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TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND THE MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS GENTLEMEN: Herewith are submitted the report of the Treasurer for the year 1936 and the reports for the same year of the following committees: Admis¬sions, Membership, Papers and Publications, Library, Student Relations, and MINING AND METALLURGY. To these reports you are referred for details of the year's activities. Finances.-Income for the year was $173,091 including an appropria¬tion of $2500 from the Rocky Mountain Fund earmarked to defray expense for official visits to western Sections and student societies. This compares with $141,754 in 1935 and exceeds by more than $50,000 the income of 1933 wherein the low point during the depression was reached. The major items of increase were: $6,700 from current dues; $10,600 in initiation fees and dues of newly enrolled members; $10,800 from the monthly magazine MINING AND METALLURGY. Sundry small declines were offset by minor increases. Expenditures for the year totaled $176,007 compared with $148,361 in 1935. Major increases were $5,700 for MINING AND METALLURGY; $4,000 for TRANSACTIONS and TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS; $1,500 for meetings; $1,300 for Local Section appropriations; $6,500 for Technical Division expense; $5,000 for Increase of Membership expense; and $2,500 for visits to Local Sections and educational institutions. Comment on several of these items will appear under subsequent heads. Net deficit for the year was $2,915, this sum being made up from the accumulated surplus. It is interesting to observe that the net excess of income over outgo for the five-year period 1932-1936, inclusive, is $760. Membership and Dues.-During the year there was a net gain in membership, including Members, Associates, Junior Members and Junior Foreign Affiliates of 755 (from 7116 to 7871). In addition there was a gain of 616 in Student Associates (from 1004 to 1620). Taking account of small losses totaling 5 in the other grades, the net increase was 1366 bringing the total to 9607, the highest figure reached in the history of the Institute except at the end of 1921 when the total was 9850. In part the gain is accounted for by the smaller number lost by suspension

Jan 1, 1937

By Arthur F. Wendt

Introduction.—In the year 1885, the writer signed a contract to take charge of the reopening and developing of the celebrated old mines of " El Cerro Rico de Potosi." Two years earlier, an Eng- . lish firm of engineers had made a very glowing report on the property. In the summer of 1885, telegrams arrived from the parties in charge of operations at the mountain, claiming the finding of one of the old veins, with an average richness of over 200 ounces to the ton. In the fall of 1886, the author first personally visited Potosi, but found neither the English report nor the telegram borne out by the facts. After an expenditure of over half a million of dollars and more than three years of continuons hard work, the writer succeeded in unwatering and developing one of the principal old veins of the mountain. This vein, called "Cotamitos," now yields ores of about 75 ounces to the ton, and the old historic mountains of Potosi may be said to have again fairly entered the list of silver-producers. The experience of the author, during his residence in Bolivia, and data obtained from Sr. Don F. Avelino Aramayo, form the basis of this description. POTOSI. Etymology of the Name.—The Quichuá (pronounced Keechna) Indians, known to North American students as the " Incas," although the word "inca" merely signifies ''king," or "chief," of the Quichuás, called the mountain "Sumac-orcko," or the beautiful mountain." Eighty-three years before the discovery of the mountain by the Spaniards, the inca, or king, Huaina Ccapac, travelling from Cantumarca to Calque-Porco, saw the mountain of Potosf and, admiring its grandeur and beauty, said that within its bowels there was, no doubt, much silver. He ordered his vassal* to work the mines. They, having carried their mining implements to the mountain, ascended it and were on the point of commencing work, when they heard a voice of thunder, which said: " Do not take

Jan 1, 1891

By Robert Hamilton Morris

FATE, rather than planning, put Bob Morris into coal mining. He was a farmer's son, born at Plattsburg, Ohio, just 68 years ago (Feb. 28, 1878) though he could easily pass for ten years younger. Before he was ready for high school the family moved to Columbus, seat of Ohio State University, whose course in mining engineering attracted him because lie thought it the broadest of the engineering courses. He really wanted to be a steel metallurgist but it was a coal-mining company that offered him a job when he graduated, and this circumstance directed his entire future professional life. To. be sure it wasn't such a glorious opportunity so far as pay went -$40 a month-but his employer, the Modoc Coal & Mining Co., Modoc, Ohio, was developing a new shaft mine, thus offering some good experience. In 1902, after a year's experience, he was made superintendent of the property. Then in 1903 the Continental Coal Co. at Glouster, Ohio, offered him a better job as their chief engineer, which he retained until 1905, at the same time joining the A.I.M.E.

