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By Martin H. Rogoff

The presence of antibiotic materials extractable with polar organic solvents was demonstrated in coals of various ranks. Since these antibiotics occur in low concentrations, 200 pounds of a high-volatile C coal was extracted with acetone at room temperature to obtain sufficient material for detailed study. The biologically active materials in the extract were concentrated by extracting with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The fractions soluble in sodium hydroxide inhibited bacterial cultures when present in concentrations comparable to those at which other antibiotics are active (5 µg/ml). Steam distillation of the extracts did not yield highly active materials, contrary to the finds of other investigators. Mass spectrometry of the extract indicated, mainly, the presence of 6-ring compounds in the region of mass 324 to 392. The predominance of 3-ring aromatic systems found by ultraviolet analysis suggests compounds such as biphenanthryl or similar structures. The activity of the hydroxide- soluble material decreased markedly when the phenolic hydroxyl groups were transformed into trimethylsilyl ethers. Hydrolysis of the ethers yielded a product having the same activity as the original material, which indicates that phenolic compounds are largely responsible for the antibiotic activity observed.

Jan 1, 1963

By Sidney Katell

Continuing the series of cost bibliographies which was initiated with the publication of Information Circular 7516 in October 1949, the present report covers the period from January 1959 through December 1959. The abstracted articles, concerned with all facets of cost engineering in the field of petroleum and chemical plants and related facilities, were obtained from the following sources: 1. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars. 2. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations. 3. Chemical Engineering. 4. Chemical Engineering Progress. 5. Chemical Week. 6. Coal Age. 7. Coal Utilization. 8. Cost Engineering. 9. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 10. Nucleonics. 11. Oil and Gas Journal. 12. Petroleum Engineering. 13. Petroleum Refiner. 14. World Oil. On Oct. 16, 1959 a cooperative agreement between the Bureau of Mines and the American Association of Cost Engineers became effective. This agreement provides for the publication of the annual bibliography under the sponsorship of both groups with the work load involved in the preparation divided equally between the two. As a result, the present report partially reflects the efforts of the members of the Association.

Jan 1, 1960

By J. F. Barkley

During the present war emergency, under the urge of the Federal Government to store coal, the following; questions are arising n the minds of coal users: (a) Will the coal lose any of its heating value in storage? (b) Will it slack and give a smaller-size coal? (c) Will its burning characteristics change in any way? (d) Will it catch fire from spontaneous combustion? (e) What precautions should be taken when storing coal? In regard to the loss of heating value of coal in storage, tests made by the Bureau of Mines show that the loss commonly has been overestimated. Various types of storage tests were made on New River, Pocahontas, Pittsburgh Gas, and Sheridan Wyoming coals. The following is quoted from Bureau of Mines Bulletin 136, Deterioration in the Heating; Value of Coal During Storage, by H. C. Porter and F. K. Ovitz:

Jan 1, 1942

By R. H. Jefferson

This Bureau of Mines report describes a series of rapid wet chemical methods for the analysis of blast furnace slags. A "complete" analysis for total iron, manganese, silica, lime (calcium oxide), magnesia (magnesium oxide), sulfur, and mixed oxides (R203) can be routinely performed in less than 3 hours. These methods were employed as the analytical control procedures for the Bureau's experimental blast furnace operations and have been satisfactorily applied to the analysis of other slags and calcareous materials.

Jan 1, 1974

By K. C. Dean

During investigation of the occurrence of manganese deposits in the western United States, examining engineers of the Bureau of Mines collected samples from several properties in Montana. Extensive laboratory tests were made to determine the amenability of these ores to standard ore-dressing methods of concentration to produce marketable-grade products. The Tzarena claim, one of the properties sampled, is on the western end of the Rama or Black Chief vein in the city of Butte, Silver Bow County, Mont., on the southwestern periphery of the mining district. The Black Chief 'WAR system contains one of the largest and most extensive known rhodochrosite deposits in the world. Test work was conducted on two samples of Tzarena ore. Sample 1 is representative of a vain 5 feet wide on the 150-foot level of the Tzarena shaft. Sample 2 is representative of a vein 8 feet wide in the 100-foot level of the shaft. The Minnie Jane mine, 1/2 mile northwest of the Tzarena claim, contains ore similar in mineralogical composition to Tzarena ore but differing materially in manganese content and to some extent in physical characteristics. Ore-dressing investigations were made on three samples of Minnie Jane ore. Sample 1 represented stock-piled ore, sample 2 represented ore from Minnie Jane mine having a considerable sulfide content, and sample 3 represented low-grade ore.

