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By L. M. Pidgeon

"Part I. - PrinciplesIntroductionIf the oxides of the metals are listed in decreasing order of the magnitude of their heats of formation, the list appearing in Table 1 will be formed. It will be apparent at once that this is essentially the well-known electrochemical series (Table li). The metals at the bottom of the list exhibit great stability and are attacked only by the most violent of chemical reagents. Higher on the list, the metals become more reactive until, at the head of the list, the metals lithium and calcium are unstable in moist air.The reactive metals to be considered lie above manganese. In this group will be found familiar and abundant metals such as aluminium and magnesium, the unfamiliar yet abundant metal titanium, the rare and mysterious metal beryllium, and others of greater or less interest.While these metals exhibit properties as unlike as those of uranium and magnesium, they have in common a specialized and difficult extractive metallurgy. They form compounds of great stability, and their reduction is to varying degrees difficult. The position of a metal in Table 1 (and more particu1arly its position in the free energy column) gives a numerical value to this property.Oxides with low free energies of formation may be reduced with great ease; thus silver and mercury may be produced from their oxides by simple heating in air.Lead, iron, and zinc may be separated from their oxides by heating with carbon to moderate temperatures. Magnesium oxide, on the other hand, .requires a high temperature and very special conditions before it will yield magnesium metal."

Jan 1, 1950

By C. L. Reichardt

"Pressure exerted on gold producers by regulators, project financiers, and civil society in the wake of the Baia Mare tailings spill in Romania during 2000 prompted most responsible gold companies to sign up to the International Cyanide Management Code for the Manufacture, Transport, and Use of Cyanide in the Production of Gold (the Code). The Code stipulates a ‘cradle to grave’ approach more comprehensive than that applied to any other mining reagent and poses particular challenges for operators who use cyanide-bearing tailings for backfill. This paper examine some of the challenges for Code compliance facing deep underground gold mines that employ backfill technology, most particularly the requirement to demonstrate that the potential migration of cyanide (and its degradation products) from emplaced backfill will not have an unacceptable impact on worker health and safety or on the receiving environment, either during mine life or after closure.Although the Code only contains a single reference to backfill, more careful consideration confirms that most sections of the Code that deal with tailings management are potentially applicable to mines where tailings material is used for backfill. Certain principles of the Code also pertain to aspects of operations, worker safety, emergency response, training, and dialogue with stakeholders relating to backfilling practice.For gold mines of the Far West Rand, the most significant cyanide-related risks associated with backfill operations relate to worker exposure to cyanide-bearing seepage and HCN gas. There is potential for seepage of cyanide-bearing water from backfill to compromise the beneficial use of surface and groundwater, and thus impact on downstream users and ecosystems. However, the extreme depth of mining and the specific geological and hydrological controls on the Far West Rand suggest that the potential environmental risks associated with backfill are likely to be considerably less significant than the cyanide-related risks to the workforce."