Jan 1, 1946

By Gordon MacVean

THE adoption of rock dusting, as a safety measure, has made notable progress in the West Virginia coal mines since May, 1925. At that time there were but two mines in the State that were thoroughly rock dusted, mines No. 2 and No. 12 of the Boone County Coal Corp., at Sharpless. Since then it is probable that 75 per cent of the coal operators in the State have given consideration at one time or another to rock dusting. This growth of interest followed the meetings of the various mining institutes all over the country, during the summer of 1925, at which papers were presented, drawing the attention of the coal mining operators to the merits of this safety measure. Yet outside of the experience with rock dusting at the Old Ben Coal Corp., of Southern Illinois, and the Carbon Fuel Co., of Rains, Utah, there had been no actual occurrence in the coal mines of the United States, which could be taken as positive evidence of the efficacy of rock dusting in the prevention of the propagation of coal dust explosions. The U. S. Bureau of Mines, however, had run innumerable tests under conditions which closely approximated actual coal mining conditions and had clearly shown that rock dusting was effective.

Jan 1, 1926

A comprehensive, systematically structured mineral evaluation system is a prime requirement for objectively assessing mineral supply impacts on the economy. The Minerals Availability System developed by the US Bureau of Mines is a step in the right direction-a well-organized unraveling of the mineral supply network, structured in format to allow quick retrieval for rapid listing, supply analysis, and other uses.

Jan 9, 1977

By St. John, JOHN Ancel

AT THE New York meeting of the Institute of Metals Division in February, 1927, Jeffries and Tarasov presented a paper on Tungsten and Thoria,1 in which the experimental facts were interpreted in accordance with the prevailing point of view that the thorium is present as the oxide, thoria. In discussing that paper the writer of this article stated that his own investigations, which had been unavailable to Messrs. Jeffries and Tarasov, showed that the so-called "thoriated" tungsten filament failed to disclose any sign of the oxide when subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis, but did give plenty of evidence of the presence of metallic thorium and, in certain cases, of a material believed to bean alloy of tungsten in thorium. Since these results were completely at variance with the results reported in the paper under discussion and with other papers which had preceded it from time to time in the past, it was felt that further discussion should be withheld until the new evidence could be presented adequately. Arrangements were therefore made to present that evidence at this meeting. MATERIAL EXAMINED The material examined was high-emission filament such as is used in radio tubes, supposed to contain about 0.75 per cent. thoria. The actual analysis was not stated.

Jan 1, 1927

Further discussion of the paper of JAMES JOHNSTON, presented at the New York meeting, February,. 1914, and printed in Bulletin No. 85, January, 1914, pp. 107 to 133. See also Bulletin No. 91, July, 1914, pp. 1473 to 1496. THOMAS CROWE,* Victor, Colo.-The interest manifested of late in the treatment of low-grade ores, together with Mr. Clevenger's discussion of the Mill and Metallurgical Practice of the Nipissing Mining Co., prompts me to acid a few remarks relative to concentration in connection with cyanide treatment of low-grade ores. Mr. Clevenger in this discussion does not condemn concentration in this connection, but, nevertheless, the tone of his remarks would lead one to believe that his conclusions are like those of many others: that concentration is often turned to as a last resort in an attempt to improve or obtain an extraction upon an ore by the recovery and sale of the refractory portion of the ore. This, I will attempt to point out, is not always the case. Concentration in connection with cyanidation often performs an entirely different function, i.e., one of saving fine grinding. Economy being the keynote of successful treatment of low-grade ores, the problem often becomes more commercial than metallurgical, and, as there is generally a definite ratio existing between cost of operation, degree of comminution, and percentage of extraction, the grade of ore under treatment usually imposes a limit upon these factors. With many ores grinding is the most expensive single item in their treatment; therefore, the degree of comminution is very apt to be governed by the allowable cost of operation. With most ores the degree of comminution controls to a great extent the percentage of extraction. So in the treatment of low-grade ore it often becomes necessary to sacrifice extraction, through coarse grinding for the benefit of cost, in order that the greatest ultimate profit may be obtained, and it is under these conditions that it is, possible for concentration to play an important part in overcoming to some extent the effect of mesh. The precious metals occurring in an ore are usually closely associated with the metallic portion of the ore, and as this metallic portion is generally fairly well liberated from the gangue at comparatively coarse meshes, further grinding of the ore is necessary only in order that the metallic portion may be reduced sufficiently fine that the precious metal part of it may be dissolved by cyanide solutions in a reasonable length of time.

