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By H. L. TERWILLIGER

THOSE of us who have been following rock drilling work for the last 15 or 20 years can recall some of the problems that were encountered with the old piston type of rock drill and the solid steel which it used. There was frequent trouble in keeping a straight hole in badly broken ground when using the ordinary four- point bit that had a flare on the wings of about 14". The drill steel, when pounding down its hole, would follow the line of least resistance and draw away from the desired line when it encountered a weak side in the ground through which it was drilling. Some would overcome the difficulty by making long winged bits to prevent the steel crowding over; this would relieve the troubles to a great extent. There was trouble with the rifling of drill holes and inability to drill round holes in some ground. The cure for these ills was to use the "X" bit, rather than the crossbit. The "2" bits were brought out in an effort to make it easier to drill a round hole in bad ground. Most of these troubles were before the days when the mechanical drill sharpener was in as common use as it is today. It was not until the introduction of the Leyner type of rock drill, requiring hollow steel that the users of rock drills found themselves confronted with more difficult prob- lems than they had ever encountered before with drill steel because the steel had to stand more severe service.

Jan 1, 1924

By AIME AIME

MINERAL production of the United States is valued at over five billion dollars a year at present and the industry employs close to a million workmen, yet such maps as are available that might indicate the geographical distribution of this industry show only the location of coal and oil fields and of other mineral deposits. No recent map is available that shows this distribution in a quantitative way. The purpose of the maps and graphs here presented is twofold: (1) to give the mining engineer a clear conception of the relative value and the pattern of distribution of minerals in the United States; (2) to test the so-called block-pile (or grouped pillar) system of statistical mapping, which makes this presentation possible. (I discussed this method of mapping in an article which appeared in Economic Geology in 1939, Vol. 15, p. 185-188.)

Jan 1, 1941

Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Ida. John W. Finch, Director. A list of publications will be sent upon application. A series of Bulletins and Pamphlets have been issued by the Bureau to date since 1920 Of the Bulletins, six are out of print, and a charge is made for eight. Each of the Bulletins, in the main, treats of the geology and resources of a particular district in Idaho, as follows (only available Bulletins listed): Bulletin 1, South central Idaho (1920), 15 cents, 7, North central Idaho (1924), 50 cents, 8, Bonneville, Bingham and Caribou counties (1924), 50 cents, 9, Boise Basin (1924), 50 cents; 10, Boundary County (1926), 50 cents; 11, Region about Silver City (1926), 50 cents; 12, Clark Fork district (1930), 50 cents, 14, Eastern Cassia County (1931), 50 cents, Press Bulletin 15, Teton County (1927), Bulletin 16, Melon Valley near Buhl (1927); 17, Concerning land slips near Whitebird, Idaho (1928) The 37 Pamphlets are issued free of cost, and each treats, also, in the main of the geology and resources of a particular district in Idaho Nos 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 26, 30 and 35 are out of print Of those available, attention may be called to Pamphlet 6, Reported platinum occurrences near Coeur d' Alene (1925), 11, Bruneau River Basin, 12, Power and Oneida

Jan 1, 1933

By AIME AIME

WILBER JUDSON is one of that fairly large group of mining engineers that graduated at an Eastern college, worked his way up in various jobs in the West and in the Latin-American countries, and finally came to New York as an administrative officer of a large mining company. Since coming to New York he has been a loyal friend and counselor of the A.I.M.E., and is now serving a second term as one of its Directors, his first term covering the period 1935-1938. Mr. Judson was born in the capital city of Michigan on July 26, 1880. Probably it was his roving spirit rather than professorial urging that was responsible for the fact that four colleges were responsible for his education: Northwestern, University of Michigan, Harvard (S.B., 1901), and the Michigan College of Mines (graduate study). In his first ten years of professional work he might have been found serving as mine foreman at Catamarca in the Argentine, as superintendent of the Inter Ocean mine at Sunshine, Colo.. as foreman for the Cerro Prieto, Magdalena, Sonora, as superintendent of the Hudson Iron Co. in New York, or as manager of the Dolores mine in Chihuahua for the Mines Co. of America, or in Spain, or in Panama.

