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By Augustus Locke

In 1900, when. the public first heard of "secondary enrichment," the Butte chalcocite seemed clearly supergene. Mining, through successive regions of leached capping, bonanza sulfide, and sulfide less rich, had paused at lean bottom levels which, though chalcocite-bearing, suggested the waning of copper. The deepest chalcocite, at 1500 ft., was yet too shallow to disturb the supergene hypothesis. But, with deeper mining, lean levels yielded to fat ones. Here and there they showed, within the same vein, an inverted distribution, chalcopyrite above and chalcocite below. To the miners' astonishment, they carried chal-cocite, unaffected by cross faults, on an independent course to the depth of 2500 ft. The pattern of ore distribution, hitherto revealed only in fragments, was now appearing in perspective, and, in the depth of the chalcocite, was beginning to make Butte differ from all districts where the chalcocite is indubitably supergene. The idea of hypogene origin at length came into favor; by 1913, when Sales' advocated this origin, the argument had become a powerful one. This argument rested on field evidence; but, already, there was beginning to emerge microscopic evidence not included in this argument. Especially pertinent was the proof that (1) the deep chalcocite lies in-mixed with bornite, often microscopic; (2) the deep chalcocite often replaces bornite; and (3) replacement of bornite by chalcocite is accomplished more easily than that of pyrite, enargite, or chalcopyrite. The microscopic evidence has been accumulating for ten years and it demands

Jan 1, 1924

By William H. Spice

For the year 1943, exploratory drilling in South Central Texas continued on the sharp decline that started during 1942. Of the 3 counties comprising this district, as now revised to include the same area as is covered by District No. I, Oil and Gas Division, Railroad Commission of Texas, I5 counties are producing oil or gas. Only 29 exploratory wells were drilled during 1943, as compared with 51 exploratory wells in 1942, or a decrease of over 40 per cent. One new oil field and one new gas field were discovered during the year and a new horizon was discovered in an existing oil field. This cornpares with two new oil fields and an extension to an existing gas field in 1942. The one new oil field, South Washburn, in southeastern La Salle County, was discovered by Quintana Petroleum Corporation's No. I-D South Texas indicate in April 1943, flowing 4 bbl. per day, 48" A.P.I. gravity oil with an estimated 4 million cubic feet of gas from Wilcox sand at 6030 ft. This well i's the result of an extensive seismograph survey of the area. It is about 434 miles southwest of the same company's Green Branch field and by the end of the year one dry hole had been drilled to the southwest of this discovery. The one new gas field, which was not named, was located in eastern McMullen County by Edwin M. Jones' No. 102 Ezzell, in November 1943, for an estimated 8 million cubic feet of gas from shallow Jackson sand at 1222 ft. NO addi- tional wells have been drilled in this area, which may also be considered as an extension to the South Calliham field. The one new producing horizon was discovered in the South Campana field in southeastern McMullen County, by Argo Oil Corporation's No. 2-G Edrington, in January 1943, flowing 55 bbl. per day, 21' A.P.I. gravity oil with 40 per cent water from Government wells sand at 2609 feet. None of these discoveries were of major importance and subsequent development in these new areas has proved to be disappointing. Produc'tion for the district during 1943 totaled approximately 6,985,000 bbl. from about 3430 producing wells. This is an increase in production of about 5 per cent over 1942, but a decrease in producing wells of about 10 per cent under the number of wells producing in 1942 for the same district. Average production per well was 5.4 bbl. during 1943 as against 4.8 bbl. during 1942. Approximately 5,320,000 hhl. of this total production, or 76 per cent, was produced by the four Edwards lime fields, Luling, Branyon, Salt Flat, and Darst Creek, which are from 22 to 14 years old. The remaining production came from the 43 other active oil fields in the district. Drilling in the proven fields maintained approximately the same level as for 1942, with a total of 36 wells drilled. Of these operations, 21 were oil wells, one was a gas well and 14 were dry holes. This is a slightly better proportion of producers than for 1942. Washburn field had the greatest number of new producing wells drilled during the year, with a total of 10.