Jan 1, 1951

By Lloyd A. Morley, Alan M. Christman

Introduction A wealth of information exists which deals with electrical grounding, both from a general viewpoint and from a specifically mine-oriented approach. Many parameters must be investigated in order to thoroughly cover all of the variables which govern the performance of electrical grounding systems. The emphasis of this work on open-pit practices re- presents a new development in the field of grounding research, and an exhaustive review of the relevant historical documentation is especially desirable. Grounding System Purposes What purposes are served by a grounding system? The answer is four-fold and may be summarized as follows. First, it must limit potential gradients between conducting materials in a given area (56). When a phase conductor comes into contact with a machine frame, current flows through the equipment, which tends to become elevated above ground by an amount equal to the voltage on the conductor. If a man were to touch the machine while he was simultaneously connected to ground in some manner, his body would also tend to become elevated in potential, possibly to a lethal extent. Thus, the grounding system should provide a low- resistance path for the fault current to return to the source. The maxi- mum potential to which a man could be exposed when touching a machine frame is equal to the voltage drop along the ground conductors inside the power cable, as shown in Figure 1 (54). The ground conductors, therefore, (page # 96 is missing from the original document)

Jan 1, 1976

By L. C. Marchant

Results of detailed analyses of four cores from the Threemile Canyon area in the P. R. Spring tar sand deposit in Utah are reported by the Bureau of Mines. The cores were obtained by the Utah Geological and Mineralogical Sur-vey as part of a l7-corehole evaluation program in the P. R. Spring, Hill Creek, and Rim Rock tar sand deposits. Average properties of the oil zone in the Threemile Canyon area as deter-mined from these cores are as follows: Oil saturation, 67.4 pet of pore volume; porosity, 29.2 pct; permeability before oil extraction, 133 millidarcies; and permeability after oil extraction, 2,855 millidarcies. Average net thickness of the oil zone is 23.8 ft and average depth to the top of the oil zone is 189 ft.

Jan 1, 1974

By William H. King

Preliminary examination of the Virgin River manganese deposit was made by C. H. Johnson, Bureau of Mines engineer, in March 1941. During, April and May 8 trenches were dug, a 48-foot inclined shaft was sunk, and 719 linear feet of channel samples were cut. McKelvey and Wiese, of the Federal Geological Survey, completed mapping the deposit, including the entire area of overlying formations comprising the point of land between the outcrop and Lake Mead. The geologic maps, maps, and ore estimates resulting from these examinations formed the basis for a preliminary report by C. H. Johnson, who recommended further exploration by diamond drilling.

Jan 1, 1949

By G. W. Jones

[The determination of the ignition tcqornturc ol" dict:iyl cther and othylene in air ma o;GrT;en rir..ic'r. is dcscribed In thin report J'IF.R mqdo primarily for comparison rritll sinilnr d~ton:in:~tions of ot; cr co~~o~imS-r, in the same apparatus and using the r?.:?.r.~o 1a.borntorg t cchzllique The investigation was conducted at the 2ittsbur;;h Experiment Station of the United States wcau 02 hii2cs vritEl tl~c cooperation of licrclc & Co., Inc.]

