Search Documents

[A Aall, Christian H., M49 A Dir, Smelt & Ref, Am. Metal Climax, Inc., 1270 Ave. of the Americas, New York 20, N. Y. Aaroe, S. L., A54 A VP, W. S. Tyler Co. of Canada Ltd., P. O. Box 100, St. Catharines, Ont., Canada Abalos, Teodulo Q., J57 A Prod Frmn, Lepanto Cons. Mining Co., Lepanto, Mt. Province, Philippines Abbitt, James M., A54 770 Sole Blvd., Bartow, Fla. Abdullah, M. Y., J53 Dept. of Mines Res. Div., P. O. Box 1016 Tiger Lane,-Ipoh Peram, Malaya Abel, John F., Jr., J53 F Mine Engr, Thompson Creek Coal & Coke, Carbondale, Colo. Abell, Leo M., M31 B Const Supt, Phelps Dodge Corp., Morenci, Ariz. Abendroth, H. E., A57 Mangore Australia Pty. Ltd., 901 Hay St., Perth, W. Aust.,, Australia Abenius, Hakan V., M52 Falun, Sweden]

Jan 1, 1961

By E. P. Klier, S. M. Grymko

The transformations in eutectoidal systems have been extensively studied as they occur in steels.&apos; As a consequence of these studies the martensite, bainite and pearlite reactions found for most steels are widely recognized. Further, because of the work of Smith and Lindlief2 and of Greninger and Troiano3 these reactions, except for the bainite reaction, are considered as typical for all eutectoidal systems. The primary alloy studied by Smith and Lindlief2 was a CuAl alloy of near eutectoid composition as was the alloy more recently studied by Mack.4 The transformations in these alloys were, for the most part, studied metallo-graphically, while an X ray analysis of structures was essentially wanting. It has appeared desirable, therefore, to investigate selected CuAl alloys at and slightly away from eutectoid composition. For this purpose three alloys were prepared containing 10.5,11.9 and 13.5 pct A1 respectively. The results of a metallographic and X ray analysis of structures obtained for isothermal transformation of the ß-phase are reported here for the 11.9 and 13.5 pct A1 alloys. Introduction The phase equilibria in the CuAl alloys of immediate concern are indicated in the equilibrium diagram section presented in Fig 1.5 The equilibrium and transition structures which have been reported in this system are as follows: a = copper rich terminal phase (f.c.c.) ß = high temperature eutectoidal phase (b.c.c.) r2 = aluminum-rich intermediate phase (r-brass structure) a&apos; = modified a-phase postulated by Bollenrath and Bungnrdt.26 ß1 = ordered ß (b.c.c.) ß&apos; = martensite structure: A1 < 13 pct (near h.c.p.) ß" = ß&apos; of Smith and Lindlief2 7&apos; = martensite structure: A1 > 13.5 pct (h.c.p.); ß2 of Bollenrath and Bungardt.26 The eutectoid transformation can be suppressed at sufficiently high cooling velocities. The ß-phase is then retained to about 500°C where ordering sets in. The ordering interval is not satisfactorily known but indirectly appears to be non-suppressible. Subsequent to the ordering reaction and consequently at lower temperatures, the ordered ß1 decomposes to a marten-sitic structure. The kinetics of these reactions and in particular those of the martensite reaction have an important bearing on the results obtained in this investigation. Since some confusion exists concerning certain reported aspects of these reactions, they will be considered in some detail. THE MARTENSITE REACTION The martensitic structure is formed on cooling through a critical range6

Jan 1, 1950

By Roy G. Mead

BECAUSE of its magnitude, and the type of occurrence, the deposit of boron minerals in the Kramer district, Kern County, California, is unlike any other in the world. Discovery of this vast deposit has brought about many changes in the borax industry, so a discussion of the geology, and the occurrence, would not be complete without a brief history of the development of the borax industry. Until the discovery of boron minerals in the desert regions of California and Nevada some seventy years ago, borax was imported from Tibet and India, principally for medicinal purposes, at almost prohibitive prices. Following the discovery of commercial deposits of boron minerals in California and Nevada, and the subsequent development of new uses for borax and boric acid, the consumption has steadily increased until today borax is used in some form or other in every household.