Jan 1, 1944

By William H. Spice

For the year 1943, exploratory drilling in South Central Texas continued on the sharp decline that started during 1942. Of the 3 counties comprising this district, as now revised to include the same area as is covered by District No. I, Oil and Gas Division, Railroad Commission of Texas, I5 counties are producing oil or gas. Only 29 exploratory wells were drilled during 1943, as compared with 51 exploratory wells in 1942, or a decrease of over 40 per cent. One new oil field and one new gas field were discovered during the year and a new horizon was discovered in an existing oil field. This cornpares with two new oil fields and an extension to an existing gas field in 1942. The one new oil field, South Washburn, in southeastern La Salle County, was discovered by Quintana Petroleum Corporation's No. I-D South Texas indicate in April 1943, flowing 4 bbl. per day, 48" A.P.I. gravity oil with an estimated 4 million cubic feet of gas from Wilcox sand at 6030 ft. This well i's the result of an extensive seismograph survey of the area. It is about 434 miles southwest of the same company's Green Branch field and by the end of the year one dry hole had been drilled to the southwest of this discovery. The one new gas field, which was not named, was located in eastern McMullen County by Edwin M. Jones' No. 102 Ezzell, in November 1943, for an estimated 8 million cubic feet of gas from shallow Jackson sand at 1222 ft. NO addi- tional wells have been drilled in this area, which may also be considered as an extension to the South Calliham field. The one new producing horizon was discovered in the South Campana field in southeastern McMullen County, by Argo Oil Corporation's No. 2-G Edrington, in January 1943, flowing 55 bbl. per day, 21' A.P.I. gravity oil with 40 per cent water from Government wells sand at 2609 feet. None of these discoveries were of major importance and subsequent development in these new areas has proved to be disappointing. Produc'tion for the district during 1943 totaled approximately 6,985,000 bbl. from about 3430 producing wells. This is an increase in production of about 5 per cent over 1942, but a decrease in producing wells of about 10 per cent under the number of wells producing in 1942 for the same district. Average production per well was 5.4 bbl. during 1943 as against 4.8 bbl. during 1942. Approximately 5,320,000 hhl. of this total production, or 76 per cent, was produced by the four Edwards lime fields, Luling, Branyon, Salt Flat, and Darst Creek, which are from 22 to 14 years old. The remaining production came from the 43 other active oil fields in the district. Drilling in the proven fields maintained approximately the same level as for 1942, with a total of 36 wells drilled. Of these operations, 21 were oil wells, one was a gas well and 14 were dry holes. This is a slightly better proportion of producers than for 1942. Washburn field had the greatest number of new producing wells drilled during the year, with a total of 10.

Jan 1, 1944

By J. C. Reed, J. M. Hansell

Cinnabar was discovered in southwestern Arkansas on Little Missouri River in sec. 1, T.7S., R.26W., in April, 1930, and near Antoine Creek in sec. 28, T.6S., R.23W., some 15 miles farther east in May of the same year. It was not, however, until June, 1931, that cinnabar was identified as such in a specimen from the original discovery area sent to W. M. Weigell by Walter F. Hintze of Murfreesboro. Almost simultaneously2, in July, 1931, Moritz Norden of Hot Springs identified specimens from the Antoine Creek area as cinnabar. Immediate interest in the district followed the identification of cinnabar and by January, 1932, the district was known to extend as a mineralized belt about one mile wide trending east-northeast from sec. 13, T.7S., R.27W., in Howard County across central Pike County and into Clark County to sec. 19, T.6S., R.23W., thence extending southeast into sections 33 and 34 of the same township. Since then, cinnabar has been found in sec. 6, T.7S., R.22W., thus giving a total east-west length to the district of approximately 30 miles. Interest focused mainly on the two discovery areas, with the result that mining development has progressed most rapidly in those localities. In the Antoine Creek area the Arkansas Quicksilver Co. has done considerable exploration work and has retorted the high-grade ore so obtained. In the Little Missouri area the Southwestern Quicksilver Co. has had a 12-ton rotary furnace in more or less continuous operation since April, 1932, and has been the largest producer in the district. In March, 1934, the United States Geological Survey began a study of the Arkansas quicksilver district, which was made possible by an allotment of funds from the Public Works Administration. Until

