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By AIME AIME

WITHOUT frills, but with an admirable program of technical papers and discussion, many opportunities for social contact, and all New York for a playground, the 142d Meeting of the Institute will make the Engineering Societies Building a lively place from Feb. 20 to 23. Prices are down, even in New York. Come and forget the depression listening to the stories of old friends. Hear at first hand what is going on in your professional world. The fare is varied, of wide appeal. The program on the opposite page has been arranged carefully to minimize conflicts between the subjects in which you are interested. If it is not possible to come for all four days, check over the sessions that are most important to you. No changes in the scheduling are likely.

Jan 1, 1933

By B. Silliman

THESE ores occur in the Laurentian rocks in the town of Clifton, St. Lawrence County, New York. The Clifton Mining Company have opened these magnetites upon their estate of 23,000 acres, on the waters of the Grasse River, an affluent of the St. Lawrence, which flows for about nine miles across the estate, exposing a section of the formation, and affording ample water-power at numerous points. In approaching this district from De Kalb Junction, upon the Watertown and Ogdensburg Railway, the observer passes from the zone of the specular ores, which abound to a great extent in Jefferson County, across a belt of non-metal-liferous limestones, continuing for some miles intermingled with metamorphic rocks, and gradually giving place to heavy beds of granitic and porphyritic gneiss, the weathered surfaces of which present a gray and rough appearance, from the washing out of the feldspar; leaving the quartz very prominent, and completely disguising the real character of the rock, which, when freshly broken, has a lively reddish appearance from the predominance of flesh-colored and red feldspar. Beds of fine-grained quartzite appear also intercalated in the granitic gneiss. These are the dominating rocks of the magnetite region, but the magnetite is always found, so far as the speaker's observation extended, associated with beds of calcite, carrying hornblende, black and green, biotite, and brown garnet interspersed with yellow and magnetic pyrites. The strike of these rocks is about northeast, and their dip about 40° to 45° southeast.

Jan 1, 1873

By B. Silliman

THESE ores occur in the Laurentian rocks in the town of Clifton, St. Lawrence County, New York. The Clifton Mining Company have opened these magnetites upon their estate of 23,000 acres, on the waters of the Grasse River, an affluent of the St. Lawrence, which flows for about nine milt",3 across the estate, exposing a section of the formation, and affording ample water-power at numerous points. In approaching this district from De Kalb Junction, upon the Watertown and Ogdensburg Railway, the observer passes from the zone of the specular ores, which abound to a great extent in Jefferson County, across a belt of non-metal-liferous limestones, continuing for some miles intermingled with metamorphic rocks, and gradually giving place to heavy beds of granitic and porphyritic gneiss, the weathered surfaces of which present a gray and rough appearance, from the washing out of the feldspar; leaving the quartz very prominent, and completely disguising the real character of the rock, which, when freshly broken, has a lively reddish appearance from the predominance of flesh-colored and red feldspar. Beds of fine-grained quartzite appear also intercalated in the granitic gneiss. These are the dominating rocks of the magnetite region, but the magnetite is always found, so far as the speaker's observation extended, associated with beds of calcite, carrying hornblende, black and green, biotite, and brown garnet interspersed with yellow and magnetic pyrites. The strike of these rocks is about northeast, and their dip about 40' to 45' southeast

By T. Sterry Hunt

Jan 1, 1884

By Donald B. Gillies

THE great source of iron ore for the furnaces of this country has been the Lake Superior district. Ore was first discovered there in 1844, and the first shipments made via the Great Lakes in 1852 to a furnace at New Castle, Pa. The stream of ore from that region increased slowly to exceed a million tons in 1873, and did not reach 10 million tons until 1895. By 1901 it exceeded 20 million tons, and in 1907 over 40 million tons. Total Lake Superior output through 1948 was about 2500 million long tons. Outside the Lake Superior district are the Southern district, including mainly Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, and Texas; the Eastern district of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; the Western district embracing Wyoming, Utah, and California.

