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F. W. Matthiessen, who, with E. C. Hegeler, of La Salle, was one of the creators of the zinc industry in the-United States, was born in Altona, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, Mar. 5, 1835. He was one of a family of remarkable brothers, two of whom were long absociated in this country with the sugar and glucose industry. Mr. Matthiessen was educated at Freiberg, and came to this country in 1857 with Mr. E. C. Hegeler, after having, in company with that gentleman, visited the mining districts of Germany, Belgium, and England. They first went to Friedensville, near Bethlehem, Lehigh County, Penn., wherc attempts had already been made to produce zinc from the ore deposits found in that place. The ore was a he silicate but all attempts to extract zinc from it had failed. Mr. Matthiessen and Mr. Hegclcr were successful, but declined to invest their money in the zinc industry at Bethlehem because 01 certain local conditions. Hearing of the discovery of zinc -ore in the West, they visited both Wisconsin and Missouri and thought of settling in the coal region of East St. Louis. Finally La Salle, as being near to the Wisconsin fields and having much coal, was selected ae the site of the new smelting company, and on Dec. 24, 1858, the first shovelful of dirt was turned for the buildings of the new industry. The Civil War at first interfered with the manufacture of zinc, but afterward a lively demand for the metal arose and the future success of the institution was established. A large rolling mill was added in 1866, and in 1881 the manufacture of sulfuric acid as a byproduct was begun. Mr. Matthiessen also developed the Western Clock hlanufacturing Co. of La Salle, which manufactures the Big Ben alarm clock, from a small plant having 25 men to the present large institution which employs some 2000 workers. Mr. Matthiessen's affiliations with other metal industriefi have been numerous. But the contributions of the great zinc manufacturer to the causes of philanthropy and education have made his name known throughout the country, beyond industrial circles. He has given to the city of La Salle probably a sum total of $500,000 in various benefactions. Among the objects of his philanthropy were the La Salle-Peru Township High School, which he has made a model institution of secondary education for the entire United States; also the Tri-City Hygienic Institute of La Salle, Peru, and Oglesby, Ill., which he endowed for $200,000 This Hygienic Institute, which is unique in the United States, has a traincd staff of health officers, bacteriological laboratory, medical library, infant welfare station, milk station, free dental clinic, school nurse, and isolation hospital. Mr. Matthiessen was elected mayor of the City of La Salle three times and gave generously to the municipality of which he was the head. He also saved for the people of Illinois one of the great scenic districts of the state, Deer Park, with its cafions and natural beauties, which he con-verted into a model scenic resort, and the proceeds of which he gave to the charities of the Tri-Cities in which he lived. He died on Feb. 11, 1918.

Jan 1, 1920

By W. Crafts, J. L. Lamont

Electrolytic extraction of carbides from quenched and tempered steel and their examination under the electron microscope were found to be helpful in understanding the mechanism of secondary hardening in alloy steels1 and the same technique has been applied to isothermally transformed steels. A preliminary survey of the utility of the method has indicated that it has promising possibilities for investigating the characteristics of pearlite and bainite. The examination of a few carbon and chromium steels has suggested that pearlite is formed with carbides of two varieties representing the lamellar and nonlamellar forms and that bainite appears to form with a structure analogous to, but significantly different from, martensite. Procedure The method used for examining the carbides was similar to that described previously.1 The chromium steels used in the investigation were made from an Armco iron base in an induction furnace and were not treated with grain-refining deoxidizers. The composition of the steels is given in Table 1. Three-inch square ingots were forged and rolled to 1/8-in. thick sheet for use in the isothermal studies. After rolling, the sheets were sandblasted to remove the rolling scale. Specimens approximately 3/4-in. wide and l1/2-in. long were prepared from the 1/8-in. sheet. They were heated in a salt "bath at 2100°F (1150°C) for 1/2 hour, transferred to other salt baths at 1300°F (704°C), 1000°F (538°C), 800°F (426°C), or 600°F (315°C), held for various periods up to 100 hr and finally quenched in water. After quenching, the specimens were cut in half, one half being submitted to microscopic examination and the other half being used for the electrolytic extraction. The isothermally transformed specimens were submitted to examination under the light microscope to determine the degree of transformation and type of structure and were photographed at 2000 X. Carbide residues were obtained by electrolyzing in 10 pet hydrochloric acid and collecting the residue in glycerine to minimize attack by the acid. As pointed out in the earlier paper, the carbides are attacked to some degree during electrolysis. This attack is relatively minor on the coarser carbides but may be quite severe on the fine bainitic carbides. The residues were washed free of the glycerine with water and alcohol. The alcohol was removed by repeated washings of amyl acetate, and the amyl acetate suspensions were transferred to stoppered vials. Debye-Sherrer X ray diffraction patterns of the residues were prepared using a chromium target. A selection based on the microstructure and X ray data was then made of samples considered most illustrative of the progress of transformation. Electrolytically extracted residues from these samples were submitted to examination by W. D. Forgeng and A. C. Jenkins on the electron microscope at the Research Laboratories of The Linde Air Products Co. and electron micrographs were made at X 5000 and enlarged to 25,000 X. The micrographs obtained with both the light and the electron microscopes are mounted side by side in the accompanying figures. Although no effort was made to establish the T-T-T diagram for the chromium steels, the times for holding in the salt bath were adjusted with the intention of making the samples represent different stages in the transformation at temperatures of 600, 800, 1000, and 1300°F. The degrees of transformation and results of X ray examination are shown in Tables 2—4. The carbide designations refer to orthorhombic or trigonal carbide types and are not meant to imply that the compositions are exactly as indicated. X ray Diffraction Data The occurrence of Fe3C and Cr7C3 in these steels was found to be consistent with published data on comparable chromium steels. Steels A and B with relatively low ratios of carbon to chromium contained Cr7C3 in the pearlitic structures and FeuC in the

Jan 1, 1950

By Frank B. McKune

This is something new in my life. A lot of you men here today I do not know, and some I do know. So if you have any remarks to make, I wish you would give your name and the name of your company. This is the first Acid Meeting which has been held under the auspices of the National Open-Hearth Steel Conference, and I hope it is a success. Whether it is a success or not depends entirely upon the support we get. If it does get good support, I have the idea it will be continued as a regular feature of the National Open-Hearth Steel Conference. We all think we have pretty good practices. But we can all learn and I hope that you, gentlemen, who take issue with the things someone else has said will stand up and give your opinions. Otherwise, the meeting will fall rather flat, and we won't get a great deal out of it; and there will not be enough interest shown by the National Committee to continue to place the meeting on the regular yearly program.

Jan 1, 1940

By C. Kremer Bain

DURING the past several years of diamond drilling in Washington County, Mo., the St. Joseph Lead Co. has discovered a concentration of commercial lead-zinc ore at four different points within an area of 36 square miles. The largest and to date the most promising group of these orebodies is located in the Indian Creek area. It was considered to be of sufficient value to warrant development.

Jan 9, 1953

By William C. Sleppy

The nmgnetic susceptibility of heat-treatable aluminuin alloys is sensitive to chanyes such as solution or dissolution of solute and the precipitation of mew phases. By measuring the change in the magnetic susceptibility of aluminum alloys caused by various heat treatments, an empirical relation was found from which atomic arrangements in dilute binary alloys of copper, zinc, and magnesiutn in aluminum have been delineated. The relation predicts the ultimate formation of C1LA12 when copper is precipitated from solid solution in aluminum. Euidexce joy silovt- range order is found for copper in solid solution in aluminum in the sense that copper atoms avoid being nearest neighbors to an extent greater than would result from a purely random arrangertzeizt. Hume-Rothery has predicted such short-range order joy solid solution of copper in aluminum The Al-Zn system agrees with evidence obtained from X-ray scattering at small angles and predicts a tendency for zinc atoms to cluster in solid solution in aluminum. In the Al-mg system, the empirical relation indicates an approach to randor distribution of magnesium in solid solution in aluminum with a tendency for magnesium segvegation which increases with incveasing temperature. ThE magnetic properties of metals are complicated by the fact that contributions are made to them both by electrons of a "metallic" type which belong to the crystal as a whole, and by electrons in states localized on particular atoms. An expression1'2 for the bulk magnetic susceptibility of aluminum may be written as the sum of three contributions: where XA1 is the bulk susceptibility of aluminum per gram of material (in the cgs system, the units are those of reciprocal density); Xa1+3 is the diamagnetic contribution of the electrons localized in ion cores; Xa1 is. the paramagnetic spin contribution of conduction electrons often called Pauli paramag-netism: Xa1 is the diamagnetic contribution of the conduction electrons often called Landau diamag-netism. Ion core diamagnetism arises from the precession of the electron orbits which occurs when a magnetic field is applied to a system of electrons moving about a nucleus. Its contribution to the magnetic suscepti- bility is small, temperature-independent, and unaffected by alloying. The conduction electron diamagnetism is also temperature-independent and arises from the translatory motion of the electrons. For perfectly free electrons this contribution should be exactly one-third of the Pauli spin paramagnetism, but this relation is seldom even approximately true. Blythe2 determined the conduction electron diamagnetism in pure aluminum and found it to be extremely small. Any change in the conduction electron diamagnetism caused by alloying is neglected in this work. The Pauli paramagnetic contribution3 to the magnetic susceptibility of aluminum depends upon the number of electrons that occupy excited states and whose spins can be turned parallel to an applied magnetic field. The number of electrons free to turn in the field is proportional to the temperature and each spin contribution to the susceptibility is inversely proportional to the temperature. A slight temperature dependence of Pauli paramagnetism occurs when the number of electrons occupying excited states cannot increase sufficiently to balance the inverse dependence on temperature of each spin contribution. The decrease of the magnetic susceptibility of aluminum with increasing temperature is attributed to a temperature dependence of the Pauli paramagnetism. Estimates of the Pauli paramagnetism of aluminum have been made by several workers.2,4,5 All of the values are in reasonably good agreement with each other. In this work Xal at 17°C is taken as 0.761 X 10-8 cu cm per g. An expression similar to [I] can be written for the magnetic susceptibility of an aluminum base alloy containing a fractional weight percent x of solute:' Xa = (1 -x)XAl+3 +xXsoluteion * XaPauli +Xadia) [2] where X, is the magnetic susceptibility per gram of alloy, Xal'3and Xsolute ion are the ion core diamag-netic contributions, and xpauli and xdia are the Pauli and diamagnetic contributions of conduction electrons in the alloy. If the components of a mixture are not alloyed but simply mixed together in their pure states without producing a new phase, then the magnetic susceptibility of the mixture is given by the Wiedemann additivity law: Xm =x1X1 +x2x2 + ..xnxp [3] where X, is the susceptibility per gram of mixture and xnXp are the weight fractions and susceptibilities, respectively,-. for the pure components. The additivity law is not applicable to alloys because the outer electronic structures of the components are changed by alloying.' Both the Pauli paramagnetism and Landau diamagnetism are affected; hence the magnetic susceptibilitv of an alloy is usually different from that calculated using the additivity law. In this work the difference, X, -X,, is taken as a measure of the change caused by alloying.