Jan 11, 1914

By Meissner, C. A.

THE tendency all over Europe, just as it is with us, is to go to the use of turbines for new construction or replacement of old steam or even gas engines. 'The lower construction cost and the lower operating cost, when they can have high steam temperatures and pressures, together with their efficiency, is the cause of this change to turbines, both high and low pressure. The present trend is to equip plants with modern, efficient steam boilers, turbines, etc., and gradually work into high-pressure superheated steam equipment to accomplish a saving. One company has just completed a 375 to 400 lb., 700 deg. superheated steam installation and turbo-blowers with this end in view. Some of our new steam plants are using 350 lb. working pressure.

Jan 1, 1928

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Aug. 10 to Sept. 10, 1914: Members ALLEY, HARRY MCCAMMON, Mill Foreman .... Churchill Mining Co., Wonder,2 Nev. AMBLER, J. OWEN, Met..; ... Calumet and Arizona Mining Co., Douglas, Ariz. ANDERSON, JAMES WILLOUGHBY, Duell, Warfield and Duell, 2 Rector St., New York, N. Y. ANTISELL, FRANK L., Asst. Supt Raritan Copper Works, Perth Amboy, N. J. CARRINGTON, FRANK GAMBLE, Sec'y and Asst. Mgr., Standard Foundry Co., Anniston, Ala. CONKEY, CHARLES ROLLAND, Structural Draftsman, Barnett McQueen Co., Ft. William, Ont., Canada. COOK, PAUL RICHARDSON, Mill Shift Boss, Buckhorn Mill and Cyanide Plant, Buckhorn. Nev.

Jan 10, 1914

By J. R. Finlay

BEFORE entering into the statistical part of this article, some general comments may be ln order. Each important war seems to introduce a new atmosphere and a new epoch. The Civil War led to the period of great interior development in North America, of the transcontinental railroads, and of large-scale manufactures. The first World War introduced the general use of the automobile, the building of a huge network of highways, the radio, and household engineering. Now I expect World War II also to introduce some new ways of living. Transocean aviation will become a commonplace; we shall probably have much more of an eye to our military and naval establishments and be more conscious of Eastern Hemisphere affairs instead of thinking so exclusively of the Western. Each war has also multiplied government expenditures and taxes; and to this rule the present one will certainly be no exception.

Jan 1, 1944

By Emanuel Trotz

As the long-felt need of a reliable and easily-managed pyrometer has now been fully supplied, by the latest form of Professor Wiborgh's pyrometer, an account of this instrument will, per-

Jan 1, 1893

By W. F., Netzeband

SEVERAL criteria have been used more or less successfully in finding and developing orebodies in this district. Among them is the relation of the fracture to the orebodies. It has been known for some time that there was some relation, but it has been but recently. that careful study has been given to this subject. Like all the criteria used in this district, this relationship must be used with caution, for what-is true in one part of the district is not necessarily true in another.

Jan 1, 1928

By R. W. Raymond

That the death of Martin Coryell, which occurred at Lambertville, New Jersey, on Monday morning, November 29th, touched the sympathies of a wide circle of professional associates and personal friends, was amply testified by the gathering at the funeral services on Friday. Like his distinguished friend and neighbor, the late Ashbel Welch, Mr. Coryell was one of those pioneers in American engineering to whom we owe the great railway and canal systems which lie at the base of our national prosperity, and who have consequently enjoyed the respect and esteem of their successors of the present generation. Martin Coryell was born July 20th, 1815, at New ope, Rucks County, Pa., and was educated principally in the schools of his native town arid of Lambertville, New Jersey, to which place he returned for permanent residence fifty years later. With the exception of a brief period in youth, during which, to restore his failing health, he learned and practiced for a few months the carpenter's trade, and another brief period, later in life, when he read law for a time in the office of B. H. Brewster, of Philadelphia, afterwards Attorney-General of the United States, Mr. Coryell may be said to have spent his life as an active civil and mining engineer. Even these two episodes can scarcely be said to have been deviations from that profession, since they served to give him more thorough preparation for constructive and administrative work. The Delaware Division Canal, the Raritan Canal, and the Brunswick Canal, are among those upon which Mr. Coryell was employed. For the Raritan Canal Company, under the superintendence of Ashbel Welch, he located the greater part of the Belvidere Railroad (now the Belvidere division of the Pennsylvania Railroad), and directed its construction from Trenton to Lambertville. He was also active as a mining engineer, being one of the early pioneers of mining in the Lake Superior copper region, and had much to do with the development of the Hazleton coalfield and the railroad which has since expanded into the Lehigh Valley system. In 1862, he removed to Wilkes-Barre, where, in 1864, he became manager of the Warrior Run Mining Company. One of the editors