Jan 1, 1949

By Theodore Marvin

NOW that real progress is being made in building airplanes that can stand up under adverse conditions in isolated parts of the world, utilization of aviation by mining and petroleum companies is proceeding rapidly. This isolation, offering such handicaps to ordinary methods of transportation, also was the thorn in the flesh of aviation until the recent advances in plane and englue design. The accompanying illustration shows one of the six new planes just delivered to the U. S. Government for map making. The planes will be used in Department of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Navy Hydrographic, and Insular work. There is a trap door in the bottom of the hull for a Fairchild camera which takes five pictures-vertical, N60°, E60°, S60°, and W60°-at regular intervals. It is manufactured by the Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., Farmingdale, N. Y.

Jan 1, 1935

By J. L. W. Birkinbine

INTRODUCTION. This paper is a discussion of a part of the mineral wealth of the States of Oaxaca and Puebla, Mexico. It does not refer to the precious metals, some miles of which, in these States, are said to have been worked before the advent of the Spanish conquistadores in the sixteenth century, as my purpose is to invite attention to the exploration of deposits of coal and iron-ores in the Mixteca region. The prominence given to coal is warranted by the great effect of the scarcity of fuel upon the industrial development of Mexico. Under the progressive administration of President Porfirio Diaz, the Republic has made wonderful advances in the past three decades; and this progress would have been greater but for the limitations imposed by expensive fuel. In the spring of 1906 I was detailed by the Birkinbine Engineering Offices, of Philadelphia, to accompany A. B. Adams, of New York, in a reconnoissance of reported deposits of iron-ores in the State of Oaxaca. The result of this expedition was the formation, in 1907, of the Oaxaca Iron & Coal Co., of which Mr. Adams became, and has remained, President and General Manager, and I have spent the past three years as Chief Engineer of this company in Mexico, principally in western Oaxaca, where field-headquarters were established. GEOGRAPHY AND POPULATION. Although the geographical anti topographical, features of the Republic of Mexico are well known, few realize that the majority. of its population is domiciled in the States which immediately surround the capital city of Mexico, including the Federal District, Mexico, Tlaxcala, Morelos, Puebla,

Sep 1, 1910

By Harry H. Power

WORK of the Committee on Education of the Petroleum Division has been under way for approximately-one year. Although some progress has been made, further activities of the Committee are necessary in order to discuss mutual problems more thoroughly by a unified group interested primarily in this field of specialization.

Jan 1, 1944

SECTION I Page Page Manuscript Closing Date, Febru- Forthcoming Meetings xxvii ary Meeting v . Library xxviii New York Section War Meeting on Membership xxxii Ferro-Alloys v Biographical Notices: Minutes of Meeting, Board of Robert Bell, by F. D. Adams. xlix Directors xvii H. J. Cantwell, by H. A. Members in Military Service xviii Wheeler 1 Personal xxiii Institute Committees Iii Employment xxv Officers and Directors Ix

Jan 11, 1917

By Courtenay de Kalb

REVISION of the United States mining law is needed. chiefly because of the following reasons: 1. The conceptions as to the characteristics of orebodies that were held at the time the statute of 1872 was enacted have since proved to be in many respects erroneous. 2. The operation of the existing law has been found to work unnecessary hardship upon many claimants to mineral land. 3. The existing statute fails in large degree to encourage development of mineral resources. 4. The existing law often produces conflict between placer and lode-claim rights, working unnecessary injustice to placer claimants. 5. The methods of establishing the rights of locators on United States mineral land are defective, and are not uniform throughout the States within which such lands exist. LAW OF THE APEX The objections to the so-called "law of the apex" are so well known as to require no detailed statement. It is sufficient to point out that the apex rule was based upon the notion that ore deposits consisted of well-formed veins included between definite walls, like the slice of ham in a sandwich. The fact is that veins conforming to that simple type are rare. Irregularity is the rule, and the chief metal production of the United States comes from masses which bear no resemblance to the tabular form of vein. Manifestly the law of the apex fails completely in such cases. Moreover, the tendency is constantly toward the exploitation of ores of lower grade than could formerly be worked, and such deposits exist mainly in the form of large irregular impregnated zones and masses, so that the future. development of our mineral resources would be continuously embarrassed by shadowy claims to extra-lateral rights by the locators of so-called apexes

Jan 2, 1915

By AIME AIME

THE United Electric Coal Companies, operating large strip mines at various points in Illinois, pioneered in developing and perfecting the strip method of mining coal by use of large shovels and drag-lines. Coal stripping was first started on the properties owned by this company near Danville, Ill., in 1885. The first mechanical' excavating machine used for the purpose was really a dredge minus the hull, which had been purchased from the Marion Steam Shovel Co. It was erected on a wood frame supported by wheels and was referred to as a dry-land dredge or stripping machine. Wood was used throughout in the construction of this primitive excavator, even for the boom which was 50 ft. long. A single-cylinder vertical steam engine furnished power to hoist the %-yd. dipper arid swing the boom. 400 cu. yd. of overburden moved in a day was a great record.

Jan 1, 1936

By D. Y. F. Lai, R. J. Borg

Tracer diffusion of Fe59 has been measured in the a-stabilized Fe-1.8 at. pet V alloy from 700° to 1500°C. The activation energies are obtained in both the presence and absence of magnetic order. Furthermore, it is established that diffusion in the alloy is identical to that in pure iron and consequently the values of Do and Q accurately represent the temperature dependence for self-diffusion. The purpose of this investigation is to obtain an accurate estimate of the temperature dependence for self-diffusion in bee iron in both the presence and absence of magnetic order, and, in so doing, to establish the temperature range of the magnetic effect.&apos;" As the temperature interval suitable for diffusion measurements is severely limited in both bee phases of pure iron because of the intervening fee ? phase, the experiments were performed on an a-stabilized alloy containing 1.8 at. pet V. This alloy is bee over the entire range from room temperature to the melting point. Although there have been several independent investigations of self-diffusion of iron in a, iron,1, 3-6 there still exists considerable disagreement regarding the values of Do and Q for the paramagnetic region. The two systematic studies of diffusion in 6 iron6, 7 previously reported are also only in fair agreement; but in view of the extremely small temperature range available for diffusion studies, i.e., 1390o to 1535oC, this is not surprising. It is comparatively easy to obtain accurate values of Do and Q for the a-stabilized alloy inasmuch as measurements can be made over the entire temperature range -700o to 1500°C. However, in order to assume that these same values apply to pure iron requires careful comparison of the data in the a, and 6 regions in both the alloy and pure iron. We have made several measurements in the appropriate temperature ranges and are unable to establish any systematic difference between the diffusion coefficients of iron in pure iron and in the alloy. We therefore conclude that the values obtained for the alloy are truly applicable to pure iron; the complete evidence favoring this conclusion will be discussed later in this paper. EXPERIMENTAL The experimental methods will be given here only in barest detail since they have been thoroughly de- scribed elsewhere.l, 7 The alloy was prepared by induction melting and chill casting under argon. Diffusion samples were machined from the ingot and annealed in hydrogen for several days at 900°C to give an average grain diameter of 1 to 2 mm. The penetration profiles of the tracer were established by a sectioning technique, the residual activity being counted after the removal of each section. The tracer used is Fe59 which emits two high-energy ? rays of 1.098 and 1.289 Mev, respectively; these were detected by a ? scintillation counter equipped with a pulse-height analyzer. For the measurements in the temperature range -700o to 1130°C the samples were vapor-plated with Fe59, encapsulated in quartz under vacuo, and annealed in resistance-heated furnaces which are controlled to ±1°C. The specimens diffused at higher temperatures are prepared as edge-welded couples, the two halves being separated by a thin washer of the alloy to prevent sintering. The diffusion anneal is then carried out by inductive heating under a dynamic vacuum. The temperature is monitored pyrometrically. RESULTS The diffusion coefficients are obtained from the penetration profiles in the usual way using the error-function complement relationship. The results over the entire temperature range are shown in Fig. 1. In the linear region, 900o < t > 1500°C the least mean squares (lms) values of the diffusion coefficients are given by D = 1.39 exp[-(56.5 ± 1) x 103/Rt] cm2/sec [l] The average departure of the measured diffusion coefficients from the values given by Eq. [1]In order to determine whether or not the slope is truly constant over the entire range from 900" to 1500°C, the data are arbitrarily divided into two groups, the first containing values between -900" and 1133°C and the second between -1133o and 1500°C. The lms values for the two groups are given by Eqs. [2] and [3]: D = 0.519 exp[-55.7 x 103 /RT](900° to 1133°C) cm2/sec [2] D = 1.45 exp[-56.7x103/RT] (1133° to 1500=C) cm2/sec [3] Thus, there is no significant difference between the high- and low-temperature segments of the linear region. This not only assures us of the consistency of the values obtained by induction heating as compared to those obtained from the resistance-heated