Jan 1, 2007

By Mehmet Canbazoglu, Kaarlo Haavanlammi, Hannu Laitala

Cobalt is currently a critical metal because of the increasing number of electrical vehicles forecast for production. Copper and zinc are base metals that are used in many everyday applications, including vehicle production. Eti Bakir Co. Mazidagi Phosphate Plants in the Mazidagi district of Mardin, Turkey is a multi-product facility that produces cobalt, copper, and zinc, as well as fertilizers, from the roaster calcine. Roaster off gas is treated in a sulfuric acid plant (SAP) and the acid itself is utilized in fertilizer production. The comminution circuit, roaster, SAP, and calcine leaching process were developed by Outotec and integrated with the fertilizer production process implemented by Eti Bakir A.Ş. This paper describes the hydrometallurgical calcine leaching process used at the plant, with a focus on the oxidative pressure leaching of the cobalt, zinc, and copper-containing calcine. The cold and hot commissioning phases of the pressure leaching autoclave start-up are discussed together with experiences from the ramp-up period. The production processes of the copper cathode and cobalt and zinc-containing salts are also presented together with some of the plant’s operating parameters. INTRODUCTION The ETI Bakir A.S. fertilizer plant, Turkey, is located in Mardin Province near the border with Syria, (Figure 1). The leaching plant project was started in 2012. The purpose of the plant is to separate the valuable metals from the calcine produced by the pyrite roasters, which are used to produce a SO2 containing gas for the new sulfuric acid plant. Fertilizer production requires sulfuric acid, and for this reason a sulfuric acid plant was built; customer already had access to pyrite concentrate, which is used as the roaster feed. During the engineering phase of the roaster and acid plants it was noticed that the roasted calcine contained considerable amounts of valuable metals like cobalt, copper, and zinc. To recover these metals, a calcine leaching process was developed at the Outotec Research Center in Pori, Finland. The main process connections of the Mazidagi site are shown in Figure 2.

Jan 1, 2019

By V I. McCallum

In 1954, Falconbridge Nickel Mines Limited began the program of deepening the Falconbridge mine workings for 2,000 feet below the bottom, or 4025, level in order to provide twelve new levels for production. Involved in this program were a production-sized internal shaft, .crushing, pumping and hoisting installations, the integration of the new shaft operations with those of existing shafts, and considerations of ventilation requirements and ground support at depth. This paper describes the major items of equipment, and the depth development of No. 9 shaft as a whole, and also emphasize the planning phases of the program. The factors involved and reasons for the equipment and layouts chosen are given. Introduction and History THIS paper describes the planning and development of that portion of the Falconbridge mine between the 4025 and 6050 mining levels. This mine, the oldest of several being operated by Falcon-bridge Nickel Mines Limited in the Sudbury district, has been a continuous producer for over thirty years.

Jan 1, 1964

By C. S. Parsons

Introduction Up to the present, the operation of small mills for the treatment of gold ores has not been favoured in Canada to the extent that it has in other countries. For instance, a list of the operating properties in Southern Rhodesia, published in The Rhodesian Mining Journal of November, 1934, shows for the month of September, 1934, that there were over 500 small mills treating less than 50 tons per day, and the majority of these between 5 and 25 tons. They are operated by individuals, syndicates, and small mining companies. It is presumed that the operations are profitable, although from the published figures of the tonnages treated and the yields, it is difficult for one familiar with Canadian operations to understand how this can be possible, in the majority of cases. Most of these small mills employ stamps with plate amalgamation and with, occasionally, tables to produce a concentrate. Enquiries have been received from many parts of the world respecting milling practice suitable for small gold mines and the type of plant used in Canada. The tenor of these enquiries leaves the impression that the majority of the writers assume that the practice would be similar at all small properties. This, of course, is not the case. Conditions vary widely, and what would be a suitable mill for a typical Nova Scotia ore would not necessarily be wholly adaptable to many ores in Ontario, Quebec, or British Columbia. This paper has been written with the intention of inviting discussion, and it is hoped that, by such discussion, the subject will be more fully dealt with than has been possible in the time at the disposal of the writer. Only more or less standard principles and practices have been dealt with, and, purposely, no reference has been made to plants using mills of the Hadsel, the Nutt, or the Gibson type. As there is available but little reliable information on the costs of installation and operation of small mills, it is also hoped that those contributing to the discussion of milling practices for small mines will be in a position to give these data for the benefit of those contemplating the erection of small plants in Canada. Although it is difficult to generalize, it can be said that there are three types of gold mills commonly used at small mines: (1) Amalgamation and Gravity Concentration; (2) Amalgamation and Flotation; and (3) Cyanidation.