Jan 1, 1935

By J. C. Reed, J. M. Hansell

Cinnabar was discovered in southwestern Arkansas on Little Missouri River in sec. 1, T.7S., R.26W., in April, 1930, and near Antoine Creek in sec. 28, T.6S., R.23W., some 15 miles farther east in May of the same year. It was not, however, until June, 1931, that cinnabar was identified as such in a specimen from the original discovery area sent to W. M. Weigell by Walter F. Hintze of Murfreesboro. Almost simultaneously2, in July, 1931, Moritz Norden of Hot Springs identified specimens from the Antoine Creek area as cinnabar. Immediate interest in the district followed the identification of cinnabar and by January, 1932, the district was known to extend as a mineralized belt about one mile wide trending east-northeast from sec. 13, T.7S., R.27W., in Howard County across central Pike County and into Clark County to sec. 19, T.6S., R.23W., thence extending southeast into sections 33 and 34 of the same township. Since then, cinnabar has been found in sec. 6, T.7S., R.22W., thus giving a total east-west length to the district of approximately 30 miles. Interest focused mainly on the two discovery areas, with the result that mining development has progressed most rapidly in those localities. In the Antoine Creek area the Arkansas Quicksilver Co. has done considerable exploration work and has retorted the high-grade ore so obtained. In the Little Missouri area the Southwestern Quicksilver Co. has had a 12-ton rotary furnace in more or less continuous operation since April, 1932, and has been the largest producer in the district. In March, 1934, the United States Geological Survey began a study of the Arkansas quicksilver district, which was made possible by an allotment of funds from the Public Works Administration. Until

Jan 1, 1935

Cinnabar was discovered in southwestern Arkansas on Little Missouri River in sec. 1, T.7S., R.26W., in April, 1930, and near Antoine Creek in sec. 28, T.6S., R.23W., some 15 miles farther east in May of the same year. It was not, however, until June, 1931, that cinnabar was identified as such in a specimen from the original discovery area sent to W. M. Weigell by Walter F. Hintze of Murfreesboro. Almost simultaneously2, in July, 1931, Moritz Norden of Hot Springs identified specimens from the Antoine Creek area as cinnabar. Immediate interest in the district followed the identification of cinnabar and by January, 1932, the district was known to extend as a mineralized belt about one mile wide trending east-northeast from sec. 13, T.7S., R.27W., in Howard County across central Pike County and into Clark County to sec. 19, T.6S., R.23W., thence extending southeast into sections 33 and 34 of the same township. Since then, cinnabar has been found in sec. 6, T.7S., R.22W., thus giving a total east-west length to the district of approximately 30 miles. Interest focused mainly on the two discovery areas, with the result that mining development has progressed most rapidly in those localities. In the Antoine Creek area the Arkansas Quicksilver Co. has done considerable exploration work and has retorted the high-grade ore so obtained. In the Little Missouri area the Southwestern Quicksilver Co. has had a 12-ton rotary furnace in more or less continuous operation since April, 1932, and has been the largest producer in the district. In March, 1934, the United States Geological Survey began a study of the Arkansas quicksilver district, which was made possible by an allotment of funds from the Public Works Administration. Until