Jan 1, 1965

By Morris J. Elsing

FOR MANY YEARS lead and zinc have had the so-called protection of a tariff and it is the purpose of the following brief discussion to show what&apos; such protection actually accomplishes with a view to forecasting the possible results of the present copper tariff. In analyzing the subject, tabulations of the United States production, consumption, imports and exports, including ore and concentrates and all of the metallic products, of both lead and zinc have been made for each year since 1900. Of these data, the relationship of the imports and exports and the relative foreign and domestic prices are shown in Table 1. The conclusions drawn from these figures are listed below. 1. The United States is an exporter of zinc. 2. The United States is an importer of lead. 3. The average price of zinc at St. Louis for the last 32 years has been no higher than on the London market even though zinc and zinc ore have "enjoyed" a protective (?) tariff of varying amounts per pound for 22 years of this period. 4. The average price of lead on the New York market for 32 years has been 1.2c. per pound higher than on the London market, the tariff varying from 0.75 to 1.5c. per pound of lead in ore, and 1 to 2c. or more on manufactured lead.

Jan 1, 1932

By Sam F. Harrison

Most hydraulic system malfunctions make their presence known by sending out warnings that are loud and clear to the initiated mechanic, according to Aeroquip Corp. service engineers. To detect problems in many systems, they suggest that the use of four senses-sight, smell, hearing and touch-and a knowledge of how to interpret the information gathered are all that&apos;s needed to identify hydraulic malfunctions.

Jan 3, 1978

By Roscoe C. Clark

In a previous technical note&apos; by Walter Rose, evidence is offered in support of the contention that "the possibility of describing oil recovery features in terms of capillary pressure phenomena has not been established entirely." It is not the purpose of this note to present further discussion of this possibility but rather to point out that the argument presented there does not appear to be generally valid. In the cited note&apos; reference is made to the experiments of Welge2 wherein it was shown that when water was displaced by oil from a core the pressure in the water phase was less than in the oil phase but that when this oil was then produced by water drive the pressure in the water phase was greater than in the oil phase. Rose has concluded from these observations that conditions of static equilibrium did not obtain since the fluid saturations were such that phase discontinuities seemed unlikely. The argument from which this conclusion was drawn is based on the contention that "the pressure is always greatest in the non-wetting phase at each static interstitial interface of contact with the wetting phase." This premise appears to have been reached from a consideration of capillary phenomena in cylindrical tubes, although it may a1so hold for other types of pore geometry, hut as will be shown below it does not hold for all pore shapes and hence is not generally applicable. Since the pore structure of porous media such as reservoir rocks i- in general so complex as to defy exact description. it is undoubtedly of great value to establish a model in terms of pore shapes of known geometry, provided of course that the limitations of the model are recognized. That the limitations of the capillary. or cylindrical, tube model have not always been fully recognized will be evident from the following discussion of a pore of different shape hut one which may a. logically he considered a.; the capillary tube. The pore space to be considered is that shown in Fig. 1, which may be thought of as the "hole in a doughnut."* Consider the interface, A-B-A&apos;, between two immiscible fluids, P, and P2, which interface meets the solid alone a line, A-C.A&apos;-C&apos;. The interface A-B-A&apos; is the surface of a spherical segmen† while the line of mutual contact be-