Jan 1, 1942

By Sydney H., Ball

ONE of the important mineral discoveries of the eighteenth century was , that of the Minas Geraes, Brazil; diamond fields. The production of this and of .other diamond discoveries in neighboring states made Brazil the premier producer of diamonds, succeeding India; its 140 years of supremacy finally passed to- South Africa- 60 years ago. Three times have diamonds contributed heavily to Portugal's somewhat checkered financial history; first in the sixteenth and seventeenth- centuries when the diamond trade of India was controlled by its citizens residing in ,Goa, later in the late eighteenth and the first 75 years of the nineteenth century when the Brazilian fields were the world's source of diamonds, and now, when the Angola diamond mines are the principal source of revenue of its colony, Portuguese West Africa. Certain phases in the history of the administration of the Brazilian field are sufficiently curious to warrant description.

Jan 1, 1929

THE hall of the Western Iron and Nail Associations having kindly been placed at the service of the Institute, the opening session was held at 3 o'clock, Tuesday afternoon, May 13th, with an attendance of about one hundred and twenty-five members. Mr. William Metcalf, of Pittsburgh, read an address of welcome on behalf of the Local Committee of Arrangements, to which President E. B. Coxe responded. The following papers were then read and discussed : Regenerative Stoves; a Sketch of their History and Notes on their Use, by John M. Hartman, of Philadelphia. Some Curious Phenomena Observed on Making a Test of a Piece of Bessemer Steel, by William Kent, of Pittsburgh. On the Use of Determining Slag Densities in Smelting, by Thomas Macfarlane, of Wyandotte, Michigan. After the reading of these papers each member was presented by the Local Committee with a schedule of excursions, a specially prepared map of Pittsburgh and surroundings, and a directory of industrial works, all tastefully bound, and also with a metal badge bearing the seal of the Institute, to be worn on the excursions. The second session was held on Tuesday evening. The following persons, duly proposed for members and associates of the Institute, were, on the recommendation of the Council, unan¬imously elected. (In this list are included those elected at the final session on Friday morning.) George Bartol, - Cleveland, Ohio. Luther S. Bent, - Steelton, Dauphin Co., Pa. Octave Chanute, - New York City. Albert H. Childs, - Allegheny, Pa. Theodore Cooper, - New York City. Andrew Cosgriff, - Brewster, Putnam Co., N. Y. William B. Crocker, - New York City. Henry M. Curry, - Pittsburgh, Pa. Charles Davis, - Allegheny, Pa. Henry F. De Bardeleben, - Birmingham, Ala. Herbert Du Puy, - Pittsburgh, Pa. Charles L. Fitzhugh, - Pittsburgh, Pa. W. S. Franklin, - Ashland, Md. F. G. Fricke, - Pittsburgh, Pa. Paul A. Fusz, - St. Louis, Mo. Ignatius Hahn, . Pittsburgh, Pa. Henry Hargreaves, - South Pittsburgh, Tenn.

Jan 1, 1880

For the first time in its history the Institute will hold a meeting in the State of Arizona. A few years ago Arizona stood third in the copper-producing districts of the United States. Since that time, with the development of porphyry mines, the output has gone up with great rapidity until it not only is the leading district, but its output at the present time is at the rate of nearly double the Montana output, which now stands second in the list. In connection with this .development, most interesting departures have been made in methods -of mining, concentration and smelting. Principles of mining and metallurgy of the greatest interest will be covered by papers which will' appear in the Bulletin and be presented at Technical Sessions, while ample opportunity will be afforded for those who go to the meeting to see all the points of interest .to them. In addition, members will be well rewarded by the marvelous natural features to be seen on the trip, including 'the petrified forests, the cliff dwellings on the Apache Trail and the Grand Canyon of Arizona. It is planned to start the special train from New York, but members and guests may join the special at other points en route as indicated by the following schedule: ITINERARY . , Thursday, September 14th Lv New York, Grand Central Terminal.. ............... 5.30 p. m. Dinner in dining car a la carte New England Members via B. & A. R. R. . Lv Boston. ............. (Regular train). ............. 2.00 p. m. Lv Worcester. ........... (Regular train). ............. 3.12 p. m. , Lv Springfield. ........... (Regular train). ............. 4.37 p. m. Dinner in Dining Car a la carte Ar Albany.. ......... .New York Central R. R.. ....... 7.45 p. m. Lv Albany .......................................... 9.00p.m. Lv Schenectady.. .................................... 9.32 p. m. Lv Utica ............................................ 11.08~.

