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By E. C. Potter

FUEL-OIL was first substituted for coal at these works in September, 1888. It was first applied in the converting-department to the battery of boilers, consisting of 14 tubular boilers, 16 feet in length by 5 feet in diameter. To operate these boilers with coal for 24 hours required 14 strikers, 3 ash-wheelers, 6 men unloading coal, and 2 water-tenders, making a total of 25 men. With fuel-oil the same boilers require for the same period 2 water-tenders and 4 men to attend to the burners, making a total of 6 men. This gives a saving of 19 men, which, at an average of $2 per day each, amounts to $38 per day. Comparing the consumption of oil with that of coal, we find that for the week ending January 5, 1889, with an ingot output of 6403 tons, 2731 barrels of fuel-oil were used as against a necessary consumption of coal for the same work of 848 tons, showing 3.22 barrels of fuel-oil to be equivalent to one ton of Indiana block-coal. Figuring oil at 60 cents per barrel, and coal at $2.15 per ton, we have as the cost of oil $1.93, as against $2.15 for its equivalent in coal. In December, 1888, the rail-mill battery of 26 boilers, of the same dimensions as those in the converting-department, was equipped for fuel-oil. For the week ending January 5, 1889, with a rail out-put of 5208 tons, 5987 barrels of oil were consumed, as against a necessary consumption of coal, to do the same work, of 1805 tons, showing 3.31 barrels of fuel-oil to be equivalent to one ton of Indiana block-coal, which at the costs named above would show $1.98 worth of fuel-oil to he equal to $2.15 worth of coal. The labor required to operate the rail-mill boilers for 24 hours, with coal as fuel,is: 26 stokers, 4 water-tenders, 6 ash-wheelers, 12 men unloading coal; total, 48 men. With oil as fuel, the same work requires 4 water-tenders and 6 men to attend to the burners; total, 10 men; a saving over coal of 38 men in 24 hours, which, at an average price of $2 per day, would be $76 per day. In the brief experience we have had with oil as fuel, we find that the efficiency of the boilers is somewhat increased and the repairs are

Jan 1, 1889

By Henry M. Howe

THIS meeting was held at the home of the Institute in the United Engineering Society Building, 29. West 39th St., New York, N. Y., Feb. 18 to 21, 1908. The first session, held in the large auditorium Tuesday evening, Feb. 18, was called to order at 8 p.m. by Prof. Henry M. Howe, Past-President of the Institute, who welcomed the members and guests in a few cordial and well-chosen remarks. The following papers, accompanied by lantern-illustrations, were presented in oral abstract by their authors Swedenborg and Humboldt, by R. W. Raymond, New York, N. Y. Electric Power in Steel Mills, by David B. Rushmore and Karl A. Pauly, Syracuse, N. Y. At the close of the session, an informal reception in the offices of the Institute was tendered to members and guests. The second session, held in Assembly Room No. 1 in the same building, Wednesday, Feb. 19, was called to order at 10 a.m. by Prof. Robert H. Richards, Past-President of the Institute. Before proceeding with the papers on iron and steel, which were scheduled for presentation at this session, Mr. F. E. Junge, a representative of the gas-engine and electric motor industry of Berlin, Germany, gave a short oral discussion of the paper by Mr. Rushmore and Mr. Pauly, Electric Power in Steel Mills. Printed copies of the paper, Uniform Nomenclature of Iron and Steel, were distributed among the members and guests present, and the request was made for a later discussion of this important subject by letter. This paper constitutes the Report of Committee No. 24, of the International Association for Testing Materials, which was presented at the Brussels Congress in 1906. The following paper was presented in oral abstract by the author

Mar 1, 1908

By Ross E. BROWNE, Ross B. HOFFMANN

IT seems strange that a theory so devoid of value in its application to our practical problems should attract such widespread acclaim. This appears still more remarkable when one considers the foundation on which it is built. The criticism naturally suggested is as follows: First; the special theory of relativity is based on an assumption which is counter to the fundamental conception of relative motion. Second; the theory claims only a slight modification of Newtonian mechanics-a modification so minute that, even if true, it would have no practical value in its application to any visible occurrence here on earth.