Jan 1, 1935

By J. C. Reed, J. M. Hansell

Cinnabar was discovered in southwestern Arkansas on Little Missouri River in sec. 1, T.7S., R.26W., in April, 1930, and near Antoine Creek in sec. 28, T.6S., R.23W., some 15 miles farther east in May of the same year. It was not, however, until June, 1931, that cinnabar was identified as such in a specimen from the original discovery area sent to W. M. Weigell by Walter F. Hintze of Murfreesboro. Almost simultaneously2, in July, 1931, Moritz Norden of Hot Springs identified specimens from the Antoine Creek area as cinnabar. Immediate interest in the district followed the identification of cinnabar and by January, 1932, the district was known to extend as a mineralized belt about one mile wide trending east-northeast from sec. 13, T.7S., R.27W., in Howard County across central Pike County and into Clark County to sec. 19, T.6S., R.23W., thence extending southeast into sections 33 and 34 of the same township. Since then, cinnabar has been found in sec. 6, T.7S., R.22W., thus giving a total east-west length to the district of approximately 30 miles. Interest focused mainly on the two discovery areas, with the result that mining development has progressed most rapidly in those localities. In the Antoine Creek area the Arkansas Quicksilver Co. has done considerable exploration work and has retorted the high-grade ore so obtained. In the Little Missouri area the Southwestern Quicksilver Co. has had a 12-ton rotary furnace in more or less continuous operation since April, 1932, and has been the largest producer in the district. In March, 1934, the United States Geological Survey began a study of the Arkansas quicksilver district, which was made possible by an allotment of funds from the Public Works Administration. Until

Jan 1, 1935

By C. Y. Clayton

In connection with certain cooperative work carried on between the Ordnance Department of the U. S. Army, the U. S. Bureau of Mines, and the U. S. Geological Survey during the year 1918, it was the writers' privilege to make metallographic examinations of a great many test bars and other pieces of nickel-steel gun forgings. The material studied came from many different steel plants throughout the country and consisted both of forgings that had been accepted by the Ordnance Department and those that had failed to pass the specified physical tests. In general, these tests require a minimum tensile strength of 95,000 lb. (42,091 kg.)! an elastic limit of 65,000 lb. (29,483 kg.), an 18 per cent, elongation, and a 30 per cent. reduction in area. An average chemical composition of the steel studied is 0.38 per cent. carbon and 2.9 per cent. nickel. The steel was of both basic electric and basic open-hearth manufacture. The object of the metallographic work was twofold: to assist in detecting defects in the steel and, if possible, to suggest remedies for the same; and to obtain as much information as possible in regard to the relation of the microstructure of the metal to its physical properties. The grcatcr part of the investigation was devoted to defective metal that failed to pass the ordnance specifications. Many types and kinds of more or less serious defects thus came under observation, but most of these were due to the attempts by the manufacturer to meet the enormous demand for ordnance steel with more or less inadequate equipment, and were soon remedied. Two defects, the so-called "flakes" or "snowflakes" and a certain "fibrous" or "woody" fracture, were encountered so frequently and were so disastrous to the steel that the greater part of the study was devoted to them. As a result much information as to their nature and their effects upon the steel and something in regard to some of the conditions that favor their development has been obtained. The purpose of the present

Jan 1, 1920

October 16th, 1872. THE Institute assembled on Wednesday evening at the Western University, and was called to order by President Raymond. Mr. James Park, Jr., of Pittsburgh, made the address of welcome, which was responded to by President Raymond. The Council reported the following names, with approval, for election Ashburner, William, - San Francisco, Cal. Asmus, George, - New York. Baillie, Nathaniel, - Uniontown, Pa. Bowie, A. J., Jr. - San Francisco, Cal. Brown, A. J., - Treasure City, Nev. Butler, J. G., Jr., - Youngstown, Ohio. Chamberlin, J. G., - Leetonia, Ohio. Clark, R. Neilson, - Canyon City, Colorado. Cornell, A. B., - Youngstown, Ohio. De Crano, E. G., - San Francisco, Cal. Engelmann, H., - Salt Lake City, Utah. Faber du Faur, A., - New York. Janin, Louis, Jr., - San Francisco, Cal. Johnson, George J., - Salt Lake City, Utah.. Kent, Joseph C., - Phillipsburgh, N. J. Kent, William St. G., - Phillipsburgh, N. J. Liebenau, Charles von, - Silver City, Idaho. McClintock, A. H., - Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Miller, Thomas N., - Pittsburgh, Pa. Millholland, James A., - Mount Savage, Md. Peters, Ed. D., Jr., - Dudley, Colorado. Reese, Jacob, - Pittsburgh; Pa. Schirmer, J. F. L., - Denver, Colorado. Smith, W. S., - Fairplay, Colorado. Stoelting, Hermann, - Georgetown, Colorado. Sweet, W. A., - Syracuse, N. Y. Tripple, Alexander, - New York. Van Arsdale, W. H., - Swansea, Cal. Willard, Dwight D., - Bordentown, N. J. The following resolution was then offered and passed Resolved, That gentlemen present, not members, be invited to take part in the discussions of the Institute at the various sessions of the present meeting.

