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By G. Kachaniwsky, M. Bédard

"The Noranda Continuous Smelting Process at the Home smelter was commissioned in March 1973. The ability of the process to handle a wide variety of feed materials and a steady stream of technical innovations in recent decades has served to maintain the Home as an efficient and versatile custom smelter. This paper reviews recent technological development and capabilities in areas such as sampling and preparation of secondary and complex materials, as well as the smelting and related environmental control issues. Future trends and improvements are also addressed.IntroductionThe Noranda Home smelter commenced operations in 1927. It was originally designed to treat 910 tonnes per day of copper concentrates and ores coming from the new Home mine site. In the 19305, the company opened its doors to other mines in northwestern Quebec. Treatment of feed materials on a custom basis has, therefore, always been an important factor in the operation of the Home smelter. Throughout the years, the Home gradually increased its custom smelting capacity, while maintaining its production from the Home mine. By the early 1950s, 65% of the materials processed was from outside customers, and by 1974, this figure had increased to more than 85% . With the closure of the Home mine in 1976, the company extended its smelting operations beyond ore and concentrate, and began to treat more scrap metals and residues rich in copper and precious metal content.Corresponding with the ever-changing pattern of feed sources, the Home smelter has adopted technological improvements to meet new and challenging business conditions. The technology of the original smelter of 1927has been completely replaced over the years in the quest for improvement. One of these major changes occurred in 1973 with the start-up of the Noranda Process Reactor. This extremely efficient smelting system has been exploited to treat a wide variety of copper and precious metal (PM) containing custom materials. This paper reviews recent developments and improvements achieved at the Home smelter, in the receiving, sampling and treatments of copper and PM scrap and secondaries, with particular emphasis on the development of new technology and equipment in complex feed materials treatment."

Jan 1, 1991

By Palaniappan Chidambaram

Despite the advances in processing technologies, construction techniques, inspection methods, and materials, the number of process safety incidents are still increasing, and often the same types of incidents are being repeated. While regulators are enforcing stringent requirements in regards to safety management systems, process safety incident statistics reflect a failure in effective implementation. Upon closer look at the implementation of safety management systems, it becomes evident that the systems were not built on robust risk recognition. The risk-based implementation approach enables facilities to develop systems focused on managing specific risks and quickly gain momentum and confidence to take next steps towards implementing comprehensive systems. This paper will cover the importance of risk recognition and governance, risk based implementation and the role of Process Hazard Analysis in managing operational risks through the lifecycle.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. Cai

"It is well known that Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) plays a critical role in triggering rockburst damage in burst-prone underground mines. To estimate the PPV distribution around excavations, advanced numerical modeling can be used. In wave propagation numerical modeling, velocity field is often assumed to be uniform around an excavation. However, it is observed that wave velocities near mine openings are not constant, but rather non-uniform. Wave velocity in a rock mass depends on many factors such as rock quality and confinement. In particular, confinement has a large influence on wave velocity. The confinement around an excavation is low at the wall boundary and increases gradually and reaches a constant value far away from the excavation boundary. Hence, stress redistribution due to excavation will have a profound influence on wave propagation in underground mines. A better understanding of the influence of excavation effect on wave propagation helps to interpret the field observation of rockburst damage and improve mine safety. For this purpose, a non-uniform velocity model need to be constructed and the influence excavation effect should be taken into account in numerical wave propagation modeling.In the present study, a non-linear velocity model is developed firstly by considering the influence of confinement on wave velocity. This model links wave velocity to confinement explicitly. A coupled numerical method is then developed and used to study the seismic wave pattern around excavations in underground mines. Two codes, FLAC and SPECFEM2D, are coupled in the analysis. The motivation of developing the FLAC/SPECFEM2D coupled approach is to take merit of each code, such as the stress analysis capability in FLAC and the powerful wave propagation analysis capability in SPECFEM2D. The coupling process is realized through three steps: (1) static stress redistribution around an excavation is analyzed in FLAC; (2) data for coupling analysis, such as non-uniform velocity field (based on the new developed velocity model), mesh, absorbing boundaries, etc., are generated by FISH functions in FLAC and passed to SPECFEM2D; and (3) wave propagation modeling is performed in the SPECFEM2D considering a fault-slip seismic source. Because stress redistribution around the excavation is considered, non-uniform velocity field for the SPECFEM2D model can be obtained and this is a notable feature of this study. Very large difference in the S-wave response in these two modeling approaches with uniform and non-uniform velocity fields can be seen from the modeling results.Using the FLAC/SPECFEM2D coupled modeling approach, accurate velocity models can be constructed and this in turn will help to produce accurate PPV distribution around the excavations. Accurate PPV contours can be used to identify high rockburst risk zones for improved dynamic ground support strategy."