Jan 8, 1916

By C. H. Snyder

Tlie paper deals with details of construction of the Colmol, including improvements in design that will be incorporated in new models. These improvements are results of problems encountered and worked out in experimental operation with the unit. Also included is a descriptive plan of operating where roof and air conditions are of the worst. A summary of production results from the machine is presented. THE various units used in conventional mining are well-built. Generally the universal under -cutter, driven by approximately 50 hp, weighs approximately 25,000 lb, and is a very strong piece of machinery. The drilling machine is not as husky as an undercutter, generally is driven by approximately 15 hp, weighs about 9000 lb, but is a well-constructed, sturdy mechanism. The loader, usually 60 hp, weighs approximately 24,000 lb, and certainly is a strong, rugged unit. The working parts of all three of these sturdy conventional units have been made of tough steel alloys for some time. With the use of three machines having a combined horsepower of approximately 125, with a combined weight of approximately 60,000 lb, and with the possible inherent advantage of single purpose machines performing a single function, the use of considerable explosives has been required to complete the conventional mining cycle. It was therefore our thought, upon conception of the first Colmol,* a machine which was to do the work accomplished by the three conventional units plus explosives, that it must be a rugged mechanism. Now, after building several units, after going through many and varied experiments, and after the expense of some million-odd dollars, we find we have observed and learned nothing that contradicts our original thinking. A continuous miner, if it is to give satisfactory performance, must be a rugged piece of machinery. Ruggedness has been, and is constantly, in the minds of our engineers in designing the Colmol. Improvements where they have been required have been in the direction of more weight, more horse power, better alloys, bigger hydraulic pumps and motors; in short, always, toward more torque, greater strength, more ruggedness. Now not only the finest steel alloys are utilized but more than 100 Timken roller bearings are used. The following is some pertinent data on models being built and to be built: The low unit: Cutting height, 30 to 42 in. By changing the upper gear case the maximum cutting height can be increased to 61 in., giving a variable cutting height of from 30 to 61 in. Width of cut, 9 ft 6 in. Width of body, 75 in. over tracks. Height of body, 271/2 in. Overall length, 23 ft. Driven by three 50-hp motors or a total of 150 hp. Weight, 26 tons. The intermediate unit: Cutting height, 451/2 to 72 in. Width of cut, 9 ft 8 in. Width of body, 77 in. over tracks. Height of body, 43 in. Overall length, 26 ft. Driven by three 70-hp motors or a total of 210 hp. Weight, 35 tons.

Jan 1, 1951

By C. H. Snyder

Tlie paper deals with details of construction of the Colmol, including improvements in design that will be incorporated in new models. These improvements are results of problems encountered and worked out in experimental operation with the unit. Also included is a descriptive plan of operating where roof and air conditions are of the worst. A summary of production results from the machine is presented. THE various units used in conventional mining are well-built. Generally the universal under -cutter, driven by approximately 50 hp, weighs approximately 25,000 lb, and is a very strong piece of machinery. The drilling machine is not as husky as an undercutter, generally is driven by approximately 15 hp, weighs about 9000 lb, but is a well-constructed, sturdy mechanism. The loader, usually 60 hp, weighs approximately 24,000 lb, and certainly is a strong, rugged unit. The working parts of all three of these sturdy conventional units have been made of tough steel alloys for some time. With the use of three machines having a combined horsepower of approximately 125, with a combined weight of approximately 60,000 lb, and with the possible inherent advantage of single purpose machines performing a single function, the use of considerable explosives has been required to complete the conventional mining cycle. It was therefore our thought, upon conception of the first Colmol,* a machine which was to do the work accomplished by the three conventional units plus explosives, that it must be a rugged mechanism. Now, after building several units, after going through many and varied experiments, and after the expense of some million-odd dollars, we find we have observed and learned nothing that contradicts our original thinking. A continuous miner, if it is to give satisfactory performance, must be a rugged piece of machinery. Ruggedness has been, and is constantly, in the minds of our engineers in designing the Colmol. Improvements where they have been required have been in the direction of more weight, more horse power, better alloys, bigger hydraulic pumps and motors; in short, always, toward more torque, greater strength, more ruggedness. Now not only the finest steel alloys are utilized but more than 100 Timken roller bearings are used. The following is some pertinent data on models being built and to be built: The low unit: Cutting height, 30 to 42 in. By changing the upper gear case the maximum cutting height can be increased to 61 in., giving a variable cutting height of from 30 to 61 in. Width of cut, 9 ft 6 in. Width of body, 75 in. over tracks. Height of body, 271/2 in. Overall length, 23 ft. Driven by three 50-hp motors or a total of 150 hp. Weight, 26 tons. The intermediate unit: Cutting height, 451/2 to 72 in. Width of cut, 9 ft 8 in. Width of body, 77 in. over tracks. Height of body, 43 in. Overall length, 26 ft. Driven by three 70-hp motors or a total of 210 hp. Weight, 35 tons.

Jan 1, 1951

By Paul M. Tyler

MARKETWISE the year 1935 was rather a good one for most of the rare and minor metals; as a class they climbed out of the depression much faster than the common metals. The diamond market, too, was better than it had been for years, attributable only in part to investment buying, as there was a genuine pick-up in consumer demand. Wars and rumors of war tended to speed up purchases of certain metals, but consumption for peaceful purposes was the principal factor. Significant was the important role played by new industrial uses. New discoveries during the year were disappointingly few, considering the broad extent of this research frontier. Scientific developments were far from being at a stand-still, of course, but the dominant note was the cashing in on research consummated in former years. With even a moderate upturn in general business a surprising number of laboratory ideas donned overalls and found jobs in industry.

Jan 1, 1936

By AIME AIME

Award of a Gold Medal : to the Institute. The Jury of Awards of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition has conferred a gold medal, the highest distinction within its power,. on the American Institute of Mining Engineers for the excellence of its publications during the past decade. ; A half-tone photographic reproduction of both sides of the medal is given in the accompanying illustration.

Jan 7, 1908

Jan 1, 1971

By H. W. Gillett

Unlike most previous Howe lecturers, I had not the good fortune to be associated with Henry Marion Howe, nor to be directly one of his students. Yet, through his writings, he has been my teacher, as he has of all American metallurgists. Instructive as his writings are—I use the present tense because Howe thought so keenly and reasoned so surely, seeing clearly, as if by intuition, what was hazy to lesser minds, that his writings are still vital—it is not those books and papers, nor even the minds he trained in his classes, that were his most outstanding service. It was the spirit of Howe in his approach to the problems of metallurgy, his broad-mindedness and fairness, his recognition of the need for theories and hypotheses to explain metallurgical phenomena, his willingness to use them as servants, as well as his questioning attitude—his refusal to accept them as masters—that comprise his greatest service. This most thoroughly warrants the honor the Institute pays each year to his memory. These traits I so respect and honor in any man that I glory in this opportunity to do reverence to him in whom they were so notably united. Howe's Discussion of a Creep Problem I have often wished that Howe were still with us to turn his keen insight upon the problems of the use of metals at high temperatures, a field much studied but still very hazy. Indeed, 53 years ago, in a paper1 before this Institute, Howe stated a problem closely allied to some that still perplex metallurgists and engineers dealing with the high-temperature field. Howe was intrigued by a report2 from another old master, Robert Henry Thurston, on the behavior of annealed vs. cold-drawn iron wire, and in order to broaden the foundation for metallurgical generalization, Howe made experiments of his own on copper and silver. In these tests by Thurston and by Howe, the wires were rapidly loaded to determine the

Jan 1, 1939

By T. A. Rickard

Clement Le Neve Foster was born at Camberwell on March 23, 1841, his father being Peter Le Neve Foster, who was secretary of the Society of Arts for 26 years. As a boy of 12 he was sent to school at Boulogne, receiving a preliminary education there; and in 1857, when only 16 years old, he took his degree of Bachelor of Science from the University of France. In October of the same year he returned to London and entered the Royal School of Mines, which was then in Jermyn Street. He distinguished himself by winning a scholarship and a medal, and by securing his degree as Associate of the Royal School of Mines in the abbreviated period of two years. This was followed by a year at the Bergakademie at Freiberg; subseque1:tly he visited several mining districts in Germany and Hungary. On returning to England, in November, 1860, he received from Sir Roderick Murchison an appointment upon the Geological Survey. During five years he was engaged in field-work, first on the Wealden beds in Kent and Sussex, and then in Derbyshire and Yorkshire. At this time his evenings were largely devoted to reading for a degree from London University. In 1861 he matriculated, obtaining the Bachelor of Science in 1863, with honors in biology and a University scholarship in geology; in 1864 he passed the two examinations entitling him to the Bachelor of Arts degree, and in 1865 he received the degree of Doctor of Science. In 1865 he succeeded Mr. Richard Pearce as lecturer to the Miners' Association of Cornwall and Devon. At the same time he became the curator to the museum of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall at Penzance, a member of the council in 1873, and a life-member in 1874; he made frequent donations to the museum, besides contributing several valuable papers to

Jan 1, 1905

By Richards J. W.

J.W. RICHARDS, South Bethlehem, Pa. (communication to the Secretary?).-Mr. Howland's paper, data and conclusions have interested me intensely, and have led me to study carefully the record-of his 26 furnaces therein given. Mr. Howland is undoubtedly right in his conclusion that when expressing the amount of carbon burned at the tuyères in percentage of the total

Jan 1, 1917

By Ross E. BROWNE, Ross B. HOFFMANN

IT seems strange that a theory so devoid of value in its application to our practical problems should attract such widespread acclaim. This appears still more remarkable when one considers the foundation on which it is built. The criticism naturally suggested is as follows: First; the special theory of relativity is based on an assumption which is counter to the fundamental conception of relative motion. Second; the theory claims only a slight modification of Newtonian mechanics-a modification so minute that, even if true, it would have no practical value in its application to any visible occurrence here on earth.

Jan 1, 1931

By J. D. Doherty

That America's great coal deposits eventually will be our principal source of liquid as well as solid fuels is generally accepted. Moreover, the day when synthetic oil from coal will begin to supplement our petroleum supplies does not appear to be far off. The American petroleum industry has not spared effort or expenditure in its attempt to keep pace with the demand for oil, and recent production has exceeded expectations. However, the rapidly rising demand for liquid fuels plus the increasing difficulty of finding and developing the new oil needed even to maintain present production rates make it highly unlikely that oil from domestic wells can fully meet future oil requirements. Therefore, it appears that one or more of the following courses must be followed: 1. Curtail oil consumption. 2. Increase imports. 3. Develop new sources such as synthetic liquid fuels.