Jan 1, 1873

By JOHN R. SUMAN

IT appears now that the conflict with the totalitarian states will be a long-drawn-out struggle. The course of this war up to now indicates that this may well be the first major conflict where man power has not been the vital and determining factor. Mechanized warfare has made it possible for relatively small, well-equipped groups to outmaneuver and defeat large armies which lack the necessary modern equipment. Under these circumstances, ultimate victory becomes a matter of resources and productive ability. The important question is not how many soldiers can he put into the field, but the volume and speed in producing the armaments essential to ensure a victory. The resources available to the opposing nations and the efficiency of their systems of enterprise and production will be primary factors in determining the ultimate outcome. Germany had a head start of eight years in the armament race, and it is not easy to overcome such an advantage overnight.

Jan 1, 1942

By Persifor Frazer

I DESIRE to say that, owing to the number of papers which have been more or less crowded at this session of the Institute, and the fact that, as one of the Local Committee, I have the distinguished honor to feel somewhat like one of the hosts, I should not tax the patience of members at this late hour, but would have my paper read by title were it in any way possible to do this. But the task I have set myself this evening is to present to the eyes of the members of the Institute certain objects which have occupied more or less of my time during the last eighteen months or two years. The objects I allude to are some of the igneous rocks of this country, which, until quite recently, have been less understood than any others. It will be well known to some of the members that some of the cooled lavas of a previous age of our planet, when not directly coarsely crystalline and granular, were considered and spoken of as " natural glasses," or perfectly uncrystalline, vitreous, or hyaline masses of matter. Among the first results of the use of the microscope was the dispersion of this fallacy. Sir David Brewster, Mr. H. C. Sorby, and William Nichol (the discoverer of the celebrated calcite prism, which bears his name), had, with greater or less success, examined sections of various rocks and minerals, both by transmitted and reflected light, and also in the form of powder. But, until the genius of Vogelsang undertook the subject, these investigations had no permanent value, nor did they constitute an independent line of mineralogical and geological research. Since the close of his labors, by Vogelsang's premature and much-lamented death, the subject has been made one of renewed interest by his brother-in-law, Ferdinand Zirkel, as well as by Rosenbusch, Tschermak, and many others abroad, and at home by the commencement of a systematic study of the traps of Connecticut by Messrs. E. D. Dana and G. W. Hawes, of New Haven, and by the splendid set of described sections of the traps of the West which have been furnished by Zirkel to illustrate Clarence King's report. I had the honor of presenting a large number of thin sections of our traps at the Washington meeting, for the inspection of the members, with the aid of a table microscope belonging to the Smithsonian Institution. Here I propose to project these sections upon the

By G. L. Oldright

NEARLY all of the present schemes for treating complex (i. e. lead¬silver-zinc-copper) ores are based on the idea that lead holds, and will hold for some time, the strongest economic place from the viewpoint of supply and demand of all the non-ferrous metals. Copper, it is thought, will come back to its own when European affairs are stabilized, although at that time competition from Chile, Peru, and Katanga, in particular, will be more severe than in pre-war days. The future for silver and for zinc is uncertain. New uses are developing for zinc, and the market has remained better than many expected, but the stabilization of world markets will bring in foreign competition instead of relief. The cost of producing zinc from simple zinc ores, by the retort process, will, from the nature of the labor required and the increasing cost of fuel, increase steadily. As a result, the small producers of purely zinc ores around Joplin are shutting down their mines, even with a good market price for zinc; on the other hand, the producer of lead from complex ores, in the Rocky Mountain states, is confident of a profit from the sale of his lead, and is seeking means to make the zinc in his ore pay some part of the cost of treatment. However, the tonnage costs for mining and ore dressing are much higher in the Rocky Mountain states, as may be seen by comparing tax-return statements from the various states. Even before the recent drop in the price of silver, many mines were operating on a very slender margin of profit; labor and supplies cost more. Mining at greater depth has shown most orebodies to grow increasingly more complex, so that improvements in mining and ore-dressing practice have not been sufficient too compensate for the additional expense involved in beneficiating these ores. The smelters have had to meet the same general economic situation, so they can only give