Jan 1, 2015

By Jeonghwan Kim

Intelligent Excavation System (IES) has been considered to be one of the desirable solutions to improve the productivity, quality and safety of the current earthwork processes. IES is composed of various hardware and software modules including task planner (work command generator), local and global work environment sensors, GPS and other sensors to acquire the excavator?s status, robotic controller and electronic valves, and the manipulator (excavator). A data communication manager was required to coordinate the signal or data-flow in between these modules considering the operational status of IES such as; excavation start/completion, truck detection, terrain model update, emergency stop, local sensing, GPS/motion sensor data handling, and so on. This paper presents the role and functions of this data communication manager. After every possible operational status of IES operation was identified, a protocol of each communication process in the form of string-type was made. The components of IES are connected with either wired or wireless network. Therefore, they can communicate with the manager using socket (TCP/IP) communication. The data communication manager is also capable of accessing a web-based project management information system, which constantly updates the performance of excavation robot to online database.

Aug 1, 2013

By John F. Gartner

"New terrain maps provide information on the ground conditions in northern Ontario. This information has a relevance to mineral exploration because it assists the user in determining ground conditions prior to entering the area. The prospector, geologist, geophysicist and geochemist can then plan for the optimum use of exploration techniques best suited for theseground conditions.These terrain maps are the result of the Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study-a program carried out by five consultants under contract to the Ontario Geological Survey of the Ministry of Natural Resources. The area mapped is 370,000 km2 and more than 100 basic data maps at a1:100,000 scale will be published.An unique terrain legend was derived to facilitate the mapping and it allows the derivation of specific user information. Examples of some of these uses are described. Introduction""Where did all the boulders come from Charlie?"", asked the student, as the prospector and his young assistant clambered through the bush. "" Why son, they were brought down here by the glacier"", the prospector replied. ""But where is the glacier now Charlie? "", persisted the young man. ""Gone back up north for more boulders son!""An old story, but one that illustrates the importance of overburden to the prospector. The use of overburden as a prospecting technique is not new. In fact, the principles have been known in the western world for at least 235 years (Shilts 1976). More recently, Dreimanis's classic work on boulder tracing (1957) and Lee's work (1971) emphasize the role of glacial geology in prospecting. In addition, papers by Smee and Sinha (1979), Averill (1978), Bereton (1978), and Gleeson and Hornbrook (1974) all describe the importance of drift in mineral exploration programs. The discovery of the copper deposit in the northern Ontario township of Currie (Thompson, 1979) is attributed in part to till prospecting methods. So the significance of the overburden is firmly established, both in the literature and in the minds of today's prospectors, geologists, geophysicists and geochemists."

Jan 1, 1981

By Marty Hudyma

Mining-induced seismicity and rockbursting is one of the primary risks in deep mines. Seismic data management software has been created to facilitate analysis of mining-induced seismicity. The Mine Seismicity Risk Analysis Program (MS-RAP) is a purpose built database with mine seismicity analysis tools. One of the primary features of MS-RAP is the creation of seismic hazard maps in quasi-real time. The seismic hazard maps identify areas that are more prone to large seismic events and rockbursts, allowing risk management measures to be focused on the areas of greatest risk. These maps allow mining engineers to be more proactive about identifying and managing seismic related geomechanics risks in mines.