Jan 1, 1931

By H. E. Mussey

WHEN the American Institute of Mining Engineers visited the Birmingham district in May, 1888, the four Ensley furnaces (Fig. 1) then FIG. 1.-BLAST-FURNACE DEVELOPMENT IN ALABAMA. completed were referred to as monumental.1 Their dimensions are given in Table 1. Mr. Gordon stated, with considerable satisfaction, that on the preceding day one furnace had produced 165 tons. The blast was

Jan 10, 1924

Body Hoists A complete new line of hydraulic dump truck body hoists and bodies featuring many outstanding design improvements has just been announced by St Paul Hydraulic Hoist Fourteen models of this new hoist are available in a selection of capacities from 6 to 25 tons The new body hoist features low standard mounting height, advanced lifting point, new low operating oil pres [ ] sures, a new Uniflex subframe, friction-free roller bearing drive mechanism, including pump and power takeoff, to insure quiet operation and long trouble-free life A stress-eliminating design feature of the new hoists absorbs dumping shocks and permits use of a new principle in hoist design a flexible subframe which ends tendency of rigid hoists to crack or bend when flexed Circle No. 1 Combination Drill A new combination drill offering all three methods rotary, auger, and percussion drilling on the same rig is the revolutionary feature of the latest drill rig designed by Mobile Drilling Inc The B-36 drill is larger, more powerful and versatile than previous models built by this company This new drill has a hydraulic feed of approximately 8000 lb pressure The hydraulic feed cylinder is located directly over the rotary turn table The carriage of the drill is of tubular construction The drill mast, also of tubular construction, nests in the tube members of the drill carriage for cross-country travel with a maximum overall height of 10 ft The drill mast telescopes together with the feed cylinder hydraulically to an operating height of 16 ft The drill can be furnished with an auxiliary cat head, sand reel, and special high pressure water pump The B-36 maximum depth for auger drilling without water is approximately 150 ft, depth for rotary drilling with water is in excess of 300 ft Circle No 2

Jan 1, 1952

By Frank H. Skelding

Still the world's largest producer, consumer and importer/exporter of minerals, the United States has, in recent years, become more and more aware of the many diverse forces that increasingly affect its ability to maintain free access to and trade in minerals, both domestically and abroad. The nation's growing dependence upon foreign sources of minerals in the face of mounting competition is causing many changes, not only in the mineral industries, but in national attitudes and policies as well. This paper examines the position of the United States in the world mineral economy relative to the significant trends that have and are developing. It attempts to define and evaluate the major present and future impact of these trends and to anticipate the probable effects upon the U.S. and its mineral economy.

Jan 1, 1976

By AIME AIME

A FALL meeting that should have repercussions both in the "Transactions" and MINING AND METALLURGY was that of the Industrial Minerals Division (Nonmetallics) at Wilmington, Oct. 21-23; headquarters, Du Pont Hotel. The sixteen technical papers and two addresses were substantial and interesting. Moreover, in every instance but one, the author made the presentation, and the one exception must have been next of kin because the ensuing discussion indicated his command of the subject. The meeting schedule clicked at every turn, thanks to Dr. Gillson, chairman of the local committee, and even the four field trips adhered to the time table. The program pre-empted morning, noon, afternoon and night two general luncheons, two dinners, and an evening technical session reminding one of the Annual Meeting. Only the registration was disappointing - about 80.

Jan 1, 1943

By George F. Becker

A Nere record of Emmons's professional career would very inadequately represent the man. That he was eminent mc know, and our successors will realize in due time; but they must depend upon us for knowledge of a singularly ~vholesome, modest, unselfish personality, and of a character that did honor to a profession in which trustworthiness is indispensable. Those members of the Institute who met Emmons are his friends, and I never knew .one of these who was not the better for that friendship. Emmons was born in Boston, Mar. 29, 1841, the son of Xathaniel H. and Elizabeth (Wales) Emmons, and was named Samuel Frankliri after an ancestor who was of the sarne family as Benjamin Franklin. He took the degrcc of Bachelor of Arts at Harvard in 1861, and soon afterwards went abroad to complete his education. From 1862 to 1864 he attended the courses at the fieole Impkriale des Mines at Paris, Elie de Beaumont arid Daubrke being among his professors. The year 1864-1865 he spent at Freiberg under Cotta and other famous teachers; after which he spent another year in traveling through Europe. Like many other renowned geologists, he approached his ultimate profession from its economic side, and was thus from the first imbued with a sense of high responsibility in the promulgation of scientific opinions or conclusions. With hypotheses which were interesting merely because they were ingenious or even plausible, he would have nothing to do. In 1867 he joined the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel at its organization under Clarence King, serving at first as a volunteer, but soon receiving a regular appointment. This expedition was the first one of purely geological character sent out by the United States government. As Emmons has shown in his admirable presidential address on " The Geology of Government Explorations," its work was founded on a com-