Jan 3, 1924

By A. J. Williams

THE province of Saskatchewan, situated in the center of the Great Plains region of Canada, has, like most prairie areas, an essentially agricultural economy. Most of its population of about 860,000 is located in the southern half of the province in the farming and ranching areas. To the north of the prairie is a broad forested belt supporting a considerable timbering industry, and the northern one third of the province is glaciated pre-Cambrian rock formation. This latter area is relatively barren of vegetation, but the presence within it of a considerable variety of radioactive, noble and base metals, and industrial minerals has been shown by prospecting in recent years.' Glacial Geology The Keewatin ice sheet, considered to have accumulated in the country to the west of Hudson Bay in Pleistocene time, covered at its maximum advancement almost all of Saskatchewan and extended south of the international boundary. Only in the Cypress Hills in the southwest and around Wood Mountain in the south central portion of the province did the preglacial formations escape the action for this glacial period. The bedrock of the plains and forest areas therefore is overlain by moraines and modified glacial drift, which vary in thickness from a few feet to 400 or 500 ft.' Glacial action in the pre-Cambrian area of the province was largely erosional, most of the more recent formations and some of the pre-Cambrian rock being transported out of the area to the south and west. It has been estimated that about 13 pct of this area is composed of lakes and rivers not too adaptable to rail or water transportation, so that until the use of aviation for exploration purposes became general, development of the area was slow. To the south, the heavy mantle of glacial drift has to some extent deterred the discovery of industrial minerals in the bedrock underlying the forest and prairie regions3 At the same time, this drift contains numerous deposits of those most elementary and necessary industrial minerals, sand and gravel. Sedimentary Basin The major feature of the sedimentary deposits underlying the plains regions is the basinal structure known as the Moose Jaw syncline, which runs from the southeast corner of the province in a northwesterly direction. To the west of this syncline the formations curve upward, then have been faulted and further upthrust to appear at the surface in the foothills of the Rockies in Alberta; to the east and north they curve upward into Manitoba and northern Saskatchewan, but the surface contacts are covered mostly with glacial drift.238 The axis of the syncline dips to the southeast, so that there is also an upward trend of the formations along the axis to the northwest. In illustration of the regional structure underlying the province, the pre-Cambrian basement has been logged in drillholes at the following depths in several locations: Ogema (south central), 9390 ft; Gronlid (northeast), 2599 ft; Vera (northwest), 4422 ft; Big River (north northwest), 2348 ft. Fig. 1 indicates the general surface geology of the province, ignoring such glacial overburden as may overlie many of the bedrock formations. Also indicated is the approximate location of the axis of the Moose Jaw syncline.' Industrial Minerals Clays: The province is fortunate in possessing a widespread distribution of clays of ceramic value, ranging from those used for heavy structural products to the high grade pottery and china clays. Shales suitable for brick and tile production are found in the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary formations across the south of the province where the glacial drift is thin or nonexistent. Many deposits of glacial lake clays suitable for such wares are found scattered over the rest of the province south of the pre-Cambrian area. The Whitemud formation of the Upper Cretaceous is a narrow sedimentary band of secondary clays found intermittently at points across the south of the province where glacial action did not disturb or remove them.' In the southwest corner of the province, around Eastend in the Frenchman River valley, the refractory clays of this formation are contaminated somewhat with iron compounds or other alteration products of basaltic rocks. This eliminates the use of those clays in true whitewares, as they fire to creamy buff shades at the lower temperatures and to a blue-specked grey at cone 8 to 12, (2280°F to 2390°F), the range commonly used in firing whiteware. However, for use in the production of colored artware, caneware, stoneware or crockery, and sewerpipe, this type of clay makes an excellent body that requires little or no addition of flint, feldspar, or other fluxing materials such as are required in the higher class of ware.' It is not a grade of clay that can be shipped great distances to the manufacturing centers, but a market for considerable tonnages has developed at nearby Medicine Hat, where cheap natural gas is available for the firing of the ware. Farther east in the south central portion of the province, the clays of the Whitemud formation are generally more refractory and white burning. The formation is divided into three zones, consisting of white clays, brown shale, and white sandy clays.