Jan 1, 1949

By E. L. Anders

The Mile Six pool is located on the La Brea-Parinas Cullcession of International Petroleum Co., Ltd., in northwestern Peru on the west coast of South America. The reservoir pressure in this pool has been maintained within 200 psi of its initial value throughout its history, and gravity drainage has played an important role in the production behavior. It has now produced 95 per cent of its estimated ultimate recovery. It is estimated that this interesting oil pool will ultimately produce 67 per cent of the initial oil in place and that the resulting residual oil saturation may be as low as 19 per cent of the pore volume (29 per cent of the hydrocarbon pore volume). An evaluation of reservoir rock and fluid characteristics and ultimate oil recovery is presented. INTRODUCTION This study of Mile Six pool was made to evaluate its performance according to latest available information. The production performance of this pool has been discussed in various articles in the past. and the reported behavior has been used as an example for application of computation procedures for gravity drainage depletion' and as an illustration of field behavior under gravity drainage or expanding gas cap drive. There have been wide variations in reported values of initial oil in place, reservoir oil volume factor. connate-water sauration, volume of effective sand, and ultimate recovery because of the paucity of reliable basic data. These various factors have been determined as accurately as practicable with the latest available information, and this evaluation is presented herein. The production history of Mile Six is an excellent example of gravity drainage depleion with effective pressure maintenance by gar injection. GENERAL Mile Six pool was discovered by cable-tool drilling in November. 1927. when well 1996 was completed in the Parinas sand. After slow development with cable tools and sporadic production. the pool was opened to continuous pro(iuction in November. 1933. and develpment was completed with rotary rigs. Pressure maintenance was started in December, 1933. by returning gas to upstructure wells. Most of the development was 'completed by 1937, but some additional wells were drilled in the period 1939-1947. and several old wells were deepened. A total of 46 oil and gas wells and 4 dry holes were drilled on approximately 7-acre spacing. Of the producers. 21 are now flowing. 2 are pumping. 44 are gas input wells. 3 are abandoned. I is a gas well shut in. and 15 are shut in because of non-commercial production or high gas-oil ratio. The locations of all wells are shown on the map of Fig. I. Total oil production on Dec. 31. 1952, was 30,867,373 bbl: cumulative gas production was 22,023,777 Mcf; and 26,410,946 Mcf of gas had been returned to the reservoir. These figures do not include oil and gas lost ill a blowout in January. 1940. GEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION Mile Six pool is located on the northern end of a structural spur projecting from the La Brea-Negritos uplift.' The spur is probably a reflection of a basement structure. It plunges gently to the north, i broken into a complex series of fault blocks. and contain.; the Verdun Alto. Section Sixteen. and Mile Six pools. The Parinas handstone (lower Eocene!. which is the producing formation in Mile Six. occurs at an average depth of 2,200 ft in the pool and dips north and east at from 15' to 20". The pool covers an area of approximately 350 acres. Mile Six is downfaulted about 600 ft from Section Sixteen pool to the soutb. and a major fault forms its western boundarv. The north and east boundaries are formed by the intersection of the sand top with the water-oil contact which occurs at approximately 2.440 ft subsea. An original gas-oil contact probably existed at about 1.875 ft subsea. Fig. 1 presents the latest structural interpretation of the pool. and Fig. 2 is an isopach map showing thickness of the total Parinas formation above the original water-oil contact. The heavy lints of Fig. 1 are contours on the sand top, and the fine lines are contours on the fault planes. This type of straight-line structural map was developed 1)) International's geologists to reflect structural conditions where the bedding planes dip and have no curvature. 'The La Brea-Parinas Concession is highly faulted by normal fault.. The beds are flat wherever exposed. The Parinas formation is approximately 635 ft thick. and it is etimated that 62 percent II the formation is effective sand. The original oil zone was about 565 ft thick. Fig. 211 presents an electric log showing typical Parinas sand development ill Mile Six pool. The Parinas band in Mile Six i. a well-sorted. medium- to-coal-se-grained. cross-bedded sand with minor lenses of shale and small lenses and pockets of pebble conglomerate. The sand grains are subangular to rounded and consist chiefly of quartz with feldspars. biotite hornblende, and augite as accessory minerals. Because of faulting of the Parinas- formation to the east and north of the pool. there is probably l possibility of a significant, natural water drive in Mile six. The faults within the pool. as indicated in Figs. 1 and 2. are of smaller disI,laceInent and seem to act only , partial barriers to fluid movement within the reservoir. RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS Core analysis data are available from five wells. The data were obtained from three wells (Nos. 3401. 3586 and 3719) at the time of their completion and from well 1996 when the original liner was sidetracked and the well was deepened ill 1946. Data from well 2779 were obtained in 1943 from old cores taken when the well was deepened in 1934. From these core analyses. the average porosity was estimated to be 22.6 per cent. and the average permeability to dry ail. was estimated to be 780 and Measured productility indices varied from 3.1 to 71.4 B/D per psi differential. Specific productivity indices varied approximately from 0.1 to 0.3 B./D per psi per ft of sand.

Jan 1, 1953

By Richard A. Hawkins

O the American coal man, Australian coal mining most appear to have little, if any, influence on American coal-mining practice and to bear little relation to it. Actually, the relationship has been close, for Australian operators have carefully studied American practice by reading American technical publications, by consulting American engineers, and by visits to Ameriean operations. They have leaned heavily on America for their supply of mechanization equipment and many American mining-machinery manufacturers are active in that country, supplying its needs and furnishing technical assistance. Australia's influence on American coal mining has been obscure and probably negligible. However, it seems reasonable to assume that this influence will increase. The wartime development of air transportation will inevitably bring these two countries into much more intimate contact than existed in recent years. American servicemen. many of them former miners and coal-mining technicians, have visited Australian operation, while stationed in that country, have talked with operators and men over there, and undoubt-

Jan 1, 1945