Jan 1, 1935

By Robert J. Maron, Mark Fernald, Alex Van der Spek, O’Keefe. Christian, Tim Bailey

"Sonar array-based non-invasive flow measurement technology is becoming an accepted and many times a preferred method of measuring challenging single and multi-phase flows in the mineral processing industry. This fundamental sensor and measurement technology has been extended to two developments that provide new measurement capabilities useful for monitoring and managing slurry flows and pipes.The first development is the non-invasive measurement of real-time velocity profile of slurry flow in horizontal pipes. Multiple non-invasive passive sensors measure localized velocities and are combined to provide a velocity profile measurement. This information can be used to determine the approach and onset of solid deposition on the bottom of the pipe. Having this information in real time can enable operation at lower velocities and/or higher solids concentration while avoiding solids deposition or plugging and its associated operational costs.The second development is the non-invasive measurement of pipe wear on slurry lines. Presently, such measurements are made by hand-held portable ultrasonic thickness gages. The numerous shortfalls associated with the manual method are overcome with a set of permanently or semi-permanently installed transducers clamped onto the outside of the pipe. This ring of sensors contains a series of conformable ultrasonic transducers spaced around the circumference, which are used to measure the thickness of the pipe under their respective locations. Compared to manual methods, this system and approach results in better repeatability and accuracy. It also decreases inspection labor costs and pipe access requirements. The minimal accuracy variations in the presence of varying environmental temperatures will be shown. Trending of pipe wall thicknesses in high wear pipelines will be illustrated. The benefits of significantly improved pipe wear monitoring in hydrotransport lines with abrasive solids, and associated improvement in the ability to insure safe operation and avoidance of costly environmental damage due to leaks caused by pipe wear will be discussed."

Jan 1, 2009

By S. C. Radopoulou

Pavement condition assessment is an indispensable constituent in maintaining roadway infrastructure. Current practices for pavement condition assessment are labor intensive which introduce subjectivity in pavement rating and are time consuming. Automated methods rely on full 3D reconstruction of the pavement surface which introduces high equipment and computation costs. This paper presents a methodology for detection of patch type distresses in asphalt pavement images. This method uses filtering and histogram equalization for clearing and enhancing the image accordingly. It continues by applying the morphological process of closing, along with some rules based on the characteristics of a patch when captured in an image, to finally detect the area it occupies. Criteria for area, length, and width of a patch as seen in an image are taken into account to decide whether a probable patch is actually a patch. The method has been implemented in C#. The preliminary experiments demonstrate it produces promising recognition results

Aug 1, 2013

By D. Eastick, S. Hardcastle

"Over the last few years, a multi-faceted feasibility study has been evaluating the introduction of hydrogen fuel cell-powered equipment into underground mines to replaced diesel engine-powered equipment. The analysis has shown that under normal operating conditions fuel cells could at the very least be an environmental and health benefit by eliminating combustion engines and their unwanted by-products. However, they could also generate significant reductions in the amount of ventilation a mine needs to supply when compared to dieselized operations; this would further decrease a mine’s energy consumption, its associated greenhouse gas impact, and also reduce a mine’s significant ventilation-associated costs. Fuel cell-powered equipment also has the advantage of lower noise and heat production compared to its equivalent diesel-powered counterpart.The degree to which fuel cells can generate ventilation benefits in underground mines depends upon a number of operational parameters and mine specific qualifiers such as current ventilation control or management, mine depth, inherent dust conditions, and minimum velocity requirements.However, another major consideration in the introduction of fuel cells in underground mines will be the safety requirements associated with diluting and removing the potentially explosive hydrogen in the event of a gas leak. In outside surface applications, it is possible to use dispersion, buoyancy, time, and lack of ignition sources as mitigating factors in deriving a low risk of an explosion. However, in underground operations, these factors change, and dispersion and buoyancy are limited; time may not be available and, in non-coal mines, ignition sources are not typically controlled. When a hydrogen leak occurs, the availability of sufficient ventilation to dilute and effectively remove the gas will be critical. Consequently, ventilation may be the prime risk controlling factor. In this paper, the authors evaluate the potential benefits of replacing diesel engines with fuel cells in powered production equipment, discuss the mitigating qualifiers that could limit ventilation savings, and evaluate solutions to retain and maintain an additional ventilation capacity in the event of an emergency situation, such as a hydrogen leak from the fuel cell stack or its distribution system."

Jan 1, 2007

By F. Halverson

"The theory of flocculation usually is in a state of flux, involves many diverse phenomena, and is complex and sometimes contradictory in details. Instead of attempting a general discourse, I shall discuss selected observations made at our Stamford Laboratories, which impinge on theoretical aspects in two somewhat distinct areas of flocculation. Since some of you many not be familiar with flocculation, and :.n order that we all attach the same meaning to the jargon used, I first would like to review briefly a generalized picture of what goes on.Assume we have a suspension of particles in water, with a distribution in the sizes of particles. The surfaces of the particles interact to some extent with the water--· tending to alter the extent of hydration, may generate some ion exchange, all being somewhat variable with time--developing a surface condition which is very complex in details. We refer to this suspension as the ""substrate.""In the usual situation, if the suspension is allowed to stand quietly, the large particles settle out first, with somewhat smaller particles settling more slowly, and then there is a portion of very fine material which takes a long time or doesn't settle out at all. This resistance to settling t~ the very fine particles results from many factors, but all relate back to the size and density of the particles, to their surface properties, and to the other components in the aqueous suspending medium."

Jan 1, 1978

By C. H. Hopper

DIAMOND drills have played an important part in the development of mines for many years. Recently. they have also entered the production field arid the use of diamond drills m the primary breaking of ores has become a big branch of the industry. The writer has estimated roughly that the total diamond drilling in Canada during 1942 was 5,625,000 feet, of which 2,250,000 feet, or 40 per cent, was for blast-holes. This accounts for 6,750,000 tons of ore broken, using the conservative factor of 3 tons per foot of hole. Many consider that the use of diamond drills for blast-holes is the most important advance in mine practice of the past decade, and the industry owes a great deal to the staff of Noranda Mines, Limited, for the pioneering they have done in the development of long-hole mining methods and for publishing their results. A great many mines have followed Noranda's lead. At the Waite-Amulet, Aldermac, Flin Flon, Canadian Malartic, Hoyle, and Matachewan Consolidated mines, most of the ore is broken by long-hole blasting. While the mines were developing new methods, the diamond-drill industry was developing mechanically-set bits and better machines. Through the effective use o smaller, cheaper diamonds, as well as more efficient setting, bit costs per foot are only one-half what they were ten years ago. Few people realize that a diamond bit is relatively inexpensive. The common EXT coring bit, for example, contains some 200 small diamonds, weighing altogether about 2.70 carats which, at $3.40 per carat, cost $9.20. After use, the equivalent of about 100 of these diamonds may be recovered. Therefore the true cost of the bit is only $7.00, made up of $4.60, the cost of the diamonds lost, $2.00 for setting, and $0.40 tax. The trend in machines has been toward specialization for the different classes of rock in blast-hole work. Light, high-speed machines have been developed for soft ores and higher powered machines for hard ores.

Jan 1, 1943

By Chris Dougherty

"This presentation will provide a demonstration of the methodology used in designing a modern shaft and hoisting plant utilizing a review of the challenges faced and solutions delivered for the Elk Creek Superalloy Materials Project (Niobium/Scandium). The development of the design required the review of complex hydrogeological conditions, mine production requirements, demanding capital expenditure (CAPEX) limitations and tight schedules. Through an extensive review of various alternatives to satisfy these constraints, the Nordmin Group (including Nordmin Engineering Ltd.) (Nordmin) was able to define a concept and design that addressed risks to the project, met production requirements, cost and schedule constraints and improved constructability. INTRODUCTION The Elk Creek Project, owned by NioCorp Developments Ltd. (NioCorp) presently, will become Nebraska’s first underground metals mine, built to access the Elk Creek Niobium/Scandium deposit. The development of the design for this facility required the review of challenging hydrogeological conditions, mine production requirements, demanding CAPEX limitations and tight schedules. Through an extensive review of various alternatives to satisfy these constraints, the Nordmin Group was able to define a concept and design that addressed risks to the project, met production requirements, cost and schedule constraints and improved constructability. This paper will review the challenges faced, and solutions arrived at in a demonstration of a methodology used in designing a modern shaft and hoisting plant. THE CHALLENGES Nordmin became involved in the project in 2015, invited by the Feasibility Study Consultant to provide input on estimating and layouts for the new operation. Many of the fundamental decisions regarding mining methodology, water handling and production strategy had been made, and the scope of Nordmin’s involvement was very limited in this first engagement. Following submission of that study in late 2017/early 2018, Nordmin had opportunity to discuss the overall effort, and its many assumptions and challenges, with NioCorp’s project team. The dialogue quickly identified several significant opportunities to improve the project construction schedule and costs along with the mine production profile and operational approach while reducing project risk."

Jan 1, 2019

By S. B. V. Stewart, W. W. Forsyth

"Since the Mathew's method for open stope design was first proposed by Golder Associates in 1980 it has been applied at a number of mine sites in Canada. The initial hypothesis was based on a relatively small amount of data and the intervening period has allowed the collection of a significant amount of new data to test the validity of the method.This paper examines a brief history of the evolution of rock mass classification systems to provide background and emphasize their empirical and non-rigorous approach. It also presents the new data which appear to indicate that the initial hypothesis was reasonably good. The modification to the original graph proposed by Potvin is discussed as well as the applicability of the method to predicting the onset of caving. The original graph has been updated and has been subdivided into four zones described as ""stable""; ""potentially unstable""; ""potential major failure""; and ""potential caving"". The method is recommended as a useful open stoping design tool provided it is recognized that it is not a rigorous design method.Finally the paper proposes a recommended approach for application of the method by would-be users and addresses some typical pitfalls that may be encountered."

Jan 1, 1995

By C K. Bell, L. S. Collett

An AFMAG survey was flown in 1968 over the Upper Nelson River area, Manitoba. The flight direction was northwest-southeast and flight spacing was 2 miles. In the Cross Lake Subprovince, AFMAG showed that an isolated peridotite outcrop was part of a dike that extended over 80 miles. Diabase dikes are not always marked by an anomaly, but isolated cross-overs, when used in conjunction with geological and magnetic data, permit their extrapolation. Anomalies coincide with areas of sulphide mineralization. In the Flin Fion Subprovince, known and unknown northeast-trending faults are detected. The Berry Creek fault was extended south through Tramping lake, then under the Paleozoic cover. Conductors were detected at, or near, the axes of major synclines within Amisk and Snow Group sediments. Granitic terranes have low conductivity and, because they are characterized by smooth AFMAG profiles, they can be delimited. AF.MAG is being recognized as a geophysical method that can aid geological mapping and interpretation. Its most important contribution to the geologist will be in regions where out-crops are sparse.

Jan 1, 1971

By K. Woo

The increasing move to block cave mining methods (including sublevel and panel caving) to access deeper and lower grade ore deposits as near surface sources become exhausted raises questions as to the extent and magnitudes of caving-induced subsidence as it may affect strain-sensitive infrastructure on surface. Predicting these surface deformations is difficult as they tend to be discontinuous and asymmetric due to large movements around the cave controlled by geologic structures, rock mass heterogeneity and topographic effects. Of further impediment is the sparse number of case histories available, in which actual subsidence measurements are reported to provide guidance and empirical constraints for subsidence calculations. This study reports the development of an exhaustive and comprehensive database of available (i.e. public domain) subsidence data from block cave mining operations from around the world.