Oct 1, 2009

By F. Richards

"The property of the Cariboo Gold Quartz Mining Company; Limited; is in the Wells-Barkerville district of Cariboo mining division. It consists of a group of 106 Crown granted mineral claims and fractions; and extends for over 6 miles along what is termed the Barkerville gold belt. The main portal and mine camp are half a mile south of Wells; which lies at the northeast end of Jack of Clubs lake and is reached by a 55-mile motor road from Quesnel; the northern terminus of the Pacific Great Eastern railway.Gold-bearing quartz veins were discovered on the surface in various parts of the property by different prospectors as far back as 1877, but the work that led to the formation of the present company was performed by Al Sanders in the year 1926. Sanders dug trenches and drove small adits on quartz veins containing gold above what is now known as the Sanders zone. Very little underground work has been done beneath the earliest known discovery-the B.C. vein. The Cariboo Gold Quartz Mining Company was formed in the autumn of 1926. The total production of gold from its beginning in 1933 to the end of 1944 has been as follows:"

Jan 1, 1954

By L. G. Smith, C. A. Shook, W. H. W. Husband, W. Schriek

"The flow of slurries in pipelines is governed by many variables, and the study of the influence of each of these variables is difficult, if not impossible, in some cases. Many correlations are available which fit data within a given range. However, no one method is yet available to design a slurry pipeline for all desired conditions without at least some physical measurements on the slurry itself. For this reason, the slurry pipeline facilities at the Saskatchewan Research Council have been developed during the past 12 years and it is hoped that the development will continue until the process is thoroughly understood and test facilities are no longer necessary. This paper outlines methods currently used and under development at the Saskatchewan Research Council for measurement, control and study of the variables governing the flow of slurries."

Jan 1, 1973

By P. Plante

Contaminated neutral drainage (CND) is characterized by the presence of metal concentrations above regulatory requirements at circumneutral pH in mine drainage. The generation of CND by tailings and waste rocks is a growing concern for the mining industry due to increasingly restrictive regulatory requirements. Difficulties in CND prediction arise from the low oxidation rates of sulfide minerals and from the metal retention potential within the wastes. In fact, sorption phenomena may induce an important delay in the development of CND. For now, it is not possible to adequately consider this delay using the prediction tools developed for acid-mine drainage, such as humidity cells, columns and lysimeters. This work aims to present the new approaches currently under study for CND prediction, particularly the use of a chelating agent in kinetic tests. The main challenge of CND prediction is to quantify the metal retention potential of mine wastes, especially when sorption phenomena are involved in metal retention. Three approaches are currently used to overcome this difficulty. Firstly, the sorption potential is estimated using batch sorption studies. The second approach consists of artificially saturating the sorption potential of the mine waste by contact with a contaminated leachate in sorption-enabling conditions until saturation of the retention potential. These approaches both require that the possible metals involved in CND are known (as well as their chemical speciation) prior to the tests, which require an exhaustive material characterization. Although the two methods enable a qualitative estimation of the retention potential of mine wastes, their results are difficult to scale up from the laboratory to the field since some important parameters are not taken into account. A third proposed approach consists of inhibiting metal sorption at the source using chelating agents. The hypothesis is that chelating the metals immediately upon their release from the oxidation of sulfide minerals will inhibit all geochemical interactions (sorption, complexation, secondary mineral precipitation, ion exchange, etc.) between the metal and its environment. The ideal chelating agent will inhibit geochemical interactions after metal release in the drainage waters without having any impact on the sulfide oxidation and acid neutralisation rates. These approaches were tested over a waste rock sample that is known to naturally generate CND after a few decades of weathering. Results show that kinetic testing (weathering cell, ± 70 g samples) using a chelating agent (EDTA) in the leaching water renders higher metal concentrations in the leachates than a control sample without EDTA, suggesting that sorption (and possibly other geochemical interactions) is inhibited. These results suggest that the combination of these approaches can be efficiently used for more precise CND prediction from mine wastes. Future work will be done using the chelating agent approach over larger scale tests such as columns (± 80 kg samples) and field cells (± 100 tons) in order to propose an integrated approach for CND prediction.