Jan 1, 1887

By Roberto Fernandez

Want of knowledge on the part of experts from abroad respecting the amalgamation-system, known as the Mexican or patio process, has been the cause in this country of trouble to many foreign mining companies. This process has not been looked upon by their managers as a satisfactory method of treating silver-ores, and they prefer to employ others, which, although more modern, and often more profitable in other countries, have not proved to be so under the exceptional conditions of this country, where labor is cheap and paid in silver, while fuel is very dear. The cause of this error of judgment is probably the inexact information which has been furnished by several authors respecting the economical results of the patio process. This treatment is not suitable for silver-ores of every kind. Simple sulphides of silver are best adapted to it, and, next to these, the combinations of complex sulphides, viz., pyrargyrite, polybasite, stephanite, proustite, etc. Chlorides, bromides and iodides of silver are considered rebellious ; argentiferous galena, blende, bournonite, as also argentiferous arsenical pyrites of iron and copper, are absolutelg unsuited to this treatment. Experience has proved that high-grade ores do not give as satisfactory results as those of mediurn grades, as, for instance, carrying from 1 to 2 kilos of silver per metrical ton. The patio process, as actually practiced in this district, comprises the following operations: 1. The ore is crushed in a dry state in a roller-mill, reducing it to pea-size, from which uniform samples, and, in consequence, correct assays, can be obtained. 2. It is then thrown into the arrastra, and pulverized with water, so fine that it will pass through an 80-mesh screen.

Jan 1, 1900

By J. F. Tavernelli, L. F. Coffin

The deformation and fracture characteristics of eight metals subjected to fully reversed cyclic strain ranging from 0.2 to 50 pct were investigated at room temperature. Strain-hardening characteristics unique to the interna1 structure of a particular metal were found. Complete removal of the strain-hardening effects resulting from prior deformation was brought about by subsequent cyclic strain. Further support for the validity of the inverse relationship between the plastic strain range and the square root of the number of cycles for failure is given. THE resistance of materials to cyclic plastic strain is of interest both from a fundamental and practical point of view. It is now a well-accepted fact that fatigue failure in metals is a consequence of the localized slip deformation which occurs within the individual crystals of metal.'-' Hence the failure process should be strongly dependent upon the magnitude of the gross cyclic plastic deformation of the metal under conditions where this is a measurable quantity. Therefore, an experimental investigation of metals in which the cyclic plastic strain is the independent variable should shed new light on some of the basic aspects of the problem. From the practical point of view, there are many uses for information relating to the cyclic strain resistance of metals. One is the case of thermal stress fatigue where fatigue failure can occur as a consequence of a com- paratively few cycles of thermally induced mechanical deformation. Another is the mechanical working of metals where large cyclic strains are employed. In recent years several publications have appeared relating to the cyclic-strain resistance of metals,8-11 dealing mostly with the fracture aspects where the temperature is cycled simultaneously with the mechanical strain. Some work has been reported on the cyclic-strain resistance of metals at constant temperature, again oriented more toward the fracture aspects of the problem than the deformation aspects. 12-16 The present research investigation was undertaken to obtain information regarding the deformation characteristics of several metals whose structure-property relationships were simple and straightforward under conditions of both cyclic and monotonic strain. It has been shown for example that under cyclic-strain conditions some materials will strain harden, while other materials, particularly cold-worked structures, strain soften and these effects required further clarification.8,17-19 It was also de-