Jan 1, 1912

THE sessions of the Institute were opened on Tuesday evening, October 26th, at Garrett's Hall, by Mr. Charles A. Otis, Chairman of the Local Committee of Arrangements, who welcomed the Institute to Cleveland, and introduced Col. Charles Whittlesey, who ad¬dressed the Institute briefly on the coal deposits of Ohio. Col. Whittlesey described the situation and character of the coal-beds of the State, and gave a short history of the use of raw coal in the manufacture of pig-iron, and spoke of the excellent quality of metal produced. The aid that a body of scientific miners and metal¬lurgists were capable of giving in the development of coal and other mineral resources was dwelt upon, and the hope expressed that the visit of the Institute to Cleveland might be profitable as, well to its members as to the citizens of the State. The President, Mr. A. L. Holley, responded to the welcome of Mr. Otis and of Col. Whittlesey, and read an introductory address on Some Pressing Needs in the Iron and Steel Manufacture. The following members and associates, duly proposed and indorsed by the Council, were then elected MEMBERS. Alfred S. Bertolet, - Youngstown, Ohio. Henry Binnse, - Chicago, Ill. John Birkinbine, - Philadelphia. Andrew A. Blair, - Watertown Arsenal, Mass. Ogden Bolton, - Canton, Ohio. Lloyd Booth, - Youngstown, Ohio. E. Borda, - Philadelphia. N. P. Bowler, - Cleveland, Ohio. Alexander E. Brown, - Cleveland, Ohio. C. F. Brush, - Cleveland, Ohio. S. M. Carpenter, - Cleveland, Ohio. James Cartwright, - Youngstown, Ohio. Henry Chisbolm, - Cleveland, Ohio. Wilson B. Chisbolm, - Newburgh, Ohio. W. H. Clarke, - Millertown, Pa. James E. Clayton, - Ore Knob, N. C.

Jan 1, 1876

The sessions of the Institute were opened on Tuesday evening, October 26th, at Garrett's Hall, by Mr. Charles A. Otis, Chairman of the Local Committee of Arrangements, who welcomed the Institute to Cleveland, and introduced Col. Charles Whittlesey, who addressed the Institute briefly on the coal deposits of Ohio. Col. Whittlesey described the situation and character of the coalbeds of the State, and gave a short history of the use of raw coal in the manufacture of pig-iron, and spoke of the excellent quality of metal produced. The aid that a body of scientific miners and metallurgists were capable of giving in the development of coal and other mineral resources was dwelt upon, and the hope expressed that the visit of the Institute to Cleveland might be profitable as well to its members as to the citizens of the State. The President, Mr. A. L. Holley, responded to the welcome of Mr. Otis and of Col. Whittlesey, and read an introductory address on Some Pressing Needs in the Iron and Steel Manufacture. The following members and associates, duly proposed and indorsed by the Council, were then elected MEMBERS. Alfred S. Bertolet,.. .. . Youngstown, Ohio. Henry Binnse,. Chicago, Ill. John Birkinbine,.. .. . Philadelphia. Andrew A. Blair,. .. .. Watertown Arsenal, Mass. Ogden Bolton,. .. .. Canton, Ohio. Lloyd Booth,..Youngstown, Ohio. E. Borda,..Philadelphia. N. P. Bowler,.. .. . Cleveland, Ohio. Alexander E. Brown,.... Cleveland, Ohio. C. F. Brush,.. .. .Cleveland, Ohio. S. M. Carpenter,.. .. . Cleveland, Ohio. James Cartwright,.. .. . Youngstown, Ohio. Henry Chisholm,.. .. . Cleveland, Ohio. Wilson B. Chisholm,.. .. . Newburgh, Ohio. W. H. Clarke,.. .. . Millertown, Pa. James E. Clayton,. .. .. Ore Knob, N..C.