May 1, 2009

By David Stephenson, Hugo Granados, Steven Klohn

"HudBay’s Constancia project is a copper molybdenum concentrator located in southern Peru. In 2010 Ausenco was contracted to perform a feasibility study optimization review which resulted in an improved design with significantly increased throughput capacity at a minimal increase in capital cost. Construction began in 2012 with commercial operation commencing in May 2015. This paper outlines the process plant design as well as describing the plant’s major equipment selections, start-up and early operations experiences.IntroductionHudBay Mineral’s Constancia project is located at 4200 meters above sea level (masl) in southern Peru, approximately 630 km south-east of Lima, Peru. The property can be accessed by road from Cusco, Peru, (approximately 110 km to the north), or from Arequipa, Peru (approximately 215 km to the south). Matarani, accessed via Arequipa, is the closest port.Constancia is located within the Yauri-Andahuaylas metallogenic belt. The region contains several large copper-gold-molybdenum porphyry deposits such as Antapaccay (by Glencore) and Los Chancas (by Grupo Mexico), and copper skarn deposits such as Tintaya (by Glencore) and Las Bambas (by MMG). Constancia’s ore reserves contain copper and molybdenum with trace amounts of gold and silver.Ore is mined by an open-pit operation. The process plant recovers copper and molybdenum concentrates, storing tailings in a conventional tailings management facility. Infrastructure at the site includes a grid power supply (via a 70 km overhead transmission line from Tintaya), water supply, workshops and an accommodation camp. Mine life is 22 years.Site construction works began in 2012 with first copper concentrate produced in late 2014. The project was executed for approximately 1.75B$USD.Ausenco’s design approach focussed on developing a capital efficient copper molybdenum concentrator. This paper outlines key features incorporated in the concentrator design, plant layout and equipment selection, as well as start-up experiences and early operational results."

Jan 1, 2016

By Khosrow Ebrahimi

We document the occurrence, mineralogy and firing properties of magnesite from hydrothermal deposits in the upper Cretaceous ophiolites of Eastern Iran. These deposits occur as thin veins of nearly pure cryptocrystalline magnesite with only trace amounts of quartz, calcite, and dolomite. Ratios of CaO/SiO2 in the bulk ore are variable. The composition of dead-burned magnesite from these deposits, calcined at different temperatures and durations, is predictable from phase equilibria. Textures of the calcined magnesite were studied by SEM; results show that the principal impurites produced during calcination are forsterite, monticellite, merwinite, dicalcium and tricalcium silicates, and that these are located principally at triple junctions of the periclase crystals. The size of periclase crystals increased with temperature and duration of calcination and the amount of periclase-periclase grain contacts was reduced by increasing the concentration of impurities in the starting products. EPMA show: 1) that CaO and FeO contents in periclase increase steadily with an increase in the CaO/SiO2 ratio and the FeO content of the bulk ore, respectively, and 2) that limited solid solution exists between impurites. This study demonstrates that high quality dead-burned magnesia refractories can be produced from the Iranian magnesite with low CaO, SiO2 and FeO contents.

May 1, 2004

By B. St. Pierre

"The alchemists' symbol for antimony is a diamond with a dot in the centre. The latin name ''stibium'' gives this mineral its chemical symbol ""Sb"" and the name to the principal ore containing antimony. This is Stibnite, a sulphide of antimony, and the valuable mineral at the Consolidated Durham operations. Stibnite chemically pure contains 71.69% antimony metal.Antimony is used in many forms, as an alloy in the production of metal products and as chemical compounds of oxides and sulphides. In Biblical times, antimony was used as a medicine and as eyebrow makeup.Today, the largest single use of the metal is as a hardener and strengthener of lead, and corrosion inhibitor in storage batteries. New applications for antimony in its oxide form as fire retardants are broadening the overall demand especially in the chemical, plastic and fabric industries. Other users include the Military for such things as tracer bullets, shrapnel, smoke screens and flame throwers. An unusual property of the metal is that it contracts when heated which has made it a valuable alloying metal in the printing industry, for heat shields on re-entry vehicles used in the space programmes, and also for the manufacture of bearings."