Jan 1, 1953

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Apr. 10, 1916; to May 10, 1916: Philip P. Baily, New York, N. Y. George W. Otterson Seattle, Wash. John M. Brooks, Jr., Knoxville, Tenn. C. Q. Payne, New York, N. Y. C. A. Burdick, New York, N. Y. Charles F. Potter, Los Angeles, Cal. W. N. Crafts, Oberlin, Ohio. Albert E. Rhoads, Harrisburg, Pa. Andrew B. Crichton, Johnstown, Pa. M. F. Sayre, Schenectady, N. Y. 0. P. Hood, Pittsburgh, Pa. H. V. Smythe, Northpines, Ont., Canada. W. McA. Johnson, Tulsa Okla. W. 0. Snelling, Long Island City, N. Y. G. H. Morgan, New York, N. Y. W. H. Staver, Ophir, Colo. E. G. Norton, Chicago Ill., A. W. Tucker, Salisbury, N. C. M. L. O'Neale, Coal City, Ala. Andrew Weisenburg, Philadelphia, Pa. Arthur H. Brown has resigned his position with the Dome Lake Mining & Milling Co., South Porcupine, Ont., Canada. Robert Sterling has resigned his position as chief engineer of the Goldfield Consolidated Mines Co., Goldfield, Nev., to accept the position of assistant manager of the vanadium mines of the Primos Chemical Co., Vanadium, Colo.

Jan 6, 1916

By Howard I. Young

WHEN so many statements are being made relative to the requirements of zinc metal, it is difficult for some of us who are acquainted with the industry to visualize how it is possible to step up production so as to supply some of the fantastic requirement figures that are published from time to time. I shall attempt to approach this subject from the standpoint of existing conditions which affect production, also keeping in mind the price ceiling under which the industry operates. Total production of primary and secondary zinc in the United States for 1941 will be about 878,000 tons, to which should be added about 36,000 tons of Mexican slab zinc available for consumption or export from the United States, giving a total available of 914,000 tons. Production of slab zinc of all grades in 1942 should be 953,000 tons. Adding the available Mexican supply should bring the total to 989,000 tons.

Jan 1, 1942

By John Branner

FIVE of the geologic horizons that yield oil in other parts of the world are represented in Brazil; namely, the Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary. Thus far, the first two have shown no, evidences of being oil bearing within Brazilian territory. Not enough exploring has been done to permit trustworthy comparisons of the relative importance of the Permian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary as oil-bearing horizons in this country. The most important, indeed almost the only, information available relates to the locations of the areas and to the structural features of the several horizons. The theories regarding the physical conditions under which these rocks were laid down, however, I regard of the utmost importance. PERMIAN Rocks of Permian age cover an enormous area in Brazil, extending from Rio Grande do Sul to Maranhão on the north, and to Matto Grosso on the west. These Permian rocks in many places are known to include oil-bearing shales and in some locations contain small veins of gilsonite. The geologic map of Brazil shows that the Permian area is widely distributed, but there is considerable doubt about 'the origin of some of the rocks:. Some of the lower Permian beds in southern Brazil contain marine fossils, but in Minas no fossils have as yet been found in them, and in Bahia, at only one locality have a few Permian plants been found. Indications of oil have been found in the states of São-Paulo, Paraná, and elsewhere farther south, but wells drilled in the Permian of São Paulo near the Morro do Bofete did not find oil. One well has been started, by the Brazilian government, in the Permian of Paraná near Marechal Mallet, close to latitude 26° south, but thus far oil has not been found.