Jan 1, 1933

By B. N. Das, H. E. LaBelle, G. A. Wolf

ZnxHg1-xTe and GUPxAS1-x crystals have been grown from solution by a traveling heater method (THM). In a floating zone type fashion a solution zone sandwich of liquidus composition is made to migrate through feed material of solidus composition by a slow-speed movement of <0.25 mm per hr of the total charge through a stationary radiation or rf heater. ZnxHg1-xTe of composition 0 < x < 0.3 and GUPxAS1-x of composition 0.5 < x < 0.7 have thus been grown from their solution in liquid tellurium and gallium, respectively. A simplified analysis of heat and material transport is given. In this method, Proper adjustment of the temperature distribution along the liquid solution zone axis eliminates instability of the crystal growth front and constitutional supercooling. 1) ZnxHg1—xTe: The solid-solution telluride was grown in sealed quartz tubes at a temperature of 500 to 650°C. For first Preparations mechanical mixtures SINGLE crystals of solid solutions of III-V and II-VI compounds have been grown by various techniques from the melt, from the gaseous phase, or from solutions in of ZnTe and HgTe were used. X-ray determinations showed the resulting crystals to be homogeneous throughout their entire length, except for the end sections. The homogeneity is greatly improved by reusing the ingots obtained from first Preparations as feed material in subsequent crystal growth runs. Ingots of up to 4.5 cm have thus been obtained. 2) GaPxAs1-x: Crystals were grown in a EN crucible at a temperature of 1050°C. For first Preparation a mechanical mixture of Gap and GaAs was cemented together by a minimum amount of liquid gallium through "wet" grinding of Gap and GaAs crystals in the liquid metal and subsequent exuding of excess gallium by compacting of the charge in the EN crucible. Electron microprobe measurements using P-Ka and As-Ka radiation showed uniformity over a length of 0.4 cm. Properties of the various Preparations are described. liquid metals.&apos;-&apos; Their growth from the melt by passing a liquid zone of pseudobinary liquidus composition through a solid rod of solidus composition is generally a convenient method of growth of single crystals of solid solutions of homogeneous composition. This method loses much of its usefulness, however, if the melting point or the vapor pressure of the solid solution is high. In the case of a compound having a high melting

Jan 1, 1969

By Dix, E. H.

THE percentage of manganese used in commercial aluminum alloys is small, and yet this element is an important addition to some very valuable alloys. When used alone with commercial aluminum containing iron and silicon as impurities, the usual percentage in wrought materials is from 1 to 1.5 per cent., whereas castings may contain as much as 2 per cent. An aluminum-manganese alloy containing nominally 1.25 per cent. manganese is much used in sheet form for the manufacture of cooking utensils and other articles requiring a little greater strength and hardness than could be obtained with commercially pure aluminum. It is also used for various purposes in the form of rods, tubes and pipes. The aluminum-manganese alloys, both wrought &apos;and cast, offer excellent resistance to many kinds of corrosion attack. The U. S. Naval Gun Factory uses an aluminum alloy containing from 1 to 2 per cent. each of copper and manganese, for both castings and forgings. Manganese is also used, up to about 1 per cent., as a minor alloying .element in several of the strong aluminum alloys of the duralumin type. It is felt that the role of this element when thus used has not been fully understood, but it is believed that the results obtained in this investigation will throw additional light on the subject. The earlier work on the system aluminum-manganese was general in nature, and no detailed investigations of the relations existent in the useful aluminum-rich alloys have been reported. Guilletl1in 1902 surveyed the system, and Hendrichs2 in 1908 published an equilibrium diagram which, although based on .few data, is often used in the literature. Fragmentary work has also been done by other investigators."