Jan 1, 1950

The following discussion occurred on the afternoon of Sept,. 22, 1930, as part of the fall meeting of the Iron and Steel Division at Chicago. About seventy-five men attended this session. C. B. Murray opened the meeting, as follows: C. B. Murray, Cleveland, Ohio.—It is very encouraging to see so many here this afternoon to discuss this important matter of beneficiation. The producers of ore, I am sure, are anxious to furnish the grade of ore that the consumer wants. The consumer sometimes wants that which cannot be economically produced and often the producer cannot understand why the consumer wants certain things. It was to bring together these two interested parties that this meeting was proposed. I was appointed the chairman of the meeting, chiefly because I happened to be the chairman of the Iron Ore Committee of the Institute. I know a little about iron ore but have not perhaps kept up with the times in blast-furnace practice. I am asking Mr. Sweetser, who is well informed from both sides, to take over the meeting and carry on the discussion. R. H. Sweetser, Columbus, Ohio.—We want to have a free discussion between the iron-ore men and the blast-furnace men as to just what we are trying to reach in the beneficiation of iron ores. Many of those present have had a great deal of experience. There are men here from the ranges who have been passing through the experimental stage of beneficiation of iron ores, and there are some who have already gone on to commercial production. We have reached the point where the beneficiation of iron ore is important to the whole iron and steel industry. The connection between iron-ore beneficiation and the cleaning of coal is so close that I think we can profit by working very close to the coal people. Some Aspects of the Iron-ore Situation W. G. Swart, Babbitt, Minn.—I was very much interested in Mr. Richards&apos;* paper on tonnages and the 20-year life. There is one interesting thing about the ore reserves; that is, the irregular distribution of that tonnage. On the Mesabi Range, for example, the United States Steel Corpn. owns between 70 and 75 per cent. of the reserve tonnage. They ship bctween 40 and 50 per cent. of the annual Lake Superior

Jan 1, 1930

By E. S. Wheeler

The conversion plant of the Clirnax Molybdenum Co. is at Langeloth, Washington . County, Pennsylvania, approximately 30 miles west of Pittsburgh. The molybdenite concentrates converted originate in the company&apos;s mine and mill at Climax, Co1orado.l They are delivered to the Langeloth plant by rail packed in 175-lb. bags. War production of concentrates at the mill started in 1918 but it was not until about 1920 that any peacetime uses of the metal began to develop. Early conversion of Climax concentrates was mainly into ferromolybden um, produced for the company by a custom smelter. Chronology of Plant Development In 1924 a small hand-rabbled roaster was built at Langeloth, the roasted concentrates being used principally in the production of calcium molybdate by a conventional wet method. The size of the original plant is indicated by the fact that during 1925 about 400,000 lb. of molybdenum was converted. In 1925-1926, a multiple-hearth roaster was erected (12-ft. 0.d. 8-hearth Nichols-Herreshoff); also the first experimental ferromolybdenum was produced at Langeloth. At this time sa.1cium molybdate was produced in the furnace by a process to be described. With continued interest in and increased use of molybdenum, it was necessary to arrange for enlargement of plant facilities. Although only one 12-hearth 16-ft. 0.d. roaster was erected at this time (1929), plans were prepared for a duplicate unit, which was completed in 193 5, giving a potential roasting capacity of some 16,000 lb. Mo per day under the then prevailing roasting practice. Shortly after this second unit had gone into production, increased demand overtaxed the plant, and as a result two 12-hearth 18-ft. 0.d. roasters were placed in operation in 1936 and 1937. This gave the plant a potential roasting capacity of 40,000 to 50,000 lb. Mo per day, and necessitated major changes in auxiliary handling equipment as well as improved facilities for producing ferromolybdenum. Following the introduction (1938) of a new product—molybdic oxide briquets— and because of the constantly growing demand for molybdenum, plant facilities were again enlarged in 1940 and 1941 by the erection of two 16-hearth 18-ft. 0.d. roasters. These two new units, along with a change in roasting practice, brought the potential roasting capacity to 150,ooo to 190,000 Ib. Mo per day, based on about 15 lb. per sq. ft. of hearth area. Other departments of the plant have necessarily grown, until today the plant is modern throughout and completely mechanized, with equipment geared to produce marketable products as follows:

Jan 1, 1944

By J. Boldy

Discovery of the Delbridge massive sulfide deposit in the Noranda district of Quebec resulted from an appreciation of the significance of a mercury leakage halo as a lithochemical pathfinder to blind ore. Its location, relative to a geologically inferred ore-bearing horizon within complex volcanic stratigraphy was also a factor. Systematic sampling of microfractures present in outcrops delineated a diagnostic anomaly, drawing attention to an area considered prospective for buried ore. The massive sulfide deposit was subsequently found to be blind and topped at the 110-m (360-ft) level.

Jan 1, 1985

By H. F. Mills

THE Iron King mine is 12 miles east of Prescott Arizona, in low foothills of the Agua Fria mining district. It was operated in 1906 and 1907, using gravity methods of concentration, mostly on oxide ores. In 1923 and 1924 shipments of sulphide ores were made to the Humboldt smelter. It remained inactive and stripped until 1936, when it was unwatered and sampled to the 400-ft level, the bottom at that time. In 1937 the Iron King Mining Co. purchased the mine and shipped oxide ores. During 1938 a bulk flotation plant of 140 tons daily capacity was erected. The mill has been enlarged and operations have been continuous since the mill first started. In July 1942, the Shattuck Denn Mining Corporation purchased the physical assets from the Iron King Mining Co., and since that time it has operated as the Iron King Branch of the Shattuck Denn Mining Corporation. Economic metals recovered are gold, zinc, silver, lead, a little copper, and fluxing pyrite. The ore occurs as a series of northward-dipping shoots arranged in echelon pattern, the series extending over a length of 3500 ft. Strike lengths of shoots vary from 60 to 600 ft, and widths from 3 ft to as much as 14 ft. The ore occurs in a sheared zone in pre-Cambrian chloritic schist. This schist belt is about 6 miles wide, and the ore zone is about 4 miles from the pre-Cambrian granites to the west. No intrusive rocks have been found in the mine, nor is there evidence of any on surface that might indicate a genetic connection with the ore occurrence (Fig I). The schists strike N23°E and dip 75° to the northwest, which might indicate an overturned thrusting from the granites. In the upper levels, the echelon pattern in which the ore occurs was quite regular, no disturbance of the enclosing schist, or of any faulting that might contribute to the formation of the ore pattern was noted. There is a possibility that the ore zone may be on the axis of an isoclinal fold. Another interesting feature is the more or less typical zoning of minerals along the strike in each of the ore shoots (Fig 2). The north end of each shoot is enclosed by schist, while the south ends usually extend out at full width beyond the economic mining limits in a pyrite-quartz low-grade material. The plane of demarcation between ore and schist is very sharp, with little or no impregnation of sulphide in the schist, especially on the footwall side. The footwall schists are usually firm and strong, and vary from dioritic phases to fine-grained, lighter colored bands, almost silky in texture. The hanging wall for a width of 50 to 8o ft consists of alternating sheetings of chloritic and pyritic schists. The mine is now partly developed to the 92o-ft level, with some diamond drilling from the 1150-ft station of No. 6 shaft. Economically there has been little change in nature or grade of ore from the top of the sulphides, about 200 ft below surface, to the bottom levels. There have been a few echelons in depth, just as there are in plan, and while a few shoots have had

Jan 1, 1947

By Leonard A. Wood, A. G. Winslow

Subsidence has occurred in several areas of the upper Gulf Coast region of Texas, although in most cases this is not evident without precise instrumental leveling. As referred to in this report, the region com- prises about 7200 sq miles of the Gulf Coastal Plain and includes all or parts of the following counties: Harris, Fort Bend, Waller, Brazoria, Galveston, Liberty, Chambers, Orange, and Jefferson (Fig. 1 ). Topographic relief is low, ranging from sea level at the Gulf of Mexico to 300 ft or more in northwestern Harris County.

Jan 10, 1959