Jan 1, 1935

Active and abandoned mine sites can be an irresistible- - and sometimes deadly - - draw for outdoor enthusiasts, particularly children and young adults. Despite repeated warnings, posted signs, and fencing, tragedies involving accidents on active and abandoned mine property continue to make headlines, especially with the arrival of warmer weather and the summer months ahead. Over the last few years, there have been dozens of tragic incidents involving children and adults ventur­ing onto active and abandoned mine property. They include: A 16-year-old youth suffered fatal injuries after his all-terrain vehicle became airborne in an accident at a gravel mine near Albany, New York. A young boy was electrocuted when he contacted a high-voltage power line while sliding down a stockpile at a sand and gravel mine in Grand Island, Nebraska during its off-shift hours.

Jan 1, 1999

By Samuel A. Goldberg

The Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 delegated to the Bureau of Mines a yearly program of health inspections. Respirable coal mine dust concentrations are measured by Bureau inspectors. Samples of respirable coal mine dust are weighed to determine dust concentration and then analyzed for ash and quartz content. This paper describes the laboratory procedure for determining the percent quartz in the respirable coal mine dust samples.

Jan 1, 1972

By Fred L. Bishop

This paper describing the methods employed in the purchasing and supply departments of the Miami Copper Co., Miami, Ariz., is one of a series being prepared for and published by the United States Bureau of Mines on office practice in mining operations. GENERAL DESCRIPTION The Miami Copper Co.'s plant is located about 1 mile from the town of Miami, in the Globe-Miami Mining District, Gila County, Ariz. The property consists of a complete mining plant, concentrator, high-pressure steam power plant, and many other attendant structures. In normal times the company employs about 1,500 men, and mines and mills about 6,000,000 tons of ore annually.

Jan 1, 1932

By R. L. Montgomery

The heats of formation of lanthanum sulfate and the enneahydrate are -939.8 ± 3.1 and -1,587.1 ± 3.2 kcal. per mole, respectively. The heat of hydration is -32.5 ± 3.5 kca1. per mole. These values were obtained from heat-of-solution measurements of lanthanum oxide and salts. Low rates of solution precluded more accurate determinations of the thermal data. The heat of formation of the chloride was similarly observed to be -256.18 ± 0.28 kcal per mole. Heats of solution and combustion of lanthanum metal yield mutually concordant results, and earlier discrepancies reported in the literature may be ascribed to impurities.

Jan 1, 1959

By E. P. Youngman

The law of June 5, 1911, suplements and amends the Laws of April 21, 1810 (the basic law) and May 2, 1837. The Royal Decree of September 15, 1919, coordinates the provisions of the Law of June 5, 1911, with those of the Laws of April 21, 1810, of May 2, 1837, and of July 8, 1865, that have remained in force, as well as with certain articles of the Law of September 1, 1913, which revisad the system of taxation. The revised code has been brought together in one volume.3 All citations in this abstract refer to the coordinating Royal Decree of September 15, 1919, unless it is otherwise specifically indicated.

May 1, 1930

By BUREAU OF MINES

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ON CERAMIC INVESTIGATIONS U.S. BUREAT OF MINES .

Jan 1, 1923

By Ralph H. Espach

The value of careful fractionation in the manufacture of petroleum products is recognized more and more by petroleum refiners. Recent studies have shown that the quality of the products depends largely on the type of fractionating equipment and on the care used in operating the equipment. For example Rue3 has shown that careful fractionation of pressure distillate will greatly reduce the amount of chemical treatment necessary to produce finished gasoline. The advantages of the combination of pipe still and bubble tower in obtaining good fractionation are well recognized in the petroleum industry. However, the equipment designed in the past has in general been much too large for convenient laboratory use. The present paper describes a continuous-distillation apparatus for the laboratory study of fractionation. This apparatus has given very satisfactory results in the study of different crude oils and petroleum products. A discussion of the theory and action of bubble towers has not been given, as this subject has been discussed previously by Cooke and Rue4. It is believed that the distillation curves of the products obtained from this apparatus show clearly its capabilities.