Jan 1, 1927

Executive Committee. ROBERT H. RICHARDS, Chairman. ALBERT SAUVEUR, Vice-Chairman. TIMOTHY W. SPRAGUE. HENRY A. WENTWORTH. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary, 131 State St.., Boston, Mass. The twelfth meeting of the Boston Section was held at the Engineers&apos; Club, 2 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, on Monday evening, May 5, 1913, fifteen members and three guests being present.. The meeting Was called to order by Vice-Chairman Albert Sauveur, Who introduced the speaker of the evening, Utley Wedge, of Ardmore. Pa. Mr. Wedge read a, paper on the chloridizing roasting of copper ores, Which lie illustrated With a stereopticon, and Which will be published in full by the Institute. After Mr. Wedge had closed his paper, Which was received with great interest by all the members. the following discussion took place: Professor Hofman said that iron was formerly thought to bo essential to the Henderson process, but that it is not absolutely essential. Mr. Wedge said that., as far as he knew, the presence of some sulphates Was an absolute necessity, and that lime ores can be worked satisfactorily, although lime has an effect on the subsequent leaching. He added that the low fuel consumption of the latest Wedge furnace is a result of direct application of the combustion gases to the ore. Ten per cent. of fuel Was needed with the muffle furnace. By direct firing lie has been able to reduce the fuel needed to from 2 to 4 per cent. In the latest types of furnaces the uses from the upper hearth are not used. There is doubtless some tem-perature at Which the loss from copper chloride volatilization becomes serious, but in practice on Rio Tinto ores troublesome losses are not experienced.. The copper apparently does not become volatile at the temperatures where we would expect that it would. There are doubtless ores in which there would be serious danger from losses from this source. The latest furnaces do not use the high temperatures that Were needed in the former single-hearth Wedge furnaces.

Jan 7, 1913

L50 Adirondack L1 Alaska L2 Arizona L58 Arkansas L66 Billings Petroleum L3 Black Hills L4 Boston L5 Carlsbad Potash L6 Central Appalachian L60 Central New Mexico L7 Chicago L8 Cleveland L9 Colorado L57 Colorado Plateau L10 Columbia LII Connecticut L55 Dallas L12 Delta L65 Denver Petroleum L13 Detroit L14 East Texas L15 El Paso Metals L71 Evangeline L45 Florida L54 Fort Worth L16 Gulf Coast L61 Hobbs L62 Hugoton L68 Illinois Pet Basin L17 Kansas L18 Lehigh Valley L52 Lou-Ark L47 Mexico L19 Mid-Continent L20 Minnesota L56 Mississippi L21 Montana L22 Nevada L64 Niagara Frontier L23 New York L67 New York Petroleum L25 North Pacific L24 North Texas L26 Ohio Valley L27 Oklahoma City L28 Oregon L63 Panhandle L29 Penn -Anthracite L30 Permian Basin L51 Peru L31 Philadelphia L32 Pittsburgh L33 St Louis L34 San Francisco L59 San Joaquin L35 Southeast L36 Southern Calif L69 Southern Calif Pet L53 South Plains L37 Southwest Texas L48 Southwest Alaska L38 Southwest N Mex L44 Spindletop L39 Tri-State L40 Upper Peninsula L41 Utah L70 Venezuela L42 Washington, D C L43 Wyoming L49 West Central Texas L46 Philippine

Jan 1, 1956

By Thomas, J. Elmer

WHEN the price of crude oil was advanced on July 26, 1928, with some 4,000,000 bbl. daily of potential production shut in under proration regulations, and with as much more new production shortly available from semi-proved undrilled reserves, students of the oil industry were made to realize that a new order of things now prevailed in petroleum economics. A new interpretation of the law of supply and demand had taken the place of the archaic method of influencing current production by changing crude price levels. Proration had caused the change. The long period of over-production just experienced, the prospects of a potential over-supply far into the future, had set up certain forces which brought about some fundamental changes. Their cause, effect and future influence can best be developed by a detailed study of the history of the period since war-time regulation

Jan 1, 1928

By Kidd, Robert L.