Aug 1, 2013

By G. Vibert Douglas

IN a previous paper by Douglas and Gillies (1), a simple field test was given for gold. Later work by the present writers, and by others who have kindly written to us, shows that the test is not as satisfactory as it was hoped. In many cases, the gold mirror is completely obscured by a dense precipitate which, up to the present, it has been found impossible to remove. After many attempts, we have temporarily given up the iodine test and have been working on a simple pyridine reaction based on the work of Putnam, Roberts, and Selchow (2): The ore to be tested is ground to a fine flour. Place half a gram of this powdered ore (an amount that will cover a Canadian ten-cent piece, not heaped) in a six-inch test-tube and add 5 c.c. of aqua regia. The aqua regia. should be made up on each occasion, using four parts of hydrochloric acid and one part of nitric acid, both concentrated. Shake the solution in the test-tube for about one minute and allow to settle until dear. The rime to settle may be 30 to 60 minutes. When dear, a drop of the solution is with-drawn with a fine, dean eye-dropper or capillary tube and placed on à small glass plate. A slide such as is used for mounting rock sections is suitable. Now place an equal sized drop of pyridine solution on the plate beside that of the aqua regia solution to be tested. The pyridine solution, containing nine volumes of hydrogen bromide to one volume of pyridine, can be made up in advance and carried in a glass-stoppered bottle. Join the two drops with a glass thread or fine, dean stick, and allow the merged drops to stand undisturbed. I t is well to place the slide on a piece of white paper so that the presence of the crystals which may form can be easily seen. The time for their formation will vary with the amount of gold present, but the slide should be allowed to stand for at least 30 minutes before negative results are reported. A hand lens of at !east ten magnifications is essential. If gold is present, minute red crystals will form around the margin of the drops as these drops slowly evaporate.

Jan 1, 1938

By Stewart W. Daniel

"Increasing labour costs, the trend to larger mills, the processing of lower grade ores and a diminishing sup-ply of well-trained and experienced mill operators contribute to the necessity of automating a grinding circuit. With sophisticated process control techniques, supervision of the mill line is reduced to an occasional inspection by the shift supervisor. Process operating decisions and/or adjustments are quickly and accurately performed by the electronic devices to be described. When the variables in the grinding circuit are stabilized using the sensors and controllers as discussed, the over-all grinding circuit is maintained at its optimum grinding load level, with ample protection against under-and overloading."

Jan 1, 1967

By H. G. Harper, R. C. Hart

"The Mississagi quartzite is the basal formation of the Quirke Lake trough. As it is traced around the rim, a gradual change in dip is observed, as follows:Northwest corner 50 degrees south.Algom Quirke mine 34 degrees south.Quirke Lake 25 degrees south.Whiskey Lake 22 degrees west.Pecors Lake 25 degrees north.Algom Nordic mine 18 degrees north.Elliot Lake 11 degrees north.Pistol Lake 5-7 degrees west.Thus the apparent synclinal axis is a curving east-west line lying closer to the north limb than to the south. The axis appears to plunge west at about 5 degrees.The Huronian sediments lie on a basement of granites, gabbros, and volcanics. Diamond drill evidence indicates that this basement has a surface of peneplanation, and that the areas of soft basic rock have a smoother topography than the granite. For the most part the orebodies at the Quirke and Nordic mines overlie a basement of soft basic rock.The Mississagi formation is the host rock of the deposits, and its primary structures are suggestive of the conditions under which the conglomerate beds were deposited. Cross-bedding is common, although normal bedding varies from thick to thin to essentially lacking. Grain gradation is not common. Where coarse and fine grains occur together, the coarse tend to be more rounded than the fine. These features are characteristic of shallow-water deposits, laid down above the lower limit of wave action. Therefore, the quartz-pebble conglomerates probably represent ancient water courses, bays, beaches, and bars.The causes governing the creation of the trough can only be conjectured, but there is evidence that both subsidence and compressive stresses played active roles. Drag-folds in argillite beds near Whiskey Lake indicate compressive stress. On the other hand, gentle crumpling in thin-bedded limestones on Quirke Lake is probably due to pre-induration slumping and folding. If strong compression had been widespread within the trough, one would expect drag-folding and shearing of the incompetent beds to be more general. Two large-scale, fold-like structures were mapped by Collins, but their axes do not parallel the trough axis, and they are therefore not related to the major structure."