By Harry M. Mikami

Chromite is the only ore mineral of metallic chromium and chromium compounds and chemicals. Because of this fact, chromite and chrome ore are used synonymously in trade literature. In commercial market quotations, chrome ore is the term commonly used. Chromite per se, because of properties imparted by its chromium content, is used in refractories and in special purpose moulding sands for metal casting. There are many other minerals containing some, generally minor, amounts of chromium, but none are commercial sources of the element (Thayer, 1956, p. 15). Chromium and chromite have many diverse uses that, directly and indirectly, critically affect vast segments of our modern industrial system. Most important are probably the metallurgical applications wherein chromium is a component of heat, abrasion, corrosion, and oxidation-resistant, and high strength alloys of many types. Stainless steels are the largest volume category of chrome-bearing alloys. Chromium chemicals are used in leather tanning, in pigments, dyes and mordants, printing, :hemica1 process industries, photography, pharmaceuticals, metal plating, pure chromium metal production, and for many other purposes. Chromite is a necessary constituent in basic refractories indispensable for the production of steel, copper, cement, and glass. Under present economic-political conditions, he U.S. and for that matter, North America, has virtually insignificant ore reserves of chromite. There are chromite deposits, as will be described, but they would only be used under highly abnormal conditions if all outside sources were cut off. All chromite used in the U.S. is imported from the eastern hemisphere in which are contained the principal world reserves. As the main suppliers in 1971-72 were the USSR, Turkey, Republic of South Africa, Philippines, and Rhodesia, the strategic nature of chromite is obvious.

Jan 1, 1975

By Charles W. Henderson

THE influence of mineral production on the development of the western United States has been profound. From 1848 to 1860, there was only gold production, the effect of silver began in 1860, and from then on both had a powerful influence. Lead production started in 1863, copper in 1863, and zinc in 1885, but was small until 1898. Gold alone was therefore the stimulus of the early settlement and exploration of the Western States.. But mineral deposits caused neither acquisition of territory nor determination of boundary lines. Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, and parts of Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado were formally acquired from Mexico fourteen days after the actual date of the discovery (January 19, 1848)1.2 of gold at Sutters Mill, near the present town of Coloma, California (a discovery which, with the immediate new discoveries, aroused the world several months later) ; but the acquisition was by treaty (under negotiation for some time but signed February 2, 1848)3 in settlement of a war involving the boundaries of the grassy plains of Texas, an area at that time not known to contain any metals, and to date found to have but few metal deposits.4 The international boundary at 49º latitude for the far northwest states was determined by causes other than mineral deposits.

Jan 1, 1933

P. W. BRIDGMAN.-Owing to a misunderstanding, I did not see Dr. McAdam's and Dr. MacGregor's remarks on my paper on Flow and Fracture (Metals Technology, December 1944, Pp. 32-38), until after their publication. Both Dr. McAdam and Dr. MacGregor speak of my analysis for the stress distribution at the neck of a tension specimen as containing several assumptions; in particular, that the strain is uniform across the section of the neck, that there is no hoop tension at the periphery, and that the plasticity conditions of von Mises hold. As far as the mathematics goes, the situation is no different in this problem of plastic flow than in a conventional problem of elasticity. That solution is unique which satisfies the boundary conditions on the stresses, the stress equations of equilibrium, and in addition the constitutive equations connecting stress and strain in the elastic case, or a corresponding set of equations, of which the von Mises relations are a special form, in the plastic case. In the particular case of the necked tension specimen I have found that there is a solution satisfying the boundary conditions, the stress equations of equilibrium, and the von Mises plasticity conditions in which the strain is uniform across the section, and there is no hoop tension at the periphery. This is therefore the solution, and the uniformity of strain and vanishing of hoop tension at the periphery are to be described as discoveries, over which the operator has no control, rather than as assumptions. The only part of the solution that can properly be described as an assumption is the von Mises plasticity condition. With regard to this it is to be noted that the condition is needed only in a much weakened form, for the analysis uses the condition only at the neck, where the strain is approximately constant. Thus, in the extreme case referred to in a footnote of my paper (p. 37, Met. Tech. Dec. 1944) the actually measured strain across the section varies from 2.4 to 2.6. Obviously it is a much weaker assumption to postulate that the von Mises condition holds in the strain range 2.4 to 2.6 than to assume it to hold for the entire range of strain from o up to 2.6, which would be necessary if the solution applied to the entire tension specimen rather than to the immediate region of the neck only. Furthermore, it is to be commented that under the special conditions of this problem the von Mises condition becomes identical with the maximum shearing-stress criterion of plastic flow; this amounts also to a weakening of the restrictions imposed by the von Mises condition. Dr. MacGregor refers to actual experiments of his own in which the strain was found not to be uniform across the neck. It is to be emphasized, however, that these were experiments on bars of rectangular section, and that the nonuniformity established was a nonuniformity around the perimeter, not a nonuniformity from the surface toward the axis. My method of solution applies only to a circular cross section. It can be said that the solution that satisfies the boundary conditions, etc., would definitely not be expected to demand a uniform strain for noncircular sections. In discussing my results, Dr. McAdam uses a definition of "flow stress" different from mine, so that the immediate applica-

