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Eagle Plains Resources? Exploration in the Northern Cordillera ?Eagle Plains Resources Ltd. (EPL) is actively exploring for Zn-Pb deposits in the northern Cordillera in both carbonate-hosted and shale-hosted (sedex) environments. ?This presentation will review some of the significant carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb showings occurring in the Mackenzie Mountains, NWT and make limited comparisons with sedexdeposits in the adjacent Selwyn Basin.

May 1, 2006

By J. B. Mawdsley

Introduction The writer was instructed to visit the Chibougamau region during the field season of 1927 and report on the mineral discoveries that had been made there since 1911. lt was deemed advisable to obtain detailed information regarding the rocks underlying the area in the vicinity of these recent discoveries. Accordingly an area 60 square miles in extent was mapped. The outcrops were studied along the water courses and along bush traverses spaced at half-mile intervals between these water courses. The completion of the rest of the summer's programme allowed only three weeks for this work. lt is from this small, mapped area, and this necessarily cursory survey, that the material for this paper was obtained. Location And Means Of Access The name Chibougamau district is applied loosely to an ill-defined area of about 1,000 square miles lying mostly north and west of Chibougamau lake in the Province of Quebec. The lake is approximately half way between lake St. John and James bay. It lies 150 miles north of the Canadian National railway and 40 miles south of Mistassini?lake.

Jan 1, 1928

By Darren Medd

Kumtor Gold Company (KGC) currently operates the 500,000 tonnes per day Kumtor open pit gold mine located in the Issyk-Kul region of the Kyrgyz Republic at an elevation of more than 4,000 m. To supplement the open-pit mill feed with high grade underground ore from outside the current pit limits, KGC started pre-production design and development of the underground mine for the SB ore zone in late 2006. The initial phase of pre-production development consists of exploration and haulage declines which, upon completion, will provide ventilation and access to the underground mine. Design and construction of these declines presented many challenges to the project team considering the mines unique location at high altitude, the limited experience with Western underground mining techniques in the Kyrgyz Republic, and the impact of the nearby Davydov glacier and resultant ground conditions. Completion of the exploration and haulage declines was undertaken jointly by KGC and mine contractor, J.S. Redpath Limited (Redpath). The initial phase of development including several ground falls provided detailed information on geotechnical ground types and conditions that were useful in determining the overall mine design and methodology for production. This paper covers the various aspects of the design and construction process of developing the declines under the glacier, minimizing the likelihood of further ground falls, and the journey of both KGC and Redpath which led to the successful breakthrough between the declines on 01 July 2012.

Aug 1, 2013

By A. W. Davis

Sapping and mining have constituted an important part of siege operations ever since powder came into general use in Europe. Before this period, famine was the main weapon in the hands of the besiegers, and the history of the middle ages is replete with accounts of sieges lasting two and three years. With the advent of explosives, a position impregnable to assault might be readily won by mining under, and blowing up, its defences. The natural offensive against this method of attack is to countermine and stop the attackers underground before their objective is reached. Thus developed the art of military mining. The French and British, in the Peninsular war, were adepts at this method of warfare, and the explosion of a mine and the formation of a breach were the usual preludes to the general assault of a position. In the Crimea, at Sebastopol, the British and Russians did a lot of underground fighting, as the old maps of their galleries, now in the museum at Chatham, will testify. In the siege of Port Arthur, in still later times, the Japanese and Russians were hard at it as well.

Jan 1, 1926

Originally developed as a step change in ultrafine grinding efficiency, the IsaMill? has made inroads into conventional ball mill and tower mill mainstream grinding duties during the last 5 years - beginning with the Anglo Platinum mainstream grinding projects in South Africa. At the 2006 SAG Conference, plant testwork on the incorporation of IsaMill? technology into the McArthur River (Northern Territory, Australia) Pb/Zn primary grinding circuit was reported. The IsaMill? has now become an integral component of that circuit, treating up to 1mm top size feed and directly producing P80 45 µm rougher flotation feed. Two 1.1 MW IsaMills? are now used in this duty contributing to a 27% increase in overall plant throughput and a reduction in rougher feed size distribution. In this paper, we report on the current state of development and performance of the IsaMill? in the primary grinding duty at McArthur River and also consider future directions.

Jan 1, 2012

By G. F. Raymond, W. P. Armstrong

"At the time of this study, the Valley mine was producing 23 000 tonnes of ore per day from a large, low-grade porphyry copper orebody. Sulphide mineralization, principally bornite and chalcopyrite, occurs in a stock work of quartz veins in one phase of the Guichon Creek batholith. The property was explored from 1967 to 1982, and was placed in production in 1983.Using a three-parameter lognormal approximation developed by G.F. Raymond at Similkam een and Mount Isa Mines, a geo- statistical conditional probability ore reserve was estimated prior to mining. Comparisons with blasthole kriging and milled ore for the first 17 months of production showed close agreements at all cut-offs between conditional probability estimates and mineable ore. This was not true of either kriging or polygon estimates. An important part of this work was identifying and correcting for bias in both exploration and blasthole samples.IntroductionCominco's Valley lake deposit is a large, low-grade, porphyry copper orebody in the Highland Valley of British Columbia. Total indicated plus inferred ore reserves are 700 M tonnes at ore grade of 0.47070 Cu. At the time of writing, ore milling is at a rate of 23 000 tI d through the old Bethlehem mill. Mining is in 10m horizontal benches using 9.8 m3 shovels and 90 tonne trucks. Since this paper was written, Valley and nearby Lomex have been combined into Highland Valley Copper with a combined oreproduction of about 120 000 tI d.Copper mineralization, principally bornite and chalcopyrite, is regularly distributed throughout the deposit as disseminated low-grade within a granodiorite host rock, and as higher grade veinlets within a stock work of near-vertical quartz veins generally 10 cm or less in width. It is likely that problems with sample variability and sample bias are mainly related to mineralization within quartz veining. Valley geology has been described in detail by Allen and Richardson and by Osatenko and Jones (2). The exploration sampling program and identification of diamond-drill sample bias have been discussed by Armstrong and Newman'»."

Jan 1, 1988

By R. E. Johnson

Seventy years after the start of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, as reckoned from Arkwright's water frame patented in 1769, there was a significant development of the metallurgical industry in Virginia. In Britain, crucible steel had been rediscovered by Benjamin Huntsman in 17~0, and this made spring and tool steel more generally available. The metal-turning, screw-cutting lathe, including the basic principles recognized in today's engine lathe, was developed by Henry Maudslay about 1797. Wrought iron, as manufactured by Henry Cort's process patented in 1784, was readily available. Richard Trevithick's highpressure steam locomotive had met its test on the Pennydarren tramroad in 1804, and George Stephenson had built his famous Rocket, along with several other locomotives, at Newcastle around 1828. Puddling furnaces and a rolling mill had been placed in operation at the Tredegar Iron Works in Glyn Sirhowy, Monmouthshire, Wales, in 1807. In the United States, expanding commerce and a growing population resulted in continuing development from the Chesapeake to Virginia's Blue Ridge, and this demanded improved means of transportation. Ore deposits rich in hematite had been found in Virginia's Piedmont during the Colonial period, and a number of blast furnaces now dotted that area. The products of these operations were mostly pots, kettles, stove parts and like items for local trade. The James River and Kanawha Canal was incorporated in January 1785. Its eastern leg, winding along the slope of the high bluffs overlooking the river, was completed about 1800. About two dozen railroads were chartered in Virginia between 1830 and 1837. With expanding population and steady industrial development came a need for metallurgical products. Throughout the eastern United States, numerous metallurgical enterprises sprang up, and many of these flourished. The purpose of this article is to outline the development of one Southern metallurgical company, the Tredegar Iron Works, which was to have a significant impact on the industrial development of Virginia and the fighting of the American Civil War. Although the Tredegar Iron Works no longer exists, remnants of the early operations have been restored, and the current status of the site is also presented.