Jan 1, 1977

By Lloyd Rowson

??Several factors have led to a review and reoptimization of the Midwest uranium deposit by AREVA Resources Canada Inc., the project operator, on behalf of the owners ??The current proposal is to mine the deposit using open pit methods and then transport the ore by truck on a dedicated road linking the Midwest site with AREVA?s McClean Lake Operation (JEB mill) for processing ??A decision has been made to begin mining the deposit by 2010 (pending regulatory approvals)

May 1, 2008

By Bahjat Khoshaba, Bern Klein, Haixing Yan, Libin Tong, Andrew Bamber

"When a conductive or magnetic particle was put into an electromagnetic field introduced by an electromagnetic sensor, the particle can influence the electromagnetic field which can be used to characterize this particle. The electromagnetic technology based on eddy current theory was explored to investigate its potential in both the separation of minerals and the pre-concentration of a base metal ore. Samples tested in the study included the minerals obtained from Ward’s Science and the low grade copper ore particles obtained from Mount Polley Mine. The effects of mineral type, sensor frequency, particle size, particle position on the sensor surface, and particle lift-off on the magnitude and phase of the electromagnetic spectra were investigated. The electromagnetic spectra of various minerals show that it is possible to separate chalcopyrite or magnetite from tested minerals, simply based on the magnitude of the spectra. The spectra of the ore particles were determined by the mineral in the particles with the strongest signal. The effect of the pre-concentration of the low grade copper ore is determined by the association of chalcopyrite with magnetite. Direct sorting is the mechanism in the separation of mineral particles, while indirect sorting is the mechanism for low grade ores.INTRODUCTIONSensor-based sorting technologies include radiometric, X-ray transmission, X-ray fluorescence, near infrared, photometric, inductive, microwave heating and so on. Sorting not only discards barren rocks away from the concentrator but also recovers metal bearing that would be lose to the waste dump. The benefits of pre-concentration using sensor-based sorting are achieved on reduced energy consumption for comminution and reduced water usage on a volume per weight of metal basis (Bamber, 2008; Gunson, Klein, Veiga, & Dunbar, 2012; Kleine & Wotruba, 2010; Knapp, Neubert, Schropp, & Wotruba, 2014; Kobzev, 2014; Lessard, de Bakker, & McHugh, 2014; Mazhary & Klein, 2015; Robben, Wotruba, Robben, von Ketelhodt, & Kowalzcyk, 2013). Amongst others, high frequency electromagnetic sensors were developed for ore sorting at MineSense Technologies Ltd. and are subject of this paper. Improving the understanding of ore heterogeneity is the basis for developing a successful semi-bulk or bulk sorting systems by incorporating the sensors in the material handling equipment (MineSense Technologies Ltd., 2016). The present study focuses on the bulk sorting potential and bulk sorting mechanisms of the electromagnetic technology in the pre-concentration of minerals or ores."

Jan 1, 2016

By S. L. Gertsman

Canadian steel foundry practice has made marked progress during the past decade. Equipment suppliers, development engineers, and foundry personnel have focussed their attention on every phase of the foundry operation, with a resulting lower demand on manpower and materials. Also, more rigid specification requirements as to dimensional tolerances and quality have necessitated improvement and increased control at every stage from the pattern shop to the cleaning room. The growing trend toward mechanization is clearly evident. Equipment such as sand mixers, sand reclamation systems, material handling devices, moulding machines, core blowers, etc., is being increasingly employed by the steel foundryman. This equipment not only increases production but also tends to lessen the human variable so prevalent and disconcerting in the early days of steel founding. The result has been an improved and more reliable steel casting, which is gradually obtaining wider acceptance by design engineers. The purpose of this paper is to discuss briefly some of the practices being used, and also the direction of development that is being pursued by Canadian steel foundrymen.

Jan 1, 1948