INASMUCH as galena and sphalerite flotation concentrates are being produced that contain over 95 per cent galena or sphalerite, it is not unreasonable to believe that a flotation concentrate assaying at least 80 per cent of native gold can he secured provided the gold is free. As yet, little if any fundamental information has been published concerning the flotation of free gold either alone or in the presence of sulfides. So far, we are unable to make as complete a separation of gold from sulfide minerals by flotation as is possible in, the separation of one sulfide from another by this method. An introductory study of the flotation of several free gold ores has been made in our Utah laboratories. For this study three general types of gold ores were chosen, namely: (1) Quartzite containing 0.26 oz. gold per ton in which no base metals are present; (2) sulfide ore (2.04 oz. Au; 1.31 oz. AO containing pyrite as the only sulfide present and the gold free; and (3) oxidized ore (1.10 oz. Au; 0.70 oz. Ag) from an oxidized zone of the vein from which sulfide ore (No. 2) was taken; little sulfide iron was present.

Jan 1, 1932

By Paul D. Martinka

Coal is the principal energy source for the American Electric Power System (AEP System), which generates and delivers more electric energy to its customers within a seven-state area than any other investor- owned electric public utility. The company expected to burn 21.5 million tons of coal in 1968 at its coal-fired, steam-electric generating stations. About 4.3 million tons, representing 20% of the firm&apos;s total annual requirement, was the expected yield of its captive coal mines; the other 17.2 million tons were to be purchased from commercial mines in Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois. American Electric&apos;s largest captive coal mining operation is conducted by Central Ohio Coal Co., a subsidiary of Ohio Power Co., at the Muskingum mine in the Meigs Creek No. 9 coal field of southeastern Ohio. The mine was started in 1953 to produce the coal requirements of the Philo and Muskingum River generating plants of Ohio Power Co., and it has been supplying their annual requirements in the range of 2.5 to 3.5 million tons since that time. The Muskingum River plant is one of the major steam-electric generating stations on the AEP System. This plant began operation in 1953 with a 215-megawatt unit and now has five generating units with a total plant capacity of 1,495 megawatts. The addition of the 615-megawatt Unit 5 in the summer of 1968 increased the total annual coal requirement of the plant from 2.6 to 4.4 million tons. In order to produce the additional 1.8 million tons of coal for the Unit 5 addition and to exploit the remaining coal reserves at the Muskingum mine most economically, Central Ohio Coal Co. has undertaken a $41 million expansion and modernization program, involving the world&apos;s largest dragline and an electric railroad.

Jan 1, 1969

By Arthur C. Spencer

(Glen Summit Meeting, June, 1911.) THREE great deposits of iron-ore, in Camaguey and Oriente Provinces, Cuba, are well known to me through careful field-examinations executed in the years 1901 and 1907. In 1901 I visited the Cubitas iron-ore district, which lies about 12 miles distant from the city of Camaguey in a northerly direction, and the Mayari district, which includes the Sierra Nipe, lying opposite Nipe bay on the north side of Oriente Province. In 1907 I again visited the Cubitas district, and also made a sojourn of several days in the Moa district, where the extensive deposits of iron-ore were observed and studied. The observations of 1901 were made under the auspices of the then Military Governor of Cuba; Gen. Leonard Wood, and my conclusions concerning the value of these deposits were incorporated in a report.1 The examination of certain denouncements of iron-ore in the Moa district in 1907 was made in behalf of iron-masters operating in the United States, to whom I reported the existence of large amounts of easily-workable limonitic iron-ore, properly designated " brown iron-ore " in the terminology now current among iron-ore producers in the United States. In 1908 I published a paper entitled Three Deposits of Iron Ore in Cuba, outlining the occurrence and origin of the surficial ores existing in the Cubitas, Mayari, and Moa districts.2 . 1 A Geological Reconnoissance of Cuba, by C. Willard Hayes, T. Wayland Vaughan and Arthur C. Spencer, printed as a part of the report of the Military Governor of Cuba for the year 1901, vol. i. 2 Bulletin No. 390, U. S. Geological Survey, pp. 318 to 329 (1908).

Mar 1, 1911

By AIME AIME

THE American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers will hold its annual meeting in New York City, Feb. 9-12. The technical sessions, excepting the Sunday afternoon and evening sessions of the Mineral Industry Education Division (see the M.I.E.D. program) will be held in the Engineering Societies Building. The "All-Institute" luncheon on Monday will be at the Commodore Hotel; the Annual Banquet and President&apos;s Reception, the Smoker, and the Informal Dance will be at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel. The dinners of the Petroleum Division and the Institute of Metals Division will be at the Roosevelt Hotel.