Jan 1, 1999

By Fathi Habashi

"On August 3, 1888, German Patent No. 43977 entitled ""A Process for the Production of Aluminum Hydroxide"" was issued*. The discovery which led to the patent was made by the Austrian chemist Karl Josef Bayer (1847-1904) (Fig. 1) who was at that time in Russia, and the process became known as the Bayer Process in his honour(1)(2)- The process imediately achieved industrial success, displacing the pyrometallurgical process that had been used until that time to produce alumina. The Bayer Process involved the pressure leaching of bauxite with NaOH solution to obtain sodium aluminate solution from which aluminum hydroxide was precipitated by seeding. Today bauxite is not only the principal source of aluminum but also of gallium, both metals being effectively recovered by the Bayer Process. The purpose of this paper is to outline the historical background of this discovery and its importance to hydrometallurgy."

Jan 1, 1999

By R. Cammack

"A fundamental component of the Hoek–Brown empirical rock failure criterion is assessing an appropriate mi constant. In developing their empirical criterion Hoek and Brown normalised triaxial test results by dividing the principal stresses at failure by the uniaxial compressive strength to provide mi values for typical rock types. Experience shows that Hoek triaxial tests for individual lithology types commonly have a large inherent scatter. In addition, tests are often conducted on core from random locations, which although being of one parent rock type, display variations in density as well as minor variations in grain size and alteration.This paper presents experience from projects the authors have been involved in which large sample populations of triaxial and UCS tests on similar rock types were available. Geophysical logging data was also available for some projects. The methods used to estimate the compressive strength for each sample and the effects on normalising the data sets are described. The variability of the data and uncertainties and assumptions involved in the process of assigning a mi value from the normalised data are also discussed."

Jan 1, 2015

By Zdenek D. Hora

British Columbia is an important producer of a variety of industrial minerals for both domestic and export markets. Some commodities such as limestone, dolomite, gypsum, calcium carbonate, silica, barite and magnetite are raw materials for well-established industries located in British Columbia, Alberta and northwestern USA. Others, like magnesite, sulphur, jade, asbestos, dimension stone and clay products, are mainly exported in processed form to overseas customers. Companies are developing markets for relatively new mineral products, including pumice, volcanic cinder and zeolites. A number of attractive geological targets have been identified by industry while research by government geologists has outlined the potential for refractory minerals, gemstones, garnet, nepheline syenite, carbonatites, residual kaolin, igneous apatite and peat.

Jan 1, 2001

By Karl J. C. Harries

13.1. RIGHT TO RECEIVE ROYALTY CONTRACTUAL ONLY1

Jan 1, 2003

By W. J. Tough

THIS paper offers examples of some of the typical calculations which occur in the ventilation of metal mines. The fi.rst section of the paper discusses the problems associated with natural-draft pressure; the second section presents the more common of the calculations concerned with the operation of mine fans; the third section illustrates the integration of the individual problems covered by the preceding sections into the larger problem of determining the operating characteristics of a fan for a particular mine duty. There is a very definite limit to the extent to which pure arithmetic can be successfully applied to the solution of min<; ventilation problems. As mines advance from the exploration, development, and initial production stage to the rime when underground workings become exceedingly complex, there is a considerable increase in the relative importance o theory and judgment in the solution of ventilation problems. These calculations illustrate the application of mathematics to ventilation, but they also in-elude examples of instances where arithmetic cannot be conveniently applied, and important estimates, based on judgment compounded of experience and a knowledge of the theoretical consideration involved, must be made. The inclusion of such estimates is intended as a guide and a warning to the reader; a guide in assisting him to recognize and estimate his own incalculables; and a warning that the solutions must not be blindly applied to his apparently similar problems. These sample calculations are intended to assist the reader in applying the theory contained in the standard texts on metal-mine ventilation. They have been selected from the ventilation experience of a British Columbia mine.