Jan 1, 1968

By Wheeler P. Davey

In an article in the General Electric Review, January, 1915, reference was made to the X-ray examination of a steel casting 9/16 in thick. Fig. 1 shows one of the radiographs thus obtained. All these radiographs showed plainly the tool marks on the surface of the casting. All but one showed peculiar markings the shape of which strongly suggested that they were indeed the pictures of holes in the interior. A circular piece, 1 in. in diameter, was punched from the casting at a point where the radiograph shown in Fig. 1 indicated that a blow-hole should be found. (Location of sample shown by circle in Fig. l.) Fig. 2 is a photograph of the end of the punching, showing the hole that was found. Since that article was written it has seemed desirable: (1) to obtain data from which the exposure necessary for any thickness of steel could be at once calculated; (2) to find the thickness of the smallest air inclusion which could be radiographed in a given thickness of steel; (3) to determine in what direction to hope for further progress; and (4) to develop the technique of radiographing metals. In order to gain some preliminary data, several pieces of 1/2-in. (12.5-mm.) boiler plate were obtained, 5 by 7 in. (12.5 by 17.5 cm.) in size. In one of these, holes were drilled in such a way that the axis of each hole was midway between the faces of the steel and parallel to those faces. The diameters of these holes were as follows: Hole number Diameter I.........................................1/4 in. =6.3 mm 2........................................1/8 in. =3.l mm. 3................................... 1/16 in. = 1.6mm. 4....................................... 1/32 in. = 0.8 mm. 5........................................1/64 in. = 0.4 mm. Exposures were made on Seed X-ray plates at 20 in. (50 cm.) distance with Coolidge tube X-117, operated on Scheidel-Western induction coil with mercury turbine break. The X-ray plate was placed on a sheet of 1/8in. (3.1-mm.) lead. The steel was placed above this and a Iead

Jan 1, 1916

By Sherwin F. Kelly

THE present lull in engineering activities presents an advantageous moment for inquiring into the position now occupied by geophysics in its various fields of application. The recent over-expansion in all lines of work resulted in an uncritical employment of these methods of exploration which was bound to have its harmful reaction. The pendulum has now swung back, producing a decidedly hypercritical attitude toward the new science that had been recently welcomed so joyfully as the panacea for prospecting troubles. The severe retrenchment in exploration has forced upon us a period of waiting and, it is to be hoped, of profitable contemplation. This can well be employed in trying to pass a reasoned judgment on what position geophysics should occupy in the new geological exploration programs that will inevitably ac- company the looked-for industrial recovery.

Jan 1, 1931

By J. J. Mulligan, F. F. Colcord, E. F. Kern

The electrolytic separation of silver and gold has been practiced by the refineries in the United States for a good many years, and probably because of frequent visiting between officials of plants and the consequent exchange of views, operations in the various silver and gold refineries are very similar. We find, for instance, they practically all use electrolytes of approximately the same composition, which, no doubt, is more the result of experience than of studies of electrolytes. At the new electrolytic parting plant of the U. S. S. Lead Refinery, Inc., East Chicago, Ind., considerable attention has been given to the composition of electrolytes, especially to their conductivity and their effect on the character of the silver deposit. We are not aware that anything has been recently published on this subject and are, therefore, presenting such data as we have with the idea that, although it will not be wholly new, it may stimulate interest in the subject. Effect of Copper Content on Conductivity The first work was to determine the specific conductivity of silver nitrate and copper nitrate solutions. Concentrated solutions of silver nitrate and copper nitrate were prepared by dissolving analyzed chemically-pure salts in distilled water, and determining the silver and copper in each. Definite amounts of the concentrated solutions were taken, mixed and diluted to a definite volume. The silver and the copper were determined in each of these solutions and the conductivity was then determined. The plotted results are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The effect of increasing quantities of silver and copper is readily seen. A comparison of the two sets of curves shows conclusively the benefit of holding the copper content of the electrolyte above 5C g. per liter, as its effect is to increase greatly the conductivity in an approximate propor-

Jan 1, 1926

By Morris M. Fine, Norwood B. Melcher

It is out of the question, at this time, to select any one prereduction process as superior to the others. It is apparent that several share a basic similarity and that within the groups listed in Part 1, the reduction vessel is sometimes the only significant variable. Claims as to the virtues of one machine over another are difficult to substantiate: one may be rapid, another thermally frugal. Based on published data, however, all seem to be performing adequately. It would appear that processes based on carbonized pellets are most applicable to foundry iron at low production rates. Adaptation to large scale manufacture of blast furnace hot metal or to agglomeration of fine concentrates at the mine site is much less likely.