Jan 1, 1942

By AIME AIME

THE official opening at the 134th general meeting of the Institute was held on Oct. 6, but it was prefaced by two round table conferences on Oct. 5. The open-hearth group held the fourth of their semi-annual conferences at the William Penn Hotel, devoting the morning session to discussing a paper by R. L. Cain on the "Manufacture of Forging Steel by the Open-hearth Process," and the afternoon to discussing P. H. Shaeffer&apos;s paper on the open-hearth charge. At the Bureau of Mines, a round table conference on the combustibility of coke was held on Tuesday morning, and the afternoon was devoted to a similar conference on the testing of coke. The formal opening session of the meeting assembled in the Music Hall of Carnegie Institute at 10.30 a. m. Graham Bright, chairman of the Pittsburgh Section; called the meeting to order and presided. President Taylor welcomed the visiting members and guests to his home city and reviewed briefly the advancement of mining in the past half century during which, for ex- ample, the coal output had increased from 53,280,000 tons to 523,357,000 tons per year. He emphasized the important part Pennsylvania played in mining and brought out the principal changes that had taken place in methods. In part, his remarks were as follows: The centennial year, 1876, found the coal business of. this country, as a whole, producing 53,280,000 tons, of which amount the bituminous mines of this State yielded 24 per cent. In 1925, this country produced 523,357,000 tons of coal, of which Pennsylvania produced 24 per cent.

Jan 1, 1926

How Mining Engineers Will Fare in 1977 Mining Education- The State of the Discipline Coal Mining Technologists are a New Force in the Labor Pool Trained Manpower Provided by Mining Technology Programs Putting New Engineers to Work-A Management Perspective

Jan 1, 1977

By E. Horton Jones

CONTENTS I Page Introduction ....:......................... 3 Chapter I. Unit Costs. . ...................... 4 Chapter II. Comparative Costs ..................... 20 Chapter III. Composite Costs..................... 32 Chapter IV. Wage Scale....................... 36 Chapter V. Raw Material Prices................. 37 Chapter VI. Description oF Costs ................... 64 Introduction We have endeavored in the following "sheets" to give the unit construction costs derived from &apos;the building of the Arizona Copper Co.&apos;s new smelter, Clifton, Ariz., starting in February, 1912, and completing February, 1914.l In Chapter I—Unit Costs—are to be found the most elementary total unit costs which the accounts provide for. They are usable in the Clifton district. Here too are found the percentages to be added to an estimate for Engineering and General Expense. In Chapter II—Comparative Costs—these elementary costs have been classified, averaged and reported as labor and material unit costs. In such form the labor unit costs, when properly applied to similar conditions as these under which they were derived, are usable anywhere. The material unit costs are better disregarded for more accurate estimates and replaced by a newly priced bill of material. In Chapter III Composite Costs are given. They are unit costs built up from several elementary units, and likewise units of larger dimensions and simpler application, valuable for

Jan 1, 1915

By Edwin M. Chance

EDWIN M. CHANCE, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. (communication to the Secretary*).-I have read with great interest Mr.. Liebermann&apos;s paper reporting dynamometer tests of mine cars and wish to express my appreciation of this investigation. The coal-mining industry needs just such precise study of the problems with which it is confronted.

Jan 10, 1916

By E. J. KENNEDY

METHODICAL AND EFFECTIVE: thus may be characterized the fall meeting of the Iron and Steel and Institute of Metals Divisions at the Hotel Statler, Buffalo, N. Y., on Oct. 4 and 5. Approximately 200 registered. Interest centered 1111 the technical papers which were keenly followed, with substantial discussion: During the entire week of the National Metal Congress (Oct. 3 to &apos;i), there were also other sessions of interest&apos; to metallurgists, directed by the America11 Society for Steel Treating, American Welding Society, Production Division of the Society of Automotive Engineers, the Iron arid Steel and Machine Shop Practice Divisions of the American Society of Mechanical En,&apos; the Wire Association and the American Drop Forging Institute. The National Metals Exposition at the 174th Regiment Armory was well attended.

