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By W. R. K. Wu

Studies are reported on the structure of coal and coke with the graphical , statistical densimetric method based on the relation between the molecular volume per carbon atom ( M / C ) and the atomic hydrogen - carbon ratio ( H / C ) . Previous work , mostly from chemical and physical investigations , is critically reviewed . Difficulties in evaluating the ring increment are demonstrated for coal and coke for the statistical densimetric method based on the additivity of atomic volumes of constituent elements . A new diagram is presented for the graphical method . Methods are introduced for correcting M /C and H/C for the presence of minor constituents in coal and coke . With the graphical method , the fractions of aromatic carbon atoms in the total carbon atoms are estimated for a coal , a resin , and 5 petrographic components ; the types of condensed structure in the fundamental units of molecules are discussed for these substances , 28 coals , and 6 " average " cokes at 500 ° to 1,000 ° C. It is also shown that the number of rings in the fundamental units of coal generally increases with increasing rank and that of coke , with increasing carbonization temperature .

Jul 1, 1960

By D. J. Parker

The ease of ignition and violence of explosion of Utah coal dusts, together with the large volumes of methane given off in some of the mines of the State, made it imperative to abandon obsolete equipment and obviously hazardous practices for up-to-date equipment and safer methods of mining if reasonable progress wore to be attained in fire and explosion prevention. Although much can still be done to improve safety conditions in Utah coal mines, considerable progress has been made in the past 10 years. The fundamentals of such progress include increased use of permissible electrical equipment in gassy mines, closed lights, rock-dusting, more liberal use of water at the face, butter ventilation, permissible explosives fired electrically both within and without the mine, partial inhibition of blasting while the shift is in the mine, 100-percent first-aid training, increased supervision and inspection, and mass safety meetings.

Jan 1, 1935

By E. L. Garton

[Analyses of may crude oils produced in Louisiana are included in reports that t have boon published by the Bureau of Mines. The first report, giving, analyse of 6 Louisiana crude oils, was 3 published in 1921 and this was followed a year later by Report of Investigations 2416,4/ giving 7 additional analyses. The eleven most important of these analyses were incorporated in Bulletin 291.5/ issued in 1928 In 1934 analyses of 26 crude oils produced in southern Louisiana were published.6/ The percent report presents analyses of 72 additional samples of crude oil from 45 fields in 23 parishes In Louisiana.]

Jan 1, 1939

By R. R. Wells, G. M. Potter, R. Havens, W. W. Agey

"INTRODUCTION As part of the program of investigating possible domestic sources of manganese, ore-dressing studies were conducted at Salt Lake City, Utah, on five samples of manganese oxide ore obtained by mining engineers of the Bureau of Mines from the Havasu Lake District, California and Arizona.Two lots of radically different ores were procured from the Arizona Manganese claims 30 miles above Parker Dam, Mohave County, Ariz. One of the original 11 claims has been flooded by Havasu Lake, formed by Parker Dam. The claims are owned by R. H. Thompson, Parker Lumber Co., Parker, Ariz. The 2-ton lot of high-grade ""TA"" ore represented ore occurring as pyrolusite and psilomelane accompanied by a black calcite gangue in lenses along a series of fault planes in granite. A half-ton lot of low-grade ""TB"" ore was taken from a large lense of reddish iron-bearing material outcropping on another section of the property.A 2-ton lot of ore was taken from the Jones property, 8-1/2 miles southwest of Powell, Mohave County, Ariz. At the time of the investigation, the property was leased by J. H. Jones, of Oatman, Arix., from the owners, the Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe Railroad Co. The ore body was described as a re¬placement in a sandstone formation in a region that has been faulted extensively."

Dec 1, 1947

By W. D. Dietzman

This Bureau of Mines report presents a continuation of statistics pertaining to distribution of petroleum reservoirs (or fields), wells, and production by depth and producing rate classification in the United States. These statistics show the change that has occurred since results of a similar study were published by the Bureau of Mines in 1967. Data are presented in tabular form by State for the 18 principal oil-producing States and by subdivision for the two largest oil-producing States, Texas and Louisiana. Tabular summations and graphical illustrations are presented for the Nation. The data are classified by 4-barrel-of-oil-per-day rate increments up to 36 barrels and one increment of greater than 36 barrels of oil per day and by 2,000-foot depth increments up to 8,000 feet and one depth increment of greater than 8,000 feet. The overall average producing rates for States and the Nation have been published for many years, and although such rates are useful, they are very general descriptions of producibility. A breakdown of production, wells, and reservoirs by various depths and rates and by State or by State subdivision provides a more detailed description of producibility.

Jan 1, 1975

By M. C. Malamphy

A general description of the activities and results of bauxite investigation by the Bureau of Mines at its bauxite project in saline and Pulaski Counties, Ark., has been given in Report of Investigations 4251. The factual data obtained during the project are reported in a series of Reports of Investigation beginning with No. 4251, of which this is the eleventh. The-data are accompanied by maps showing the location of holes drilled and the deposits developed. Each area upon which work was done is reported by half townships. Each bauxite deposit investigated was assigned a name and a number for ready reference and identification, and its location and name are shown on the appropriate half-township map. The description of each halt township is followed by a description of each deposit developed in that halt township. The 14 halt-township maps and 77 detail maps of the bauxite deposits in this series at reports give the locations and numbers of all the holes drilled on the project, except the deep holes drilled to test the geophysical anomalies. The locations of those holes show on figure 13 in volume 1. The descriptions of the deposits developed are followed by complete detailed logs of the drill holes. Many of the widely spaced exploratory holes did not discover bauxite of minable thickness and grade. The pertinent information obtained tram the widely spaced exploratory drill holes has been summarized and tabulated, and a table for each halt township is given with the discussion of that area.

Jan 1, 1948

By Sam S. Taylor

[The discovery of many oil fields in Illinois since 1936 and their rapid development have brought tine problem of brine disposal to the foreground in that State. The ultimate magnitude of the is not yet known, but already it is great enough to warrant technical investigation. The Bureau of Mines, therefore, has made a general survey of the methods of handling oil-field brines in Illinois and has studied in detail three subsurfaces disposal systems.]

Jan 1, 1940

By Timothy M. Barton

The U.S. Bureau of Mines is conducting research to assess the effectiveness of different chain pillar designs in maintaining gate entry stability. A particular concern is ground control for deep-cover 1ongwalls located at depths in excess of 1,000 ft. The study described in this report was performed in two experimental sections in one longwall headgate section which contained three different pillar designs. Two of the designs used conventional abutment pillars, while the third was a total-yielding pillar system. Both of the test areas were located under 1,800 ft of cover. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of these three pillar designs for gate road stability. As the longwall mined passed the test areas, Bureau engineers monitored entry convergence, roof sag, and changes in roof quality. The study indicated that the all-yield system performed nearly as well as the better of the two abutment pillar systems; but all of the three designs would have failed to provide acceptable stability for second panel mining without considerable artificial support.

Jan 1, 1989

By Kenneth M. Smith

"The kaolin deposits of Aiken County, South Carolina (fig. 1), have been worked continuously since 1852. It has been long known that the deposits contain a high percentage of alumina and that large reserves exist. These facts led to the early selection of this area for examination in the search by the Bureau of Mines for high-alumina clays. An exploratory program was started by the Bureau, and drilling was carried on from June 27, 1942, to October 31, 1942.The kaolin-bearing district occupies an area approximately 25 miles long and 11 miles wide, running northeast, with its center at Aiken, S. C. (fig. 1). Within this district, a triangular area bounded by Horse Creek, Silver Bluff Road, and Hamburg Road was roughly prospected by boring 43 machine and 12 hand holes. As a result of the data obtained, a final smaller area was chosen for more systematic prospecting. This area is bounded by Pine Log, Tewkesbury, Silver Bluff, and Craig Sawmill Roads and covers about 4,000 acres.Mineral exploration agreements covering 11,272 acres were signed by 35 property owners, and 11,956 feet was drilled in 200 holes on these properties.The Bureau of Mines exploration work in the district has indicated 19,514,000 short tons of kaolin, of which approximately 10,000,000 tons would average over 35 percent alumina.The tonnages and grades of kaolin developed by this exploration are tabulated below.All grades of this kaolin average approximately 2 percent Fe203 and 1.5 percent Ti02.This project was under the general supervision of J. R. Thoenen, supervising engineer, Non-Metals Mining Section of the Mining Division, Bureau of Mines, until July 1942. The -project was then under the general supervision of E. J. Lintner and later Rowe McCrae, consecutively district engineers for Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida. The final report was prepared, under the general supervision of V..J. Lynch, chief, Raleigh Branch, Mining Division, by William A. Beck from the original report by the author.Acknowledgment is made for the wholehearted cooperation and assistance given to the Bureau of Mines by the various operating companies in the district. Particular thanks are due Theodore Henderson, general manager; North American Clay Co., Wilbur Driver, general manager, and Howard Driver, assistant general manager, The Huber Clay Co.; H. W. Smith, president, The South Carolina Clay Co.; and J. Richard Parker, president, J. R. Parker Clay Co., all of Bath S. C.; J. B. Howard, Jr., superintendent/ the Immaculate Kaolin Co., Langley, S. C.; Richard Jones, president, National Kaolin Co., and William Winans, president, The Southern Clay Co., both of Aiken, S. C.; and W. S. Burkalter, Warrensville, S. C.Acknowledgment is also due the Metallurgical Division for analytical determinations and to James J. Page of the Federal Geological Survey for his aid in mapping and logging the holes.The first known use of kaolin from this district was by the Bath Pottery Co., which began mining an outcrop in Horse Creek Valley, near Bath, in 1852.. In 1867, R. McNamee, of New York City, acquired this pit and continued mining. This first mine is still known as the McNamee, and from its operation grew the present kaolin industry of South Carolina."

Dec 1, 1949

By John T. Dieckmann

This report documents the work performed and the results obtained in a 2-year development of a Mobile Inert Gas Generator for use in the Bureau of Mines Remote Sealing System for fighting underground coal mine fires. The performance requirements of an inert gas generating system for the Remote Sealing System were clearly established. A thorough review of seven possible system designs meeting these requirements was conducted. An air cooled, distillate oil fired combustion type inert gas generator was selected for further detailed design, hardware fabrication, and performance testing. The Inert Gas Generator constructed under this program has been thoroughly performance tested and has been operated in the field for approximately 200 hours. The system has met or exceeded all important performance requirements. The system was used in the fire fighting efforts at the Bethlehem Mines Corporation Cambria Division Mine 33 fire and contributed to the successful containment of the fire. The system was also employed in the demonstration of entire Remote Mine Sealing System at the Jenney Mine in the fall of 1978. The system is currently avail-able for fighting any future underground coal mine fires.

Jan 1, 1979

By John Ward Smith

Detailed oil yield, lithologic, and mineral distribution data are presented for core and drill-cutting samples from the Western Oil Shale Corp. Project Utah EX-1 Corehole (WOSCO EX-I), drilled to sample a deeply buried oil-shale sequence in the Green River Formation of Utah's Uinta Basin. Drilling of this corehole was part of the evaluation of this site for possible oil-shale development by nuclear explosion. Sections sufficiently thick for nuclear development average 15 gallons per ton or less and consist predominantly of low-grade shales. Some properties of low-grade shales may be advantageous to a nuclear experiment by facilitating breakage, fracture development, and in situ retorting. The formation correlates precisely with the well-studied oil shales 25 miles east near the Colorado border. A 235-foot mineralized section containing nahcolite, shortite, and searlesite whose bottom lies 300 feet above the Mahogany zone is described.

Jan 1, 1972

By D. W. Blaylock

1. The Lower Freeport and Lower Kittanning beds are the most important beds in Clearfield County, Pa., from the standpoint of production. The Lower Kittanning bed has the largest remaining recoverable reserves of any of the beds in the county. 2. Known measured and indicated reserves in all beds, based on a minimum thickness of 14 inches and 1,800 short tons per acre-foot of coal in place, are estimated at 1,909 million short tons as of January 1, 1953. Of this total, 1,177 million short tons is in beds 28 inches and more thick. Areas in some beds were omitted from the estimate because available data relative to the bed characteristics are too meager to make an estimate that conforms with the definitions of measured and indicated coal adopted for this study. Should future drilling or development prove reserves in these areas, such reserves should be added to the total estimated reserves.

Jan 1, 1955

By B. I. Ferber

Toxic and explosive atmospheres are discussed, along with some of the instruments commercially available for their detection. No attempt has been made to evaluate the accuracy of anyone device. This circular has been prepared primarily to aid mine inspectors in selecting suitable instruments for underground gas detection.

Jan 1, 1972

By D. Harrington

The prevention of accidents to children from blasting cans is of vital importance not only to everyone using commercial explosives but to the country at large. The manufacturers of explosives have realized this danger for years and have attempted to publicize the hazards of allowing blasting caps to fall into the hands of children. Unfortunately, many of tie users of explosives have failed to realize the danger or have ignored their responsibilities in the matter. Investigations of accidents to children from blasting caps (and scores of them occur annually) reveal that most of them are caused by blasting caps picked up or made easily accessible to the victims. The children who are blinded, maimed for life, or killed are in large part the innocent victims of the carelessness, thoughtlessness, or negligence of their elders, by whom blasting caps are left lying about, carried in the pockets, dropped or lost around blasting operations, stored away and forgotten, or left in places where trey can be found or are accessible to children. Many such accidents occur to children under 12 years of age, when they are still curious or inquisitive. One of the first reactions of a child upon finding a blasting cap is to investigate and "see" how it is made or how it "works." A blasting cap in itself, with one end open, invites a child to poke it with a nail, piece of wire, or some other object to see what is inside; or he may attempt to break it open with a rock or hammer. A lighted match could be thrust into the open end, and there are numerous other approaches, may of which can result in serious accidents.