Jan 8, 1966

By William Campbell

FiRst I must express my deep appreciation for the honor of being privileged to give the Howe Memorial Lecture this year and at the same time my feeling of inadequacy to do justice to the subject. The first Howe lecturer was most fittingly, Professor Sauveur, his contemporary and friend, and the subject was beta iron. Last year the second Howe lecture was delivered by Dr. Mathews, one of his most distinguished pupils, who spoke on austenite. This year, the Howe Professor of Metallurgy was chosen to deliver the third annual lecture, and the subject ought to be martensite. No one but Professor Sauveur could have brought to life what was considered by many to have been dead and buried, and he so persuasively and convincingly proved to us by his experiments the existence of something that the followers of that new cult "X-Ray and Crystal Structure " would have us believe is simply alpha iron. And Dr. Mathews from his wide practical experience was so easily able to convince us that austenite was not only the most wonderful of the iron-carbon series, but that it was the wonder alloy of the future. If I were to follow in the footsteps of my distinguished predecessors, I would talk to you about martensite. But when I had planned this lecture, I found that I was writing about Professor Howe and his work and his influence on the science of metals of today, and that martensite had become the secondary theme. And when finally I was obliged to choose a title, I remembered that it was in 1901 I came from Roberts-Austen with a letter of introduction to his very dear friend, Henry Marion Howe, at the Columbia School of Mines, to continue my work at the next bench to Dr. Mathews. Since then a quarter of a century has gone by, and during that time all branches of science seem to have been remade, so great has been our advancement in knowledge and discovery. And now that Metallography has finally established its place as an important branch of science, with its own textbooks and literature, I would like to review what seem to me to be the most important advances we have made in the last 25 years. To do this, I would start with Howe's "Iron, Steel and Other Alloys," and end with Jeffries and Archer's " Science of Metals." In the preface of the former, Professor Howe wrote: My warmest thanks are due to the friends who have aided me with their counsel and knowledge. In particular, let me thank most sincerely Prof. Margaret E. Maltby

Jan 1, 1926

By W. H. Hough, P. B. Leavenworth

Development in the Upper Texas Gulf Coast during 1943 resulted in the discovery of 11 new fields as compared with 12 discovered in the same area during I942. Of the 11 new fields, eight are classed as oil and/or condensate and three as gas fields. In addition to the new discoveries, several more or less important new horizons and extensions were encountered in some of the older fields, as noted in the text under the heading "New Pays and Extensions.'' Drilling During the year, 418 wells were drilled, as compared with 356 drilled during 1942. Of these, 323 were field wells, of which 188 produced oil, 21 were gas wells and 114 were dry holes. The remaining 95 viere wildcats, 12 of which produced oil, 4 produced gas and 79 dry holes. Distribution of themwildcats with respect to the various trends may be summarized as follows: over the 91,340,492 bbl. produced in the same area during 1942. The production statistics in the text and the accompanying tables include condensate or distillate as oil production, because many Gulf Coast fields produce oils with a wide variation of specific gravities, all of which are commingled in pipe lines. Table 3 shows by counties all of the drilling and production" data applicable to this particular area. Outstanding Fields of 1943 The Upper Texas Gulf Coast covered in this report has 178 more or less active oil and gas fields, including the 1943 discoveries. Of these Table 4 lists those that were most important from the standpoint of production. Each of these fields pro duced in excess of one million barrels of oil during 1943. Some of the interesting facts to be noted from this list of some 26 oil fields are: (I) four of the fields— namely, Conroe, Hastings, Friendswood and Thompson—each produced more than 10 million barrels during 1943, whcrcas Conroe and Hastings were the only fields that produced 10 million barrels during 1942; (2) some of the older fields (discovered prior to 1920), such as Barbers Hill, West Columbia, and Hull, are still producing in excess of one million barrels annually; (3) some of the fields more than doubled their 1942 production—e.g., Anahuac and Friendswood. The large increase in production in practically all instances is the result of increased allowables from wells drilled prior to 1943 and