Jan 1, 1928

By Eugene Frey

The Romur is one of several properties in the Copper Mountain mining district, Fremont County, Wyo., that contain scheelite deposits. The district lies on the southern slope of the Bridger Mountains, 18 miles northeast of Shoshoni and 15 miles from the rail point at Bonneville on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad (figs. 1 and 2). The tungsten deposits occur in a zone of pre-Cambrian schists and gneisses that have been cut by numerous basic dikes and granite pegmatite dikes. Scheelite occurs in lenses and pods that lie parallel to the foliation and bedding in the metamorphic rocks. The more important deposits are found in a lime-silicate rock consisting primarily of zoisite but with small quantities of quartz and carbonate. Scheelite was found in December 1941, and the area was mapped by the U. S. Geological Survey early in 1942. In November 1942 the Bureau of Mines commenced work on the Stardust-Comet group for the purpose of developing reserves for war requirements. The initial work consisted of driving an alit in the ore zone a distance of 109 feet. This zone was sampled during the progress of the work, and subsequently surface and underground exposures on adjoining properties also were sampled (figs: 5, 6, 7, and 8). One hundred twenty-four samples were obtained. Sample and assay data are shown in tables 2, 3, and 4.

Jan 1, 1950

By RUDULF KUDLICH

Pennsylvania anthracite coal is almost universally recognized to be the solid fuel best suited for domestic use when cleanliness , convenience and cost are considered . At various times and in various localities , however, conditions so affect the supply that it becomes insufficient or is too high in price and recourse must be had to other fuels as substitutes . In practically every district in the United States where anthracite has been the common domestic fuel , some other fuel is available as a substitute . In even the most severe climates such fuels are used either as emergency substitutes for anthracite , or as the ordinary domestic fuel . There may be some drawback to the use of such fuel , such as the need of more frequent attention to the furnace , smoke , soot and dust , in the case of solid fuels lower in price than anthracite , but these inconveniences must be accepted as necessary accompaniments to a decreased fuel bill . The cleanliness and ease of handling anthracite in the house must be considered in the light of a luxury and a higher cost of heating with this fuel must be expected . That a growing number of people are willing to pay for such added convenience is evident from the increasing mumber of heating installations using oil , gas and electricity , all of which are more convenient and usually more expensive even than anthracite .

Aug 1, 1923

By Walter R. Storms

This paper , which describes the mining methods and costs at the Atwood copper mine in the Lordsburg ( Virginia ) Mining District of Hidalgo County , N. Mex . , is one of a series being prepared by the Mining Division of the Bureau of Mines on mining practices , methods , and costs in various mining districts of the United States . The mine and surface plant are situated in the west half of sec . 7 , T. 23 S. , R. 18 W. , about 3 miles by road southwest of the center of Lordsburg , near the old abandoned townsite of Valedon ( see fig . 1 ) . The main line of the Southern Pacific Railroad passes through Lordsburg , as does the paved eastwest U. S. Highway 70-80 . A spur line of the Southern Pacific ends near the mine . A good graded road connects the mine with Lordsburg . The following pages present a brief history of the district , describe the geology , and outline methods of prospecting and exploration, including sampling and estimations of tonnages and values . Development, and mining methods are explained , and transportation , ventilation , drainage ,. safety measures , and organization are described . The wage scale and costs of development and mining comprise the corrcluding sections of this circular .

May 1, 1949

By W. W. Agey

The Calico silver-barite deposits near Barstow, Calif., are a potentially important resource. Exploration performed by two major mining companies out-lined large tonnages of ore that assayed at 2 to 3 ounces of silver per ton and 7 to 15 percent barite. Laboratory beneficiation work was done by the Bureau of Mines on four samples to develop methods for recovering the silver and/or barite. Cyanidation recovered from 47 to 60 percent of the silver from ore ground to approximately 100 percent minus 325 mesh. Salt roasting minus 10-mesh material, followed by regrinding and cyanidation, recovered 75 to 85 percent of the silver. From 75 to 90 percent of the barite was recovered in a plus 92-percent barite product from either the natural ore or from cyanidation residues. Salt roasting before cyanidation precluded recovery of the high-grade barite concentrate from the leach tails.

Jan 1, 1973