Jan 1, 1945

By Maurice E. Peloubet

This discussion of accounting will describe the statements and the information that the accounting system produces, from the point of view of those who use such systems rather than of those who prepare them and who do the detail and technical accounting work. In any well organized mine, quarry, or other enterprise exploiting a mineral deposit, no matter how small, some clerical and accounting work must be done. Miners and other employes must be paid, supplies must be purchased and issued, and various tax and information returns, which even the smallest enterprise must file, have to be prepared. In this chapter it is assumed that the enterprise has employes of this type and that they understand the fundamentals of record keeping and accounting. It would be impossible here to give sufficiently full explanations to enable a man with no previous clerical and accounting training to set up and operate an accounting and cost system for even the simplest extractive operation. Rather, we shall hope first, to tell the investor and the operator, from the chief engineer or president down to a subforeman, what to expect from the accounting statements and records and how to use this information in his daily work; and second, that it will enable the man with some knowledge of accounting or book- keeping, but with little or no experience in any extractive industry, to set up and operate a satisfactory system for a mine or other extractive enterprise. For readers who wish to go further, the bibliography at the end of this chapter contains many references. T he emphasis has, therefore, been placed on the statements to be produced and the purposes for which they are to be used rather than the underlying books and records. These are, with a few exceptions which will be described later, essentially what might be found in any industrial enterprise and would probably, in the extremely small enterprise, consist of handwritten journals, ledgers, analysis books, payroll books, and stores ledgers. In the larger enterprise, various types of mechanical accounting would be introduced in proportion to the complexity of the operation.

Jan 1, 1964

P. H. Dudley, Yew York, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary*) :—The characteristics of Professor Home's metallurgical papers are, that he is able, from the mass of confusing evidence on the subject, to make an analysis and present hypothetical and essential principles in concrete form for consideration and discussion. I can appreciate, from the practical side of the subject, the labor of collecting and investigating the data which was essential to prepare the paper. Much of it necessarily came from material of preceding years of manufacture in which time was allowed for chemical reactions of the re-carburizer, and for the elimination of the oxidation-products before teeming the ingots. This practice gave a favorable time-element to free the metal from slag and other impurities— a requisite condition for the production of sound steel in the ingots. But, in allowing them to become cold before they were charged into the furnace, a subsequent time-element entered as a detrimental factor in the development of the pipe or shrinkage-cavities, which gave an ingot-structure deficient in soundness, at least in the upper portion. (The term slag is used in a general rather than in a strictly technical sense.) Traces of manganese sulphide are often associated with manganese silicates in the same thread or seam, and at other places they are separate and distinct. Interpretations from material thus manufactured must be made with due allowances for the methods of fabrication and the requirements of service. The only way we now have to estimate what the degree of soundness of the ingot-structure was, in the early foreign and American manufacture of steel rails, is by examination of the worn and failed material after years of service. We must remember also that the poorest material was long since consigned to the scrap-heap without any full record of its history. The rails from a given ingot cannot now be identified ; and in many

Jan 1, 1909

By Coolbaugh, Franklin

CRUSHING of Climax mine-run ore is carried out in two plants: No. 1 plant (flowsheet in Fig. 1) has a capacity of approximately 5000 tons per day. It is used as a stand-by except when maximum production is required. No. 2 plant (Fig. 2) has a top capacity of approximately 17,000 tons per day. The No. 2 crusher is more efficient to operate on reduced tonnages regardless of the wide variation in peak capacities. The system of crushing is similar in both plants: Mine ore, of a size which can be drawn through 48 by 96-in. slusher openings underground, is dumped into the crusher bins from ten-ton mine cars and fed into 48 by 60-in. Buchanan jaw crushers by means of chutes and Ross chain feeders. The jaw crushers are set to discharge at approximately 9-in. size. Jaw crusher discharge is conveyed to 7-ft. Symons standard cone crushers where it is broken to minus-2-in. size,