Jan 1, 1942

By N. T. Avard

THE profitable disposal and utilization of much of our slack coal, lignite, and other low-grade fuels is one of the major problems facing the coal mining industry of Canada today. It is my belief that the pulverization process applied to these fuels opens the door to greater efficiency and greater prosperity, and I wish to discuss briefly with you some features of its development and advantages to date. Indeed, the art of burning pulverized coal under stationary boilers is one of the romances of modern engineering. As a Nova Scotian, I feel some pride in the fact that at Chignecto Mines, N.S., was built in 1906 the first pit-mouth power plant on the North American continent. This was built to make effective for the first time Edison&apos;s dream of carrying coal for power by wire rather than by rail. This plant, built by the Maritime Coal, Railway and Power Company, Limited, success-fully utilized underfeed stokers for twenty years but in 1927 was replaced by a more modern plant equipped with machinery for burning pulverized coal, which is now operating very successfully. A further source of pride is the fact that the first boilers on this continent to be operated by pulverized coal were installed by the Dominion Coal Company at New Waterford, N.S., in 1912 and were satisfactorily operated during the lifetime of the plant. It is an acknowledged fact that average living conditions on a large part of the North American continent are far superior to those of any other people on earth. The reason is that we use so much more machinery per capita, and cheap power supply has been a large factor in bringing that about. Statistics show that where one horse-power was used one hundred years ago to assist man in his work, five hundred horse-power is used today. Truly a remarkable development and the key to our present high standard of living. Lack of coal in the chief industrial centres of Canada has forced the extra-ordinary development of the water powers which Providence has placed in those centres. How many of us realize that Canada stands second in the world in the per capita development of hydro power, Switzerland being first and the United States sixth? From this condition, we are reminded of the fact that the per capita foreign trade of Canada far exceeds that of our great neighbour to the South-but another illustration of the benefits accruing from our great power development.

Jan 1, 1937

By K. Turgeon, J. -F. Boulanger, L. Whitty-Léveille, C. Bazin

"Several companies targeting Rare Earth Elements (REE) around the world have completed a Preliminary Economic Assessment showing positive project financial results. Although REE ores may contain high REE value, financing these projects remains difficult in part due to the number of processes required to valorize the elements and the relatively low yield of these processes. Direct ore leaching without the production of a concentrate may reduce the capital and some operating expenditures through process simplification, and increase revenues because of REE recovery improvement.A silicate REE ore is used to test various hypotheses regarding whole ore processing and to develop a simplified flowsheet. An atmospheric leach (200 kg/t H2SO4) of crushed whole-ore containing 0,6% REE, followed by impurity removal and REE precipitation recovers 80% of the REEs in a solution containing REE and Th. The high value contained in most REE deposits makes whole-ore approaches worth considering for most projects, given the losses of valuable species typically associated with the production of a REE mineral concentrate from the ore. INTRODUCTIONRare Earth Elements (REE) find applications in modern and clean technologies, whether civil, industrial or military. With China producing more than 90% of the world’s REE, the embargo imposed by this country in early 2010 increased REE prices for a three year period. With prices having shrunk back many-fold from their peak value, projects put forward during the hike are struggling to secure financing. Owing in part to unconventional processes such as acid-baking and solvent extraction, REE plants are high capital cost and high operating-cost units, and present technological risks (Verbaan et al., 2014)."