Jan 1, 1949

By R. F. Sharpe

THE Bullion mine, in the famous Cariboo district of British Columbia, is situated on the left bank of the South fork of the Quesnel river, approximately three miles below the outlet of Quesnel lake. A good road leads 63 miles northeast to the property from Williams lake, the railhead on the Pacific Great Eastern railway. The mine may also be reached over good roads from Vancouver via the Fraser canyon, Ashcroft, Clinton, and the 150-mile house, a total distance of 407 miles. In the early days of placer mining on the South fork of the Quesnel, several rich bars were found. The 'pay' on one of these at the mouth of Dancing Bill gulch was followed up the gulch by a Chinese company, who proved to be the discoverers of the present Bullion mine. This Chinese company commenced working in 1884, in what was then referred to as the China pit. Although working under very primitive conditions, it is reported that, during the ten years they operated the property, they recovered in excess of $900,000 in gold. This somewhat large recovery was due to a local concentration, the result of Dancing Bill creek having meandered down that portion of the channel and washed off the overburden. In 1894, a syndicate composed largely of the Canadian Pacific Railway directorate of that time, with J. B. Hobson as their field manager, acquired the property, as the apparent magnitude of the operation was too great for the resources of the Chinese company. Mr. Hobson, during the first ten years of his regime, developed the mine into a large-scale hydraulic operation, and during that period, from 1894 to 1905, recovered approximately $1,234,000 in gold. In 1906, the property was sold to the Guggenheim Exploration Company, who retained Mr. Hobson as Manager and embarked on an extensive programme to bring in additional water. This project was never completed, however, work being suddenly abandoned in 1907 and the mine closed down. Shortly afterwards, the property was purchased by a small operator on what is believed to have been largely borrowed capital. This venture resulted in no production, but in much litigation, which eventually reached the Privy Council in 1920.

Jan 1, 1939

By Rob Kelso

The PISCES Goals ? To conduct research and develop programs to enable and promote planetary surface exploration ? To host international tests and technology demonstrations at the PISCES Test Site. ? To promote STEM education, inspiring students by connecting Hawaiian culture to space exploration and settlement. - economic and workforce development ? To involve the commercial sector, spinning off technologies to help the local Hawaiian economy. ? To develop a full-scale, technically valid, analog lunar/Martian outpost on Hawai`i Island.

May 1, 2013

The following guidelines have been recommended by the Diamond Exploration Best Practices Committee established by the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum. These guidelines are applicable to public companies and their consultants reporting diamond exploration results. In respect of these guidelines, Diamond Exploration Results are results derived from the initial activities undertaken to investigate a diamond bearing prospect or deposit, to generate tonnage, grade and value estimates that cannot be classified as a Mineral Resource or Mineral Reserve. They do not address the earlier stage reporting of geophysical, geochemical or kimberlite indicator mineral results. Public reports of Diamond Exploration Results relating to mineralization not classified as Mineral Resource or Mineral Reserve must address the confidence limits of the result and contain sufficient information to allow a considered and balanced judgement of the significance of the results. The objective of these guidelines is to assist public companies and consultants in making appropriate disclosure of diamond exploration results by reporting in a manner which is: ??Uniform within the diamond exploration industry; ??Consistent with reporting from other industry sectors; ??Comprehensive; ??Unambiguous. The guidelines are not prescriptive. Materiality is the overriding principle that determines the information that should be disclosed. However, where a company or consultant deviates from the guidelines, the disclosure or technical report should state the extent to which the guidelines have not been followed, and the reasons for the deviation. The guidelines do not in any way replace jurisdictional reporting requirements (For example, the requirement for Canadian reporting issuers to comply with Canadian Securities Administrators National Instrument 43-101 by having technical disclosure endorsed by a Qualified Person as defined in that legislation).

May 1, 2003

By Ron Doucet

Industry today is now more than ever dependent on its assets and on the standard of maintenance. Changes in technology, environmental regulations, a continually improving focus on safety and global competitiveness has made maintenance a key activity in sustaining safe, financially viable and environmentally integral operations. Maintenance used to be looked upon as a cost centre with a sole focus of fixing equipment to attain high availability. Maintenance today affects all aspects of the business: safety, environmental integrity, energy efficiency, productivity, costs, and product quality. These new demands on the function of maintenance requires us to think vastly differently about what maintenance is all about, even to the point of contradicting old beliefs. In the following paragraphs we will examine some of the changed thinking that has evolved over the last 50 years. These new concepts will lay the foundation for the implementation of 21st century best practice maintenance.