Jan 1, 1960

By V. N. Krivobor

The study and use of low-carbon manganese steels have been curiously neglected in the general history of developments in alloy steels. Hadfield1 made an extensive study of manganese-iron-carbon alloys about 1886, which culminated in the wide application and use of Hadfield austenitic manganese steel. His alloys were nearly all high in carbon, as compared with the steels discussed in this paper, and he found a marked tendency toward brittleness in the alloys of medium and low manganese content, that is, below 7 per cent. manganese. As a result, there has been a widespread prejudice against the use of manganese steels containing between 1.0 to 3.5 per cent. manganese with comparatively low carbon. Steels of this composition have never been studied adequately in comparison with other alloy steels, and have had litttle use in practice. In a very recent paper by Sir Robert Hadfield2 the following statement appears: 6L... manganese-iron alloys with little or no carbon do not seem to offer any practical employment; they only become valuable in the presence of quite high percentages of carbon, 0.90 to 1.50 percent." The results of the present investigation are so contrary to the findings of Hadfield that the writers feel fully justified in presenting the preliminary report incorporated in this paper. Previous Investigations As early as 1886 the Terre Noire CO.3 in France produced alloys containing up to 2.5 per cent. of manganese, using ordinary low-grade

Jan 1, 1927

By Russell A. Carter

Alaska is a land of immense proportions and resources. Its very name, derived from an Aleut term, means "The Great Land." Yet, in a state slightly larger than Texas, California, and Montana combined, there are presently only two-large scale mines in production, excluding dredge operations. Once referred to by its territorial governor as "a storehouse of minerals," Alaska is, in the opinion of many industry observers, at least 20 years away from a healthy, productive mining industry. The mineral potential of the state is tremendous: coal deposits on the North Slope alone have been hypothetically pegged at 1.5 trillion tons. Copper-zinc deposits on the south flank of the Brooks Range are conservatively estimated to be worth $4 billion to $6 billion. However, the problems facing mineral development are of equal magnitude, and include:

Jan 11, 1976

By John V. Beall, William F. Haddon

A long the mighty Andean Cordillera, there is splendor beyond imagination-in the natural beauty of the mountains and in daring engineering and lavish investment in the mines. This is the story of the great copper mines of Chile and Peru. Each mine has a special quality which has tested the physical and spiritual resources of the founder. In the early days of the older mines, the mining engineer of song and story was more the rule than the exception. He was physically tough, ingenious and a leader of men. In the current political and social environment of Chile and Peru, the foreign contract mining engineer is still needed; but he must be a different type of man. To John J. Selters at Cerro's Rio Blanco, the principal ingredient is still "toughness," but it is "toughness of mind" that is needed. "He probably should be a teacher." The copper mines are not new. They were, almost without exception, worked by Indians (La Exotica might prove the rule), and later by the intrepid Spaniards. Modern mining began after the turn of the century. In Chile, the first of the big ones was the Braden Copper Co. founded on the El Teniente deposit. This development was followed by Chile Exploration Co. at Chuquicamata and Andes Copper at Potrerillos. These properties have been developed over the years by vast expenditures of money and a monumental amount of labor. None was free of technical problems-metallurgy at Chuqui, marginal grade of the old mine at Andes, avalanches and the great fire at El Teniente. The evolution which has brought the established mines of Chile, and the new ones coming on stream, to their present state of development is in reality the work of wonders of input-money, engineering and responsible management in an atmosphere of political stability. Without any one of these, the result would have been failure.

Jan 11, 1969

By Eugene McAuliffe

THE heavy shrinkage in the production of bituminous coal has reflected adversely in the matter of tonnage produced by stripping arid mechanical loading machinery. The purchase of stripping and underground loading equipment has likewise been circumscribed. How- .ever a growing percentage of bituminous coal is being loaded by stripping and mechanical loading machinery. This situation is due to the fact that numerous strip pits were able to operate in Illinois and Indiana when under- cover mines were subjected to labor interference, a further advantage gained by their ability to produce and market coal at a price below that of the undercover mines. The mines equipped with mechanical loading. apparatus have enjoyed more continued operation for the double reason that the companies using coal-loading machinery are, generally speaking, more substantial and in better financial condition than many of the smaller properties who maintain hand-loading methods, and the market advantage due to lower production costs also reflects to the advantage of the undercover mines using mechanical loading equipment. Where a number of mines are con- trolled by one company, those not equipped with loading machinery and suffering from higher producing costs have often been closed, with the available tonnage concentrated in the more modernly equipped mines.

Jan 1, 1933

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES OF LOCAL SECTIONS New York LOUIS D. HUNTOON, Chairman. ARTHUR S. DWIGHT, Vice-Chairman. THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. E. MALTBY SHIPP, Treasurer. GEORGE F. KUNZ, W. DE L. BENEDICT. Boston ROBERT H. RICHARDS, Chairman. ALBERT SAUVEUR, Vice-Chairman. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. TIMOTHY W. SPRAGUE, HENRY A. WENTWORTH.

Jan 2, 1914