Jan 6, 1922

By T. P. Harrington, P. G. Doctor, K. A. Prisbrey

Crushing and grinding ore consumes so much energy that it represents a major component of total processing costs. While it has been estimated that only about 0.6% of the total energy expended in grinding is actually used to create new surfaces, accurate measurement of this quantity is difficult. If energy expended in crushing and grinding could be more directly measured, alternatives for increasing efficiency of the processes could be evaluated more effectively. Since the energy intensity associated with rock fracture is related to fracture sonority, it should be possible to use this sound (acoustic emission) to measure the actual energy expended. However, it is difficult to apply this approach because the mill environment is so noisy. To make the approach practical, a method for differentiating acoustic emissions caused by rock fracture from those caused by extraneous noises must be found. Pattern recognition analysis may provide such a method. This paper presents the results of pattern recognition analysis to make two types of differentiations: acoustic emissions caused by crushing two types of minerals (quartz and chrysocolla) and those caused by two extraneous noise sources, and acoustic emissions produced by each mineral.

Jan 1, 1982

By E. H. Rose

From the more distant members and some not so distant, the plaint is often heard that they cannot justify the expense and time required to attend the AIME Annual Meeting. Almost invariably, the reason given takes this form: "I just don't see that I would get enough out of it." Often the would-be clincher is added: "Besides, the meat of it all comes out in print anyway." Not long ago, a group of us who have seldom missed a meeting in recent years fell to discussing this phenomenon, and found ourselves in emphatic agreement that anyone holding such a belief indicates by his first remark that he does not know how to attend a convention, and by his second, proves it. He is, by and large, the man who has never been there, and of him, there are many.

Jan 1, 1949

By Marcel Daly

THE writer has devoted a number of years to practical operations and to the study of geology in the oil fields. In consequence, he has been brought to investigate the theories advanced to account for the accumulation of oil and gas in commercial deposits. It is the result of these investigations and his personal conclusions that he wishes to sum up in this paper. The writer is an advocate of the organic origin of petroleum found in pools. He has been led to believe that the present theories of oil and gas accumulations are incomplete and, in certain respects, incorrect, although they may embody certain elements of truth; that the forces that are called upon to explain the movement are only secondary forces in the process, and insufficient, by themselves, to cause this movement; and that the phenomenon of accumulation is of much larger order than heretofore admitted and bears an intimate relation with the general as well as with the local deformations of the crust and is a direct consequence and a mechanical effect of these deformations to which the term "diastrophic" has been applied. As a complement to this theory, the writer offers a new interpretation of the "rock pressure" and of the mechanism of the "sealing up" of this pressure in oil and gas pools.

Jan 7, 1916

LIST OF THE MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALITIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION Transactions Number Place Date Vol Page I Wilkes-Barre, Pa * May, 1871 I 3 II Bethlehem, Pa August, 1871 I 10 III Troy, N Y November, 1871 I 13 IV Philadelphia, Pa February, 1872 I 17 V New York, N Y * May, 1872 I 20 VI Pittsburg, Pa October, 1872 I 25 VII Boston, Mass February, 1873 I 28 VIII Philadelphia, Pa * May, 1873 II 3 IX Easton, Pa October, 1873 II 7 X New York, N Y February, 1874 II 11 XI St Louis, Mo * May, 1874 III 3 XII Hazleton, Pa October, 1874 III 8 XIII New Haven, Conn February, 1875 III 15 XIV Dover, N J * May, 1875 IV 3 XV Cleveland, 0 October, 1875 IV 9 XVI Washington, D C February, 1876 IV 8 XVII Philadelphia, Pat June, 1876, V XVIII Philadelphia, Pa October, 1876 V 9 XIX New York, N Y February, 1877 v 27 XX Wilkes-Barre, Pa * May, 1877 vi 3 XXI Amenia, N Y October, 1877 vi 10

Jan 1, 1910