May 1, 2003

By M. A. Upham

"Prairie Evaporites of the Province of Saskatchewan in a deep oil-well hole. Exploitation started in 1950 under a shroud of doubt that this huge reserve could be mined. It was fraught with almost insurmountable physical problems in penetrating the Prairie Evaporites. After 12 years of experimentation and development of new shaft-sinking methods, mining equipment and processes to treat the high-grade potash ore (sylvanite), a new era of high-risk resource development dawned in Saskatchewan.The development of 10 new mines opened up the largest known mineable potash reserves in the world and Canada became the second largest. producer of potash to supply domestic (U.S.A. and Canada) and overseas markets. A monumental program in marketing-devising new transportation systems and strategically locating warehouses-was developed in order to expeditiously service domestic and overseas customers. The year 1969/70 started a period of overcapacity and the problem of prorationing. As the market strengthened in 1974, the Saskatchewan Government applied the reserve tax to the industry. Then, they announced the setting up of a Crown corporation to acquire ownership by purchase of up to fifty per cent of the industry. During this time, potash was discovered in New Brunswick within 50 to 60 miles of a seaport, where two deposits have been explored by the same pioneers who started the potash development in Saskatchewan.With this background, the paper will examine various elements of the economics and marketing of Canadian potash."

Jan 1, 1980

By Vishal Shukla, Prateek Singh, D. P. Chakraborty

"Continuous thickening by an operation called sedimentation is the separation of suspended solid particles from a liquid stream by gravity settling. The primary purpose of thickening is to increase the solids concentration of the feed stream. High rate thickeners are designed specifically to maximise the flocculation efficiency. A detailed investigation has been carried out to understand the influence of ore type and operating parameters such as bed level, bed mass, rake arm torque and flocculent concentration on thickening operation. Tata steel’s Noamundi plant data shows that variation in ore type, and operating parameters are major contributors to fluctuation in thickener performance. A lot of research has been done earlier on thickening operation but effect of ore type and operating variables by using plant data was never touched before.In this context, the performance of thickener was evaluated by daily data to study the influence of ore type and operating variables on thickener operation. Investigation shows that friable ore % in feed mix is proportional to slime density because friable ore is porous & brittle in nature. As a result, friable ore generates more fines/ultrafine during communition process in wash plant. Increase in flocculant concentration and bed mass is showing a positive change on high rate thickener performance Investigation shows that optimum bed mass and flocculant concentration is required to achieve desired pulp density in thickener underflow at different feed pulp density (g/cc).INTRODUCTIONOver the years, Iron Ore Beneficiation at Tata Steel, Noamundi has seen varied changes. Depletion of high grade iron and with increasing iron ore throughputs coupled with lowering of the hard ore a subsequent increase in slime generation, slime management and clear water requirement for wet Plant has thrown up myriad challenges. To overcome these challenges, many improvements initiatives were taken by Tata Steel in last decade. One of the major changes is the recent High Rate Thickener commissioning at Tata Steel Noamundi to cater the high iron ore throughput requirement. Slime reporting to Thickener has increased from 1.4 MTPA 2.5 MTPA over the last few decades. The above changes further aggravate the poor settling and dewatering characteristics of the slurry which is being feed to HRT. Considering the above mentioned constraints and stringent environmental implication proper water management has become a major challenge to reckon with. The thickener is used to increase the concentration of the suspension by sedimentation, accompanied by the formation of a clear liquid. In most cases the concentration of the suspension is high and hindered settling takes place."

Jan 1, 2016

By E. Roman E.

A novel anode slime purification process was developed and tested at pilot scale in the Chuquicamata Refinery. The process consists of three main stages: First, an atmospheric alkaline leaching at 90°C, under controlled pH and ORP operation parameters where metalloid impurities are preferentially removed from the anode slimes with high efficiency. In a second stage, alkaline washing of the mud leached with addition of reducing agent, with the intention of reducing the silver of the AgCl to metallic silver releasing the chloride, and finally, copper and other remaining impurities are leached out in mild conditions (60°C, one hour in sulphuric acid). In a side process Se, Te, and Sb are recovery with high efficiency from the alkaline liquor as chemical grade products. The global balance shows a high mass loss yielding a final product with high precious metal and low impurities content showing advantages in both a technical and economic point of view with a clear environmental sustainability. This treatment allows either the direct sale of the purified anode slimes or its pyrometallurgical treatment to obtain metal doré without emissions of Se, Sb and As. Chemical mechanisms for this novel process are also described.

Jan 1, 2007

By Jason Prno

Context ? Climate change an issue of global significance ? Research is lacking ? Study initiated by the David Suzuki Foundation, led by ArcticNorth Consulting Industry Surveying ? 34% and 48% of respondents indicated climate change is already affecting operations ? Majority believed climate change would have negative impacts in the future ? Cost and uncertainty of Future impacts are major barriers to adaptation

May 1, 2010