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By M. N. Abdusalyamova

The Republic of Tajikistan has large mercury-antimony deposit. The Republic takes the second place in the countries of the CIS by having antimony recourses or the fourth place in the world. Recently, on the mine bottom horizons the resources of gold were found. Gold in the data ore is submitted as nanosize particles. Results of ores enrichment of bottom horizons of Djijikrut deposit are obtained by a method of flotation. The flow sheet includes the rougher flotation, two scavenging flotation and two cleaner flotation. As a result of enrichment of ore, the mercury-antimony concentrate with the contents of 51.5% of antimony and recovery 90.3% from ore with the content of mercury of 3.5% was received. The investigation of thallium, selenium, and tellurium distributions on products of enrichment was carried out. The most effective reagents are a mixture of oksafore and butyl xanthogenate. While applying this mixture of reagents it is possible to refuse of the use of activator - nitrate lead. The behavior of gold is in details investigated during enrichment. To collective flotation concentrate is extracted only 30% of gold. The basic quantity of gold concentrates in tailings of flotation and is not taken by existing traditional methods. The alternative innovative technology of gold extraction was created. Various methods of roasting of a collective mercury - antimony concentrate oxidizing and reducing are investigated. Vacuum distillation of concentrate allocation in serial sublimates mercury and antimony was designed. In the received calcine concentrates gold. At additional roasting of a calcine up to 900°? concentration of gold makes 30.6 g/t. The offered innovational technology in a complex allows to process ores and concentrates unique mercury-antimony?gold bearing raw material. Keywords: ore, concentrate, flotation, cyanidation, roasting, mercury, antimony, gold

Sep 1, 2012

By M. Tang

The phosphate ore sample was taken from the iron tailings after recovering most of magnetite by magnetic separation in Longlin, Yunnan Province of China. Batch flotation tests had been conducted to upgrade the phosphate concentrate by conventional fatty acids reagents under 70% -75 µm of the particle size; however, the unsatisfied results (P2O5 grade of 27.84% and recovery of 49.25%) were obtained. Also there are a large amount of slimes trapped in the concentrate and high-dosages consumption of reagents, for example, more than15 kg/t soda ash and 2 kg/t sodium silicate at only one-staged roughing. Based on the analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) for the sample, most of gangues are clay, quartz, and chlorite, which may easy to over-grind and deteriorate the flotation process either on reagents consumption or slurry fluidity or viscosity. A hydro-cyclone had been introduced to pre-concentrate the phosphate ore by scrubbing the slime before flotation, which can result obviously in reducing the dosages of soda ash from 15 Kg/t to 4 Kg/t, and raising the grade of P2O5 in the concentrate from 27.84% to 36.13% at the expense of about 4% recovery of P2O5. They also substantially reduced the time of sedimentation of concentrate after flotation from ~10 to ~1 min. In this paper, the effects on the recovery of P2O5 by the different dosages of flotation reagents with or without de-sliming were studied, with the objective of determining the different effects on the functions of flotation reagents by slime during flotation. Keywords: de-sliming, phosphate, soda ash, flotation

Sep 1, 2012

By X. Q. Chen

According to the different characters of the middle-low grade bauxite, based on the normal flotation & reverse flotation technology, the author innovates the new technology which is named bi-flotation, it integrates the advantages of normal flotation & reverse flotation, while avoids their disadvantages. Take Henan middle-low grade bauxite as research object, according to the pilot experiment of bi-flotation technology, the concentrate A/S is 9.37 and the recovery of alumina is 80.18% by flotation separate the raw ore which A/S is only 4.19.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. D. Kaizer

PETROBRAS started its Oil Shale process development in 1953, the PETROSIX process which was developed and tailored to Irati Oil Shale formation. Since 1991, the industrial plant called MI (Industrial Module) has been operating, producing more than 20 million barrels of oil. In order to continue the oil shale exploration, a new shale mine is been opening. This article reports the planed measures taking in order to limit the environmental impacts and to return the land as close as possible to the original condition, as well as with the disposition of the process waste and the city garbage. It shows that the remediation process starts during the mining activities and continues after the mine exploration. Another characteristic of the Petrosix process, the pyrolysis of tires will be focused.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. Saghaeian, R. Hejazi, R. Barreiro, M. Tavousi, M. Ahadi, O. Asghari

"Banded iron formations are the major iron source for producing high grade concentrate. BIF are generally lower grade and more difficult to extract. In order to know how best to process BIF ore, it require comprehensive knowledge on ore bodies even in the early stages of the mining process. Geometallurgy combines geological and mineral processing information and allows for higher flexibility in response to changes in the plant feed when mining different parts of the ore. This can lead to economic benefits, owing to improved plant operation, yet is time consuming and correspondingly costly. The main focus of this paper work has been to develop a comprehensive geometallurgical testing framework for developing Yogi BIF low grade magnetite deposit located at Western Australia. In order to provide successful geometallurgical mapping, was collected data from several different disciplines (geology, chemistry, mineralogy) and parameters (physical properties, metallurgical response and geotechnical measurements) during drilling activities and test work. The investigation shown magnetic separation behavior of material had high variation and is most important element in the proper design of ore beneficiation plant. This paper provides an improved and efficient magnetic separation test methods used for the investigation of separation behavior and variability of the Yogi Ore deposit and evaluates their applicability and potential in the geometallurgical context. In this paper a small-scale magnetic separation has been developed that allows estimating from single pass separation test using small amounts of sample material. Verification of the evaluation method and validation was done with different mineral systems."

Jan 1, 2018

By Lei Wang, Qi Zheng, Xiao-kui Che

"The wastewater emitted by gold chemical industry contained vast of different heavy metal ion, such as Zn, Cu and Ni etc. Among them Zn is the main ion in the waste water which causes the serious environment pollution. A method of preparing a kind of resin which is used for the removal of Zn by magnetic adsorbent was developed and was applied in practice. This adsorbent is a chitosan made of a kind of Fe3O4-chitosan modified by epichlorohydrin. The adsorption capacity of the absorbent and it was concluded that under the laboratory conditions, the maximum adsorbing capacity of this adsorbent could be 287.58 mg/g. The absorbent was also applied in the wastewater emitted by a gold industry in Shandong province. Its performance was tested and the result showed that the concentration of Zn ion in the wastewater was reduced from 0.58 mg/L to 0.0174 mg/L. What is more, the adsorption rate could be more than 97% when the dosage was 100L/m3 after adsorbing for 1h. KEYWORDS Selective, preparation, laboratory experiments, industry experiment, comparation INTRODUCTION Currently, most gold chemistry use cyanide to leach gold ore. Many different metals participate to this reaction besides the gold ion in this processing, so that the composition of the water is very complex. The waste water emitted by gold chemistry industry contains large amount of heavy metals. Definitely, if it was discharged without any treatment, the water would threaten the environment. The recuperation of any ion in the water would mitigate the pollution. Ion exchