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By Richard W. Smith

Kyanite, long known to occur in Georgia, did not excite coimmercial interest until about 1930. Investigation1 revealed two main types of deposits: (1) separate kyanite crystals embedded in mica schist; and (2) crystal aggregates of kyanite associated with quartz in small and very irregular veins. The second kind at first sight appeared to be the best source of supply. Large boulders or dornicks of kyanite with more or less quartz were found on the surface at many places throughout the Piedmont and Highland sections of the state, but prospecting failed to disclose a sizable vein. These dornicks seem to be a surface accumulation from small veins or lens-shaped masses not more than one or two feet thick, and with a horizontal extent of not more than a few feet. 'rile larger surface accumulation of kyanite dornicks, where not too badly stained by iron oxide, may prove to be marketable, but it is extremely doubtful whether a vein large enough to mine will ever be found. In 1932 deposits of the kyanite-mica schist were known to occur in two places northwest of Clarkesville, in Habersharn County. In 1934, at the request of and in cooperation with the Georgia Geological Survey, the United States Geological Survey made a thorough investigation2 of the deposits and found that the two known areas of kyanite-mica schist in Habershain County were but a part of an unsymmetrical, U-shaped belt (Fig. 1) with a western limb extending into Rabun County and somewhat longer than the eastern limb. The total length of the belt is about 30 miles. The width of outcrop ranges from 100 ft. to 1/4 mile or more. Deposits of kyanite-mica schist of very doubtful commercial importance were found in several other counties. Only the deposits of this kyanitc-mica schist belt in Habersham and Rabun counties will bc discussed in this paper. Geology The kyanite-mica schist of Habersham and Rabun counties occurs near the northern cdge of the Piedmont Upland in metamorphic rocks of pre-Cambrian age3. These rocks probably were deposited as sedimentary

Jan 1, 1938

By J. M. Hassler

NOWHERE can there be found a more misleading statement than the old one that "Iron can be manufactured cheaper in the South." During the past decade ironmakers and users of iron have heard varied and sundry stories of the wonderful resources of the Birmingham district, including abundant ore and coal fields, cheap labor, a wonderful climate and similar industrial Utopian statements. Birmingham represents the major portion of the iron business in the South, acid as Birmingham fares so goes the iron business of the South. The intent of this paper is to shed some light on the actual conditions surrounding ironmaking in the South, especially in the Birmingham, or North Alabama, district. By a presentation of facts it is desired to point out that the "cheap iron" of the industrial South is a thing of the past, primarily because of increased labor cost and because labor is radically different in performance to what it was years ago. Also, because most of the raw materials needed in ironmaking that would be classed better than inferior are gone.

Jan 1, 1937

By H. H. Stoek, G. W. Harries

The term " Anthracite Coal-Field " is generally used to refer to a comparatively small territory lying in the eastern-central part of Pennsylvania. This territory includes about 3,300 sq. miles of area, located chiefly in five counties in which anthracite-mining is the dominant industry. Although an area of 3,300 sq. miles is embraced in the region, less than one-fifth of this area, or only 484 sq. miles, is underlain by workable coal-seams. Moreover, this prorluctive portion is not a continuous area, but consists of a number of detached basins. These are known as the Northern, containing 176 sq. miles; Eastern-Middle, containing 133 sq. miles; Southern, containing 181 sq. miles; and western-Middle,containing 194 sq. miles. From the standpoint of business and trade, the region is divided into three districts, known as (1) the Wyoming, which includes the Northern field and the small Bernice basin; (2) the Lehigh region, which includes all of the Eastern Middle field and that part of the Southern field east of Tamaqua; and (3) the Schuylkill region, which includes the WesL ern-Middle field and that part of the Southern field west of Tamaqua. The relative commercial importance of these districts at the present time is shown by the coal-shipments as given in the following table :

Jan 1, 1904

By L. S. Panyity

The inception of this paper may be traced directly to the various discussions of another paper by the writer1 wherein certain indefinite beliefs and opinions were emphasized as to the relative importance of total sand porosity and the actual size of the openings between the grains. Since publication of that paper it has been possible to study various methods of sand analyses and results that have been obtained under different conditions and actual operations in the field. The purpose of this paper is to indicate the value of screen analysis, especially in areas where repressuring by means of water-flood, air or gas is being used in the partly depleted fields. Sand samples have been analyzed for porosity, saturation and grain size. They are mainly from the Bradford water-flood area, where a great reliance has been put upon such analyses, and where many data are available, A few sand studies are included from fields other than the water-flood area, in order to indicate the possibilities of screen analysis in any field. Examples of various conditions are given in Figs. 1 to 7, which show the porosity, saturation and grain-size analyses of submitted cores or drill cuttings. The generally accepted methods of delineating such sand studies on cross-section paper, known as "core charts" has been employed; with the exception that a method of representing grain size has been evolved which is believed to be the best adapted for this purpose. It differs from the block diagrams generally used, in the employment of a linear section. Percentage of grain-size is represented by the subdivision of a given distance, where the total length represents the whole sample of rock chunk, while the subdivisions indicate the percentages of grains of the different sizes that will pass through the various sieves, through which the samples of crushed sand are sorted to determine the size and amount of the components that make up the aggregate. Thus, on Fig. 1, under the heading of Grain Size, the first samples are composed of grains of the following sizes: 16 per cent. through 120-mesh sieve; 33 per cent. through 150-mesh; 25 per cent. through 180-mesh; 26 per cent, through 200 mesh; a total of 100 per cent. A minus sign is placed before

Jan 1, 1931

THE SOUTHWEST MINING SECTION of the National Safety. Council held a well attended two-day conference at Globe, Ariz., March 19 and 20; followed by two days of mine-rescue maneuvers at the Old Dominion mine in cooperation with the Globe-Miami District Mine Rescue and First Aid Association and the U. S. Bureau of Mines. C. L. Colburn of the Bureau had general charge of the arrangements and was chairman of the conference. All sessions were held in the Old Dominion Library. The program of papers was as follows: MINE FIRE PREVENTION AND FIGHTING What to do in Case of a Mine Fire. / Chas. A. Mitke, Consulting Mining Engineer, Bisbee, Ariz. Gunnite as a Fire Preventative. W. C. Browning, General Manager, Magma Copper Co., Superior, Ariz. Chemical Engineer's Part in Fire Fighting. Dr. L. H. Duschak, Consulting Chemical Engineer, San Francisco, Cal. Mine Fire Drills. A. C. Stoddard, Chief Mining Engineer, Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co., Inspiration, Ariz. Notes on the Installation of Fire Fighting Equipment in Mines. Benjamin F. Tillson, Assistant Superintendent, New Jersey Zinc Co., Franklin, N. J.

Jan 5, 1923

By T. B. Counselman

PRobably the earliest concentration of iron ore in this country was carried on in the northeastern magnetite areas. Magnetic concentration was relatively simple and gave a concentrate that, after agglomeration, and in spite of beillg high in phosphorus hecause of the dry concentrating methods then in use, was satisfactory blast-furnace feed. Production from the northeastern magnetitc area languished after the discovery and development of the Lake Superior ores, where there was seemingly an unlimited tonnage of high-grade ore, first the Michigan ores, and subsequently the still larger deposits of Minnesota. For years only the higher grade, direct shipping ores of the Lake superior district were mined. Those of Michigan, and of the Vermilion Range in Minnesota, were hard ores and came principally from underground mines. The softer ores of the Mesabi came partly from underground mincs, but mostly from the enormous deposits that could be worked by open-pit methods. The costs of ore from these open-pit deposits, even with the high initial cost of stripping, were so low that the underground mines of the Mesabi could hardly compete. The so-called Old Range ores, of Michigan and of the Vermilion Range of Minnesota, were hard and lumpy, and opened UP the burden in the blast furnace, therefore making possible harder driving with greater output. Also, some of these Ores were of such grade and physical characteristics that they were suitable for charge ore in the open hearth. These ores, therefore, commanded a price premium. and could compete with the softer, finer, but cheaper, Mesabi ores. The big tonnage reserves, however, are on the Mesabi. and it is these big open-pit deposits that contitue- our stock pile of iron ore, from which we are drawing so heavily during this war period. On the western end of the Mesabi the ore was found to be high in silica, and not suitable as furnace feed. As early as 1902, attempts were made to concentrate this so-called wash ore and by 1910 the first washing plant was put into operation. The Process was very simple, consisting essentially of a sizing and washing operation, with scalping screens, logwashers and tables, which later were replaced by classificrs. Ore particles finer than I00 mesh were deliberately wasted, because these fines were undesirable in the furnace. Fortunately, these tailings were impounded, and already are being reworked. Before long some of the low-grade ores began to require more elaborate treatment than the simple washing operation and, tables having been discarded because of their low capacity, in favor of classifiers, jigs were next introduced. These were able to discard coarser pieces of tailing than classifiers. Jigs are in active use today, various improvements having been made in their design and application. Various other machines and methods of concentration have been tried from time to time, and have in turn been discarded for more improved processes., The latest and most important process that has been 38

Jan 1, 1944

By T. B. Counselman

PRobably the earliest concentration of iron ore in this country was carried on in the northeastern magnetite areas. Magnetic concentration was relatively simple and gave a concentrate that, after agglomeration, and in spite of beillg high in phosphorus hecause of the dry concentrating methods then in use, was satisfactory blast-furnace feed. Production from the northeastern magnetitc area languished after the discovery and development of the Lake Superior ores, where there was seemingly an unlimited tonnage of high-grade ore, first the Michigan ores, and subsequently the still larger deposits of Minnesota. For years only the higher grade, direct shipping ores of the Lake superior district were mined. Those of Michigan, and of the Vermilion Range in Minnesota, were hard ores and came principally from underground mines. The softer ores of the Mesabi came partly from underground mincs, but mostly from the enormous deposits that could be worked by open-pit methods. The costs of ore from these open-pit deposits, even with the high initial cost of stripping, were so low that the underground mines of the Mesabi could hardly compete. The so-called Old Range ores, of Michigan and of the Vermilion Range of Minnesota, were hard and lumpy, and opened UP the burden in the blast furnace, therefore making possible harder driving with greater output. Also, some of these Ores were of such grade and physical characteristics that they were suitable for charge ore in the open hearth. These ores, therefore, commanded a price premium. and could compete with the softer, finer, but cheaper, Mesabi ores. The big tonnage reserves, however, are on the Mesabi. and it is these big open-pit deposits that contitue- our stock pile of iron ore, from which we are drawing so heavily during this war period. On the western end of the Mesabi the ore was found to be high in silica, and not suitable as furnace feed. As early as 1902, attempts were made to concentrate this so-called wash ore and by 1910 the first washing plant was put into operation. The Process was very simple, consisting essentially of a sizing and washing operation, with scalping screens, logwashers and tables, which later were replaced by classificrs. Ore particles finer than I00 mesh were deliberately wasted, because these fines were undesirable in the furnace. Fortunately, these tailings were impounded, and already are being reworked. Before long some of the low-grade ores began to require more elaborate treatment than the simple washing operation and, tables having been discarded because of their low capacity, in favor of classifiers, jigs were next introduced. These were able to discard coarser pieces of tailing than classifiers. Jigs are in active use today, various improvements having been made in their design and application. Various other machines and methods of concentration have been tried from time to time, and have in turn been discarded for more improved processes., The latest and most important process that has been 38

Jan 1, 1944

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became. members during the period Sept. 10, 1918, to Oct. 10, 1918. ADDISON, HERBERT, Vice-pres. and Mgr., Big Horn Collieries Co., 412 Colorado Bldg., Denver, Colo. ALLAN, .ANDREW, JR A. Allan & Son, Harrison, N. J. AMI, HENRY M., Charge of War Metals and Minerals, British Embassy, Washington, D. C. ALTHAR, HOMER C., Mill. Engr., The Lorain Coal & Dock Co., Bridgeport, Belmont Co., Ohio. BASER, JOHN T Pres., J. T. Baker Chemical Co., Phillipsburg, N. J. BARBA, W. P., Lieut. Colonel, Ordnance, U. S. A., 2301 Connecticut Ave., Washington, D. C. BENSON, JOHN PATS Min. Engr., Aurora Cons. Mines Co., Aurora, Nev., BOSWELL, H. F Resident Inspector, Southern Railway System, St. Louis, Mo. BRAUCHER, PETERS., Foundry Mgr., Philadelphia & Reading Ry. Co., Sixth & Perry St., Reading, Pa.

Jan 11, 1918

The Engineers Society of Western Pennsylvania, William Penn Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa. K. F. Treschow, Secretary Since 1880 this society has been publishing Proceedings containing papers on a wide variety of engineering and related subjects The Proceedings are issued monthly throughout the year (except for the months of August and September each year) and the monthly Proceedings from February of one year to and including January of the next are also collected in volumes The latest is vol 47, for 1931 The rate of subscription for the monthly Proceedings is $5 per year throughout the Postal Union, single copies (monthly), 50 cents each The price of the yearly volumes from vol 17 to date is $5 each, unbound. The Secretary will quote prices for

Jan 1, 1933

By AIME AIME

THOUGH born in England-on Nov. 23, 1372 William Wraith was brought to this country at the age of ten. Eight years later he entered the University of Illinois, transferring to the Michigan College of Mines where he got his E.M. in 1894. For the next three years he was a mine surveyor for the fuel department of the Santa Fe Railroad. Then he got into the copper-mining industry, which has occupied his attention for the last forty years. First he was engineer, at Butte, for the Boston & Montana company, and then helped to build the Washoe smelter at Anaconda, of which he was assistant superintendent from 1906 to 1913. The Anaconda company then sent him to Salt Lake City as manager of its subsidiary.

Jan 1, 1938

By M. R. Campbell

Coal is the geological product of entombed vegetal tissues. This view of its origin led Stopes and Wheeler to define it as "mummified plants." They evidently intended this term to be used in a broad way and to mean the preservation of the organic material, as such, regardless of the means employed to accomplish the purpose. The term " coal" should be regarded, therrfore, as broadly generic, and applicable to all accumulations of vegetal tissues as soon as they are covered and protected either by water or by earthy material. In this sense peat should be regarded as the first stage of coal formation and the term coal should include the resultant products of transformation in all other stages of the process until they have lost all resemblance to the original matter from which they were derived. If this idea of the development of coal is accepted and it is admitted, as the geologists claim, that the forces which produced this transformation of the coal have been active since vegetation began to grow upon the land, and are still in operation, it is obvious that somewhere in the world there are all gradations of this material from peat just forming in the swamps of today to graphitic anthracite which presumably marks the most advanced stage that can be recognized with certainty as belonging to the series. Some of these coals, particularly those occurring in the upper part of the series, are fairly well known because they are the ones that are most widely distributed and have been mined and utilized most extensively. On the other hand, the coals in the lower part of the series are but little known because they are not so abundant and, owing to their relative inefficiency, have been only slightly exploited and utilized, especially in regions where the better coals are abundant. The result of these conditions is that much research work has been done on coals of the higher ranks and a great body of facts regarding their physical and chemical properties and the uses to which they are best adapted has been accumulated, but little information is available regarding the coals of the lower ranks. Many able scientists, particularly chemists, have attempted to bring some order of the chaos of coals of various compositions and uses by

Jan 1, 1930

By Thomas M. Plouf

Getting optimal performance from flotation cells can, in many cases, be critical to a project's economic viability. Simple testing procedures can sound early warning signals as well as maintain optimum recoveries from the flotation cycle. The materials required for a simple testing laboratory include: (1) pH meter or pH paper, (2) bottles of reagents used in plant flotation, (3) stop watch, (4) calibrated eye droppers. (5) laboratory flotation machine (1000-g tank, open impeller), (6) froth collection pans, (7) magnifying glass, (8) sizing screen sufficient to retain 10% of the flotation feed coarse fraction, (9) sizing screen for the size particles at which desliming of the plant flotation feed is to take place, and (10) a set of screens covering the complete range of feed particle size.

Jan 4, 1978

By R. P. Rothwell

THE milling of silver ores has arrived at a great degree of perfection in the mining districts of our Western States and Territories, and I have thought the record of the practical results obtained at the present time, in a few of the principal districts, would prove of value and interest to many of our members, both at home and abroad. An American silver mill is composed, in descending order from where the ore is dumped, of: 1st. A rock-breaker, usually of the Blake or Alden pattern ; 2d. The battery of stamps, the number of which varies from 5 to 120, generally in batteries of 5 or 10 heads, so arranged that a single battery may stand while the others are running; 3d. The tanks where the crushed ore settles (if it is a wet stamping-mill), or of a drying-floor if the crushing is done dry; 4th. Amalgamating pans ; 5th. Settling pans ; 6th. Agitators or pans in which mercury escaping in the tailings is caught; 7th. Blanket sluices, over which the tailings run, and where mercury and unamalgamated sulphides are saved. A reference to the engravings (see plate), which show one of the latest forms of an 80-stamp silver-mill run by a turbine water-wheel, will show clearly the arrangement of the several parts. THE ONTARIO, UTAH, SILVER MILL. One of the best examples of a silver-mill, and at the same time one of the most successful concerns in the West, is the mill of the Ontario Silver Mining Company, near Salt Lake, in Utah. This mill treats the ore from the Ontario mine, ore which at present is very base, being composed of zinc, lead, and silver sulphides and silver chloride in a quartz gangue. This ore has become baser as the mine attained greater depth, though the vein holds its own, or rather increases, both in thickness and richness. The mill is man¬aged in a skilful and economical manner, though the necessity for * Read at the Montreal meeting, September, 1879.

Jan 1, 1880

By Brian Mason

Wire Ropes in Mines. Proceedings of a conference held at Ashorne Hill, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, September, 1950. Published by the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Salisbury House, London, 1951. 828 P. $7.00-The volume contains 18 pages on the manufacture and properties of rope wire and wire ropes. In addition, wire rope practice in Britain, Ontario, the Witwatersrand, The United States, South Africa, and other countries are discussed. Testing, government regulations, and inspection are also treated. The book contains a three day discussion on these subjects complete with a summary of conclusions and recommendations. Heating Ventilating Air Conditioning Guide 1952. Published by the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, New York, 1952. 1496 P. $7.50.Contains a technical data section of reference material on the design and specification of heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems. Also has a section containing information on equipment and manufacturers. An index to technical and equipment sections is included.

Jan 1, 1952

By Jay J. Burns

TWO zinc concentrating mills are operated by the St. Joseph Lead Co. in St. Lawrence County, N. Y. The Edwards mill is operating at present only sixteen hours a day treating 400 tons daily. The metallurgy at Edwards presents no unusual problems therefore this discussion is mainly limited to the metallurgy of the Balmat ore. The Balmat mill has a capacity of 1,250 tons per day and the operating crew consists of three shift bosses each with five millmen per shift. Two crusher operators work on each of two shifts and one cleanup man on day shift. The repair crew is made up of a foreman and three repairmen, one of the repairmen being capable of taking over any operating job in the mill from shift boss down. Each millman is capable of handling the next job in line and several men in the yard crew are broken into handling the start-off job in the mill so that temporary shortages of men do not cause extensive overtime. Sphalerite, pyrite, and galena, the principal ore minerals, occur in a gangue of calcite, dolomite, and silicates, especially diopside, plus tremo-

Jan 1, 1947

By A. H. Tousley

The cement industry is on the horns of an economic dilemma. Within the last ten years, its over- capacity in the United States has varied from 139- 127% of demand (Fig. 1). The most direct effect of this is seen in cement prices, which reached a peak in 1960, retreated steadily through 1966 and only recently climbed back to the 1960 level again. With prices in a slump and production costs estimated to be up almost 30%, there has been a steady drain on cement profits. Since 1960, labor costs have increased 86% while fuel costs have risen 18%. Meanwhile, customer service costs have also soared owing to the competition for cement customers and the wider variety of available cement products. This search for sales advantage has in turn led to a higher Blaine number, which means more grinding and hence bigger mills, more power, and, once again, higher costs. New plants as well as expansions and revisions to existing plants are also costing more owing to higher

Jan 1, 1971

By J. E. Nelson, R. J. Bonnis

Recent completion of Cyprus Bagdad's $240-million modernization and expansion program has registered a 700% increase in ore production with only a 50% increase in labor. Elements of this remarkable achievement include the application of large-scale mining equipment as well as the selection of the latest in processing hardware. Most important, however, was the early recognition that Bagdad's labor personnel is its most important asset.