Jan 1, 2016

By H. R. Banks

"AbstractThe rod mill introduced into the Sullivan Concentrator flow in September, 1948, replaced two sets of 74 in. by 20 in. rolls and their accompanying screens. In addition to the work formerly done by the rolls, the rod mill is producing a finer product and one which provides more suitable feed for the primary ball mills. The object of the finer discharge from the •primary mills is to make possible a feed directly from the mills to a series of flotation machines where a large portion of the galena can be withdrawn from the circuit while the galena is still coarsely granular. The interposing of classifiers between grinding and flotation means the selective grinding of the galena.The author summarizes the work of •the rod mill through the first 5,000,000 tons and shows that the wear of lifters, liners, and rods is definitely below normal for the type and size of rock being handled. The rod mill, driven through a fluid coupling, has been subject to a range of speeds from 13.5 to 19. A pinion in the speed reducer was changed to allow the extending of the normal speed range of the fluid drive of approximately 4 r.p.m.Since the critical speed inside the liners •is 23.4, the range •in per cent of criticial is 57.7 to 81.2 per cent.The capacity of the mill increases with increasing speed but the character of the product remains approximately the same except when the feed rate is too high.Consumption of steel, power, and other operating data are presented.The author introduces certain fundamental observations on the principles involved •in comminution in order to support the special design and operation of the rod mill."

Jan 1, 1952

By Fan Delian, Ye Jie, Lui Tiebing

The lower and the upper parts of the Doushantuo Fonnation, Hubei Province, China, contain silicate-type K-rich beds (illite and feldspar), and intraclastic phosphorites, as well as Ag-V and V deposits in a "Black Shale Series". The K-rich beds fonned in an anoxic basin whereas the phosphorites fonned in a more oxic and higher energy depositional environment. The Black Shale Series occurs in the lower and upper parts of the Doushantuo Fonnation; that in the upper part consists of black illite shale and dark gray dolostone, and contains Se-rich Ag and V deposits. These deposits are of more industrial significance than the previously discovered Ni-Mo polyelement sulfide deposits which occur in the Lower Cambrian Black Shales Series of South China. Studies of lithotype, sedimentary sequence, and geochemistry of the Doushantuo Fonnation have led to more attention being focused on the uppennost Black Shale Series and its Ag-V and V deposits. There are three ore types: black, Ag-V-rich, illite shale; black, V-rich, illite shale; and dark gray, Ag-Vrich, fmely crystalline dolostone. The first two ore types contain 3070 to 5% Corg and the last, 1.25%. The Ag-bearing minerals are naumannite, argyrodite, aguilarite, acanthite, and native silver that occur as inclusions in pyrite associated with barite. Vanadium substitutes for AI in illite and is also related to organic-matter contents. Because (1) the pre-Sinian Kongling Group contains one to three times greater than the Clark Ag value; (2) black, illite shale has a negative Ce anomaly; and (3) there are large occurrences of black, K-rich, tuffaceous, fme siltstone, the sources of Ag are thought to include subaerial and submarine volcanic materials. It is proposed that Ag, V, and Se were absorbed by clay particles and organic matter during syngenetic deposition in an anoxic environment; Ag subsequently was reconcentrated into sulfides and selenides, whereas V was incorporated structurally into illite during early and late diagenesis. These types of Black Shale Series-hosted Ag-V and V deposits are, therefore, considered to be sedimentary-diagenetic in origin.

Jan 1, 1992

By Peter A. Cain, John C. Folinsbee

"A 4-ft.-diameter shaft has been drilled to a depth of 2,790 ft. in strong, hard, basic Precambrian rocks at Lynn Lake Manitoba. This was done on the property of Sherritt Gordon Mines Limited for the purpose of ventilating and developing the ""N"" orebody, which is located approximately 4,000 ft. south of the Farley shaft.The drilling was done under contract by two drilling companies. Peter Bawden Drilling (1964) Limited drilled the initial 12:1,4-in. pilot hole to a depth of 3,000 ft. Shaft Drillers Limited of Canada then reamed the hole to 4 ft. in diameter to a depth of 2,790 ft. At this point, the reaming was stopped because of the difficulty in passing a change in direction in the line of the pilot hole. The hole was completed by driving a raise 200 ft. from the 3000 level to the bottom of the 4-ft. hole using an Alimak raise climber.Cuttings from the reaming operation were directed into the 12:1,4-in. pilot hole, where they fell to the 3000 level and were removed by a mucking machine and standard mine development cars.The elapsed time from the start of the pilot hole to the completion of the reaming operation was ten months, with an average advance of 279ft. per month. There was a two-month delay between the completion of the pilot hole and the start of the reaming operation.The 12:1,4-in. hole was drilled in an elapsed time of 45 days from the time of setting up the rig. The average advance per day was 66.8 ft.The reaming operation was done in an elapsed time of 194 days. A one-month delay required to repair damaged equipment left 163 days for the drilling and setting-up operation, for an advance per day of 17.1 ft."