Jan 1, 1932

By Oliver Bowles

GLASS razor blades, glass chairs, and marble window panes attest that creative genius was still active in 1935. Many less striking, though doubtless more important, developments are to be recorded for the nonmetallic mineral industries, and not the least of them is the establishment of an Industrial Minerals Division in the A.I.M.E. under the able leadership of Samuel H. Dolbear, Chairman. Thus the nonmetallics are rightly granted equal dignity with metals and fuels in the category of mineral industries. The brief review of progress that follows merely touches the fringe of important developments in this broad field.

Jan 1, 1936

By Vernon A. Mrak

The Powder River Basin of northeast Wyoming was the first area in the state to receive attention during the early days of uranium exploration. Although the uranium occurrences are many and widespread, most of the known ore deposits are quite small and difficult to mine. As a result of this, detailed regional exploration in the Powder River Basin has been neglected. The uranium ore deposits occur in that part of the Wasatch Formation that is of earliest Eocene age, and they are scattered over an area of about 400 square miles. All uranium ore deposits are associated with red beds or altered sandstones within the Wasatch Formation. Uranium ore was first shipped from the region in 1953. Total production through June of 1965 is 506,257 tons of uranium ore containing 1,922,527 pounds of U3O8. The average grade of ore is about 0.19 per cent U3O8. The major producing area of the Powder River Basin is the Monument Hill district where about 91 per cent of the basin's total uranium ore has been mined. The source of uranium is presumed to have been the Oligocene, Miocene, and perhaps Pliocene tuffaceous rocks that once overlay the area. Joints, fractures, and permeable beds or zones were the passageways for the migration of uraniferous waters from the overlying beds to the Eocene host rocks.

Jan 1, 1968

By H. J. Modi, P. L. De Bruyn

IN recent years interest has been aroused in flotation rate studies both from a technical and a more practical aspect. With increasing fineness of grind becoming a necessity in treatment of low grade ores, difference:; in flotation rates of various size ranges will assume importance in the evaluation of overall recovery results. Theoretical analysis of flotation kinetics was initiated by Schuhmann,&apos; who sought to define flotation rate of a given mineral and specified size range in terms of certain physical variables of the flotation system. Using as a basis for his analysis the bubble-particle encounter hypothesis previously advanced by Gaudin,&apos; Schuhmann writes for the rate of flotation (R,.) of particles of average size x, Rx = PcPa(x) V F. [1] In this relation Pc and Pa represent, respectively, the probability of collision between particle and gas bubble in a given time interval and the probability of adhesion of particle to the bubble after collision. Rigorously speaking, the term PC does not have the significance of a probability factor, since it depends on the time interval and therefore can be numerically greater than unity. The term c(x) expresses the concentration of particles of an average size x in the flotation cell in weight per unit volume of pulp, and V denotes the total volume of pulp in the cell. The product, P,c(x)V, defines the frequency of particle-bubble collisl.on, and when it is multiplied by P,, the number of collisions per unit time resulting in successful adherence is obtained. The factor, F, measures the froth stability and is introduced because after fruitful bubble-particle contact some particles may still riot reach the froth launder. Coalescence of bubbles in the froth column or too short a bubble life could account for this effect. Schuhmann also introduced the concept of "specific flotation rate" (Q) to allow for the relative abundance of different mineral species in the flotation pulp. The specific flotation rate, having the dimension of reciprocal time, is defined as Eq. 2: Qx =Rx/c(x)v [2] and it also follows from Eq. 1 that Qx = PcPaF. [31 The theoretical aspects of flotation kinetics were also considered by Sutherland,3 who tried to improve Eq. 1 by expressing the probability factors in terms of such physical variables as particle radius (x), bubble radius (X), velocity of bubble relative to particle (v), the number of bubbles per unit volume of pulp (N) and the induction period (A) necessary for air-mineral adhesion. According to Sutherland&apos;s treatment, the rate equation, Eq. 1, transforms to R, = [3pX x v N] [sech2 (3 v ?/4 X) ] ?c(x) V [4] where the first term in brackets on the right-hand

Jan 1, 1957