Jan 4, 1978

By H. H. Dievendorff, F. W. Hertel

The method of drilling deep wells into the earth for the recovery of oil and gas is beset with many hazards. This is especially true in the Ventura Avenue field, which has the distinction of being the hardest field in California in which to complete a deep well. The hard, shifting and squeezing formations must be penetrated to great depths in the face of tremendous gas pressures. This field presents problems that keep the operators abreast with all of the latest developments in oil-field tools and machinery and in oil-well drilling practices. Equipment must be strong, and adapted to deep-well drilling and the handling of long heavy strings of casing. High-pressure sands require the utrnost care and attention of the operators and no chances can be taken, since a serious blowout may cause the loss of a well that has cost months of labor and expense. Equipment must meet these requirements or be discarded. Although the deepest wells in the world are not in this field, nor hav:. the longest strings of casing been set, nevertheless, the consistency with which deep wells are drilled and long strings of casing are set places the Ventura Avenue field foremost, in this respect, among the oil fields of the world. The V'entura Avenue field dors claim the deepest commercial oil-producing well in the world, in the Shell Co. of California's "Edison" No. 18. This well was drilled 7015 ft. and came in flowing 3280 bhl. of oil per day. This field also claims the deepest average depth of producing wells in that its Ill producing wells average 5676 ft. in depth. Of these 111 producing wells, 50 arc 6000 ft. or deeper, and 16 are 6500 ft. or deeper. Also, of the 111 producing wells 100 arc flowing, and 11 arc pumping wells. This paper is intended to set forth the methods used in the drilling of deep wells with rotary tools and the handling of long heavy strings of casing in the Ventura Avenue field.

Jan 1, 1928

No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem. Pa Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Y Nov.,'71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa Feb., '72 5. New York, N. Y.* May, '72 8. Pittsburgh, Pa Oct., '72 7. Boston, Mass Feb., '73 8. Philadelphia, Pa.* May, '73 9. Easton, Pa Oct.. '73 10. New York, N. Y.Feb., '74 11. St. Louis, Mo.* May, '74 12. Hazleton. Pa Oct., '74 13. New Haven, Conn Feb., '75 14. Dover, N. J.* May, '75 15. Cleveland, O Oct., '75

Jan 1, 1929

HAVING previously shown you how ores are found and mined, and also how they are prepared and disposed for smelting, and then how the blast furnaces and other furnaces are made for purging their earthiness, all this would be as nothing if I did not proceed to show you the method of smelting them. Therefore, in the present chapter I wish to show you how you must proceed in this very important operation, telling you all I have seen and also how much work with this kind of blast furnace I have done or directed. For this reason I tell you first to take by weight or measure the quantity of ore that you wish to smelt and, particularly if it is a kind that contains silver, break it into small pieces about the size of [52v] beans. If the ore had previously needed evaporation by fire or cleaning by washing, you will have had this done well and have had it properly prepared by a master sorter or others. A layer of this is arranged on a bed of planks, bricks, or flat stones in front of the blast furnace and its companion is placed on top, then a quarter part of galena or a third if you can obtain it. Then an equal part of crushed iron slag or slag from the same or different ore is added. These materials are spread in layers one above the other. When the blast furnace has been constructed as taught above, correct in all its parts, and is full of well-kindled burning charcoal, then fill it up with charcoal and admit water to the bellows machine. When you see that it is well kindled again from this wind and that the flames begin to come out forcefully on top, work it down with a little rake and fill it up again. Then the pannier is filled with new charcoal, the blast furnace heaped full, and another basketful of the said composition of ore is also put on top. Proceed in this way, continually adding charcoal and ore as long as you have any, or as long as you wish to keep up the work, maintaining the blast furnace always full, or continuing in this way until the bottom of the blast furnace is filled with melted materials. Decide this by judgment, or by seeing through the mouth of the tuyère where the wind of the bellows enters that they are level with this. Then with an iron tool open the hole that was left as an outlet in front of the blast furnace and allow all the metal with its slag to run out. These two things, flowing through the chan-

Jan 1, 1942