Jan 1, 1944

By W. H. Hough, P. B. Leavenworth

Development in the Upper Texas Gulf Coast during 1943 resulted in the discovery of 11 new fields as compared with 12 discovered in the same area during I942. Of the 11 new fields, eight are classed as oil and/or condensate and three as gas fields. In addition to the new discoveries, several more or less important new horizons and extensions were encountered in some of the older fields, as noted in the text under the heading "New Pays and Extensions.'' Drilling During the year, 418 wells were drilled, as compared with 356 drilled during 1942. Of these, 323 were field wells, of which 188 produced oil, 21 were gas wells and 114 were dry holes. The remaining 95 viere wildcats, 12 of which produced oil, 4 produced gas and 79 dry holes. Distribution of themwildcats with respect to the various trends may be summarized as follows: over the 91,340,492 bbl. produced in the same area during 1942. The production statistics in the text and the accompanying tables include condensate or distillate as oil production, because many Gulf Coast fields produce oils with a wide variation of specific gravities, all of which are commingled in pipe lines. Table 3 shows by counties all of the drilling and production" data applicable to this particular area. Outstanding Fields of 1943 The Upper Texas Gulf Coast covered in this report has 178 more or less active oil and gas fields, including the 1943 discoveries. Of these Table 4 lists those that were most important from the standpoint of production. Each of these fields pro duced in excess of one million barrels of oil during 1943. Some of the interesting facts to be noted from this list of some 26 oil fields are: (I) four of the fields— namely, Conroe, Hastings, Friendswood and Thompson—each produced more than 10 million barrels during 1943, whcrcas Conroe and Hastings were the only fields that produced 10 million barrels during 1942; (2) some of the older fields (discovered prior to 1920), such as Barbers Hill, West Columbia, and Hull, are still producing in excess of one million barrels annually; (3) some of the fields more than doubled their 1942 production—e.g., Anahuac and Friendswood. The large increase in production in practically all instances is the result of increased allowables from wells drilled prior to 1943 and

Jan 1, 1944

By Forest Mintz

Many oil and gas producers find it advantageous to borrow against the value of their hydrocarbon re- serves. This paper considers the requirements for a reserve based loan and the calculations that a bank would perform to arrive at a loan amount. Three of the most common loan structures, i.e. a term loan, a production payment, and a revolving credit/term loan will be discussed. A typical outline for each type of loan is presented. Finally, a comparison of major considerations in the three financing techniques is shown.

Jan 1, 1982

By Henry Newton

It may seem somewhat a work of supererogation to present to the American Institute of Mining Engineers, composed largely of gentlemen with whom the subject is so familiar, a paper on iron ores and their distribution. To many of them, however, it possibly will not be without interest, as there may be some, like myself, who hare nowhere found a connected account of the character of the deposits and the circumstances upon which are founded the great iron-producing centres of the world. This blank I have endeavored to fill,

By Henry Newton

IT may seem somewhat a work of supererogation to present to the American Institute of Mining Engineers, composed largely of gentle- men with whom the subject is so familiar, a paper on iron ores and their distribution. To many of them, however, it possibly will not be without interest, as there may be some, like myself, who hare nowhere found a connected account of the character of the deposits and the circumstances upon which are founded the great iron-producing centres of the world. This blank I have endeavored to fill,

Jan 1, 1875

THE CHAIRMAN.- This meeting is under the auspices of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, and I think the germ of the idea originated in the steel business. Last year there was a meeting of prominent people in the steel industry with the idea of getting together and discussing practical phases of their business, so that everybody could contribute and from that there might be benefit derived for the industry. Several months ago when Mr. Bain was in Salt Lake City, he and Mr. Oldright asked me what I, as an individual, thought of it. From that originated this idea of having the copper people come together to discuss reverberatory smelting and all its phases. In starting out, it seemed the best plan to ask members what particular subjects they wished to discuss first; that is, the ones that would be considered more important. We asked Mr. Oldright, or suggested sometime ago that the meeting be postponed until May because May is a lovely month in Salt Lake. There are a number of attractive features around the city. We have a number of smelters here and I think that probably the most of the benefit will be derived from talking in an informal way and visiting the various plants around. the valley. At any rate, speaking as a resident of Salt Lake, I am glad to see all of you gentlemen here, and hope you have an interesting and instructive time. The tentative list of subjects for discussion at this conference is as follows: Construction Walls, etc. Walls, proper design and thickness of brick for various types of charging. Bottoms, construction of. Binding steel, correct weight and arrangement, where thrust of arch should be taken. Refractory materials, feasibility of using different material in various parts of the furnace. Water jackets, where applicable. Should bricks be used inside of same. Gas space, proper design for, height of roof above bath, etc. Roof Shape of Roof, in hot zone and elsewhere, longitudinally. Construction of roof, in various zones, around openings.