Jan 1, 1944

By G. S. Scott

[The Duretiu of Kinen, as :) pr<r"Yof its :;encr:rL propan clealini: with the causes, behavior, n.ncl tor-trol of o1:t1?;.?cite-mine fires, hns investic:&apos;lte3 I varionr. Te:.nr, for Je tec tin:: iccj.r)ic:~ t he;, tint; :,:.zqdergro-.:rid and of <~e termining the trend of the hen tir..: once -I i&apos;i re j 7 knnm tr, he nrcsc~t.]

Jan 1, 1938

By G. S. Scott

[The Duretiu of Kinen, as :) pr<r"Yof its :;encr:rL propan clealini: with the causes, behavior, n.ncl tor-trol of o1:t1?;.?cite-mine fires, hns investic:&apos;lte3 I varionr. Te:.nr, for Je tec tin:: iccj.r)ic:~ t he;, tint; :,:.zqdergro-.:rid and of <~e termining the trend of the hen tir..: once -I i&apos;i re j 7 knnm tr, he nrcsc~t.]

Jan 1, 1938

By Shail J. Butani

In 1986, the Bureau of Mines conducted a probability sample survey, Mining Industry Population Survey, to measure such employee characteristics as occupation; principal equipment operated; work location at the mine; present job, present company, and total mining experience; job-related training during the last 2 yr; age; sex; race; and education. The population estimates are necessary to properly analyze the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) injury (includes illness and fatality data) statistics; that is, to compare and contrast injury rates for various subpopulations in order to identify those groups that are exhibiting higher than average injury rates. This report uses the survey&apos;s results to characterize the U.S. coal mining workforce from March through September 1986. A companion report, Information Circular (IC) 9193, "Characterization of the 1935 Metal and Nonmetal Mining Workforce:&apos; provides similar information for the U.S metal and nonmetal mining industry.

Jan 1, 1988

By B. R. Mohal, S. Chander

"The adsorption and wetting behavior of freshly ground and aged coals has been determined in the presence of a nonionic surfactant. The amount of surfactant adsorption changes with the concentration and ""age"" of the coal. The freshly ground coal has smaller amounts of adsorption at lower surfactant concentrations than the ""aged"" coal whereas at large surfactant concentrations, the order is reversed . In the latter case, more surfactant is adsorbed on fresh coal than on the ""aged"" coal . . It is proposed that at low concentrations, the surfactant adsorbs through both hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions with the molecule lying parallel to the· surface, whereas at higher concentrations surface micelles form at the hydrophobic sites. The wetting behavior correlates well with the adsorption behavior.INTRODUCTIONNonionic surfactants have many applications in the coal and mineral processing industry. They can be used as dispersing agents to modulate flotation, flocculation and filtration of particulates (1). They can also be used to increase the wettability of hydrophobic solids such as coal and can hence be used as dust suppressants (2,3). Although the adsorption of representative nonionic surfactants such as Triton N-101 (an ethoxylated nonylphenol with 9.5 moles of ~thylene oxide and HLB equal to 13.4) have been studied extensively on substrates such as calcium carbonate (4), silica (5) carbon black (6) and graphite (7), very few studies are available for coals. Coals differ from other substrates with respect to two important characteristics: 1) coal are porous and 2) coals consist of a patchwork of hydrophobic and hydrophilic sites (8). Since the adsorption characteristics of a surfactant are influenced significantly by the nature of the substrate the characteristics of the coals must be taken into consideration."

Jan 1, 1989

By Constantine C. Popoff

The Hermada antimony deposit is in the Sewtooth Range in southwestern Idaho, about 77 miles by road northeast of Boise. Stibnite mineralization occurs over an area one mile wide from west to east and two miles long. It is locally referred to as the Swanholm district. In 1947 high- grade stibnite ore was discovered on the East Fork of Swanholm Creek. Since then, ore in commercial quantity has been produced by the Hermada Mining Co. The total output for 1947-50 was about 5,000 tons of ore, containing 640 short tons of antimony metal.

Jan 1, 1953

By J. D. Dixon

This Bureau of Mines report describes the results of an investigation for developing and applying procedures for stabilizing excavations openings in highly yielding ground. The approach developed in this report involves nonlinear modeling of the progressive relaxation of the zones of rock mass around the excavations opening where Coulomb criterion of failure is exceeded. Stresses are calculated by using a computer code; Coulomb-failure condition is examined for both intact rock and joints (using strength parameters [~] and c). The rock mass in the failed zones is relaxed by reducing the Young&apos;s modulus of the rock based on an empirical formulation that is a function of the shape of the opening and the extent of the failed zone. In addition, the material in the failed zone is assigned reduced strength paramters 0&apos; and c&apos;. The limiting (or convergent) relaxed zone is obtained through an iterative process by manually changing the rock modulus and the strength parameters between iterations. Support pressures are computed by applying forces normal to the excavation surface. The approach is applied to the analysis of stability and support requirements for an entry in a longwall coal mine.

Jan 1, 1985