Jan 1, 1966

By C. H. Hopper

DIAMOND drills have played an important part in the development of mines for many years. Recently. they have also entered the production field arid the use of diamond drills m the primary breaking of ores has become a big branch of the industry. The writer has estimated roughly that the total diamond drilling in Canada during 1942 was 5,625,000 feet, of which 2,250,000 feet, or 40 per cent, was for blast-holes. This accounts for 6,750,000 tons of ore broken, using the conservative factor of 3 tons per foot of hole. Many consider that the use of diamond drills for blast-holes is the most important advance in mine practice of the past decade, and the industry owes a great deal to the staff of Noranda Mines, Limited, for the pioneering they have done in the development of long-hole mining methods and for publishing their results. A great many mines have followed Noranda&apos;s lead. At the Waite-Amulet, Aldermac, Flin Flon, Canadian Malartic, Hoyle, and Matachewan Consolidated mines, most of the ore is broken by long-hole blasting. While the mines were developing new methods, the diamond-drill industry was developing mechanically-set bits and better machines. Through the effective use o smaller, cheaper diamonds, as well as more efficient setting, bit costs per foot are only one-half what they were ten years ago. Few people realize that a diamond bit is relatively inexpensive. The common EXT coring bit, for example, contains some 200 small diamonds, weighing altogether about 2.70 carats which, at $3.40 per carat, cost $9.20. After use, the equivalent of about 100 of these diamonds may be recovered. Therefore the true cost of the bit is only $7.00, made up of $4.60, the cost of the diamonds lost, $2.00 for setting, and $0.40 tax. The trend in machines has been toward specialization for the different classes of rock in blast-hole work. Light, high-speed machines have been developed for soft ores and higher powered machines for hard ores.

Jan 1, 1943

Project Details ? Located 420 km northeast of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories ? Jericho kimberlite discovered in 1995 ? Feasibility study showed +3,000,000 carats recovered from 2.6 million tonne reserve ? Nine year mine life ? Approx. 100 person workforce in full production ? First mine for Tahera, First new mine for Nunavut Completed Ambitious Construction Schedule During 2005 o Feb ? Mar/05 Winter road mobilization o Mar ? Dec/05 Pre-stripping, earthworks o Mar ? Apr/05 Camp facility, occupied May 3 o May ? Dec/05 Process plant o Jun ? Dec/05 Maint. shop, fuel storage, power plant o Jan ? Mar/06 Commissioning, start-up o April 2006* COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION

May 1, 2006

By Baki Özüm

Early evaluations of Pasquia Hills kerogen shale deposits by Geological Survey of Canada, Saskatchewan Geological Survey, Manitoba Energy and Mines and Sun Oil Company, using modified Fischer Assay, Rock-Eval and other techniques, estimated recoverable reserves of about 2.6x109 barrels of oil in areas favorable for strip-mining; each metric ton of ore was determined to yield about 30 L to 50 L of shale oil remarkably high in aromatic compounds. Western Petrochemical Corp. (WPC) is holding two Oil Shale Exploration Permits covering about 76,635 hectares in the Pasquia Hills Region of eastern Saskatchewan and conducting a 15-corehole drilling program to determine stratigraphic correlation on both first and second white specks kerogen shale. In this program, correlation will be established between oil yield and oil quality, using different retort techniques, including modified Fischer Assay, steam retort and Rock-Eval. Results will lead to further resource evaluation and to a preliminary engineering design for a shale processing plant, including selection of retort process, upgrading of shale oil to petrochemical feedstock, hydrogen management, energy balance and evaluation of environmental impact.

May 1, 2002