the coal and refuse so that the refuse settles to the screen plate, and (3) the overflow of the cleaned coal and the withdrawal of the refuse collected on the screen. The jig is the most universal washer ever devised. It is handling in practice a wide range of closely sized coals and ores, mixed sizes of coal from 8-in. to 0 through %-in. to 0, and mixed sizes of ores down to %3 O-in. to 0 and even smaller. It is treating materials ranging in specific gravity from that of gold at 19 to that of coal at 1.30. It is handling feeds in which the proportions of high-gravity materials range from 90 per cent or higher, as for some iron ores, to 10 percent or less for some coals. It is handling feeds containing all shapes of particles-round, rectangular, and flat. It is handling simple separation problems and difficult separation problems. Thus, it is an almost universal separating device. One might add that it has been one of the most misunderstood types of washers, from both a theoretical and a practical point of view. Although con¬siderable progress has been made in coal jigging in the past 10 years, the jig probably has more unexplored possibilities than any other type of washer. In this chapter the object has been to treat the jigging process in a practical manner and to give information that will help the reader to improve his particular operation. Inasmuch as performance data from operating plants would contribute little of value, none has been given. Instead, the emphasis is upon jigging principles as a foundation for attacking the problems that arise. These principles are in reality tenta¬tive conclusions from research in the field of jigging during the past 10 years and most of this chapter should be regarded as a progress report on an investigation still under way.

Jan 1, 1943

By E. O. Wagner, V. F. Parry

This paper summarizes investigations during 1949 on three pilot plants for drying low-rank fine cool by entrainment in hot gases. Detailed operating results on processing seven coals having moisture ranging from 24 to 62 pct, formulas and data for calculating performance of large units, and general conclusions on the problem of drying fine coal are presented.

Jan 1, 1950

By Frederick M. Becket

AFTER all the chronology that has been given, what is the present status of chromium steels? For the purpose of this discussion the different types of chromium steels can be divided into three classifications-those containing relatively low , percentages of chromium, say 5 per cent or less; the medium-chromium steels containing up to about 18 or 19 per cent chromium; and the steels containing still higher percentages of chromium, and some of the special alloys. Chromium has some unique effects in steel, so it is well to make a few generalizations. The affinity of chromium for carbon is great and the metal is unique in the manger in which it supplements and enhances the effects of carbon. Chromium retards -considerably the thermal transformations on cooling and exerts an opposing influence both on the absorption and precipitation of the carbides in steel. These statements make it easy to understand the fact that chromium .steels are capable of producing a hardened product at a much slower rate of cooling than is, true of plain carbon steel, and that chromium carbide or -the mixed carbides of iron and chromium do not contribute to brittleness to as great a degree as does iron carbide.

Jan 1, 1929

By C. A. Stetefeldt

Jan 1, 1895