Jan 1, 1930

By Samuel B. Christy

As is well known, the ore at New Almaden is cinnabar. Native quicksilver occurs also; but, as a rule, in small quantities only. Pyrite occasionally accompanies the ore. Bitumen is quite common,

Jan 1, 1885

By Frank Firmstone

In the summer of 1842 my father, William Firmstone, was engaged by Charles Jackson, Jr., of Boston, to examine the conditions in the Lehigh valley as a site for blast-furnaces using anthracite for fuel. In consequence of his report, he was further engaged by Mr. Jackson to build a furnace for him and his partners on the Lehigh canal, 2 miles above the mouth of the river at Easton. Work was begun in the fall of 1842, and the first furnace blown-in in 1844. The history of the works, therefore, from 1844 to 1887, when my own connection with them ceased, covers only four years less than the whole period of the rise, culmination, and commencement of the decline in the smelting of iron with anthracite in America, the beginning of which, in a commercial sense, may be put in 1839.' Although this paper, as the title indicates, is concerned almost exclusively with the furnaces at Glendon, still what was done there was more or less influenced by current opinion in the district, and even reflects, to some extent, the changes in opinion and practice with mineral fuel the world over. No. 1 Furnace was built of red brick, on four piers, had three tuyeres and fore-hearth and tymp, as was universal with furnaces using mineral fuel until the introduction of Lurmann's cinder-tuyere. The dimensions and profile are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The first hearth (Fig. 1) was of sandstone; all after were of fire-brick (Fig. 2). The profile was no doubt derived directly from Gibbons's furnace,2 for it appears from W. Firmstone's note-books that in October, 1840, he visited " Gibbons' new furnaces building at Corbyn Hall," and I have an old drawing,

Jan 1, 1910

By D. K. Crampton

ON giving thought to the subject of this paper, my first reaction was that many and striking changes have come about as a direct result of the war. However, more careful analysis indicates that few, if any, of these changes can be wholly attributed to it. The actual situation is that all these changes were conceived and most of them at least partially executed in re- cent prewar years, it remaining the role of war to achieve results in a fraction of the time that might normally have been taken, lacking its driving impulse. The further discussion will therefore be with the premise that the individual changes have been greatly hastened rather than directly and primarily caused by any war conditions. Co-operation among copper alloy producers on production problems is agreed to be much worth while. The industry was too long noted for jealousy and secrecy as to equipment, methods, and even materials produced. Gradually, a more open and co-operative policy evolved but even just prior to the war the interchange of ideas was relatively cautious and limited. The need for a great increase in production in record time fostered a more co- operative attitude; exchange of ideas and experience concerning all phases of production increased tremendously to the benefit of the individual participants and thus the war effort, too. This more united effort has undoubtedly led to many specific improvements in process or equipment and these in turn to more rapid and economical operation than could have taken place on an each-for-himself basis.

Jan 1, 1944

Oct. 8-13, 1917 The St. Louis Meeting of the Institute will be held Oct. 8-13, 1.917. Various committees are being organized to perfect the arrangements for the meeting. A number of excellent technical papers have already been secured end an attractive series of excursions has been outlined. The following is the outline plan for the meeting. More detailed announcements will be made as the plans mature. MONDAY, OCT. 8 Morning: Registration and Technical Session. Afternoon: Boat ride to Herculaneum, Mo., to visit smelter. and Evening: Dinner on boat and social evening.

Jan 4, 1917