Jan 1, 1946

By J. Murray Riddell, Grover J. Holt, Arthur E. Anderson

Out of the depths of each business cycle we emerge with a stimulus for greater efficiency and a realization of progress in industrial technique. The recent years have not been an exception to this rule, and in retrospect we sense that significant advances have been made in mining practices on the Mesabi Range, with emphasis on speed of production and economy of operation. A survey of such changes does not reveal anything that is fundamentally or basically new, but it is apparent that ideas and machines that have found wide application in industry elsewhere, with necessary modifications, are being put to productive use in mining iron ore. Innovations in transporting and conveying ore from the open pits stand out with greatest prominence, so that, in the main, it will be with these features that this paper will treat, in the review of progress made to this date. The late years have witnessed the development of small deposits for open-pit operation, the cleaning up of pits nearing exhaustion, and in two large operations the approach to the limit for haulage by steam locomotives, owing to grades, making it necessary to recover the ore in slopes, track benches and below the power-shovel limit by a milling and scram operation. For several years small standard-type dump trucks have been used in clean-up or scram operations within the pits, but during the season of 1936 the first effort was made to use heavy truck haulage in the transportation of stripping and iron ore. The new units in use today vary from 15 to 20 tons in capacity, and are equipped with powerful gasoline or Diesel engines and supplemented by trailers or wagons on rubber or crawler treads. The Diesel engine finds favor with most operators because of fuel economy. These units develop upward of 125 hp. in the 15-ton trucks. The speed of these trucks varies from 2 miles per hour in Pow gear to 35 in high gear. The transmission affords 12 speeds forward and 3 speeds in reverse.

Jan 1, 1940

By J. Murray Riddell, Arthur E. Anderson, Grover J. Holt

Out of the depths of each business cycle we emerge with a stimulus for greater efficiency and a realization of progress in industrial technique. The recent years have not been an exception to this rule, and in retrospect we sense that significant advances have been made in mining practices on the Mesabi Range, with emphasis on speed of production and economy of operation. A survey of such changes does not reveal anything that is fundamentally or basically new, but it is apparent that ideas and machines that have found wide application in industry elsewhere, with necessary modifications, are being put to productive use in mining iron ore. Innovations in transporting and conveying ore from the open pits stand out with greatest prominence, so that, in the main, it will be with these features that this paper will treat, in the review of progress made to this date. The late years have witnessed the development of small deposits for open-pit operation, the cleaning up of pits nearing exhaustion, and in two large operations the approach to the limit for haulage by steam locomotives, owing to grades, making it necessary to recover the ore in slopes, track benches and below the power-shovel limit by a milling and scram operation. For several years small standard-type dump trucks have been used in clean-up or scram operations within the pits, but during the season of 1936 the first effort was made to use heavy truck haulage in the transportation of stripping and iron ore. The new units in use today vary from 15 to 20 tons in capacity, and are equipped with powerful gasoline or Diesel engines and supplemented by trailers or wagons on rubber or crawler treads. The Diesel engine finds favor with most operators because of fuel economy. These units develop upward of 125 hp. in the 15-ton trucks. The speed of these trucks varies from 2 miles per hour in Pow gear to 35 in high gear. The transmission affords 12 speeds forward and 3 speeds in reverse.

Jan 1, 1940

A regular general meeting of the Canadian Mining Institute will be held in Vancouver, B. C., on Nov. 26-28. The Council extends a cordial invitation to all members of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers to attend.

Jan 11, 1919

By Walter F. Bradley

CLOSE to 300 members and guests were registered at the Regional Meeting of the Institute in San Francisco. Oct. 3-6, and many other mining men were present at some of the sessions, but failed to register. Headquarters were at the Palace Hotel. Technical papers for the Metals Session were sponsored by the San Francisco Section, whereas the program for the Industrial Minerals Session was arranged by the Southern California Section. Walter W. Bradley, Chairman of the San Francisco Section, opened the General and Metals Session, introducing President Buehler, who gave a hearty welcome to those present. Clyde M. Eye, of the. Benguet Consolidated Mining Co., presented the first paper, entitled "The Economic and Strategic Value of Philippine Metals to the United States." In closing, he urged. that this country retain and control the Philippines because their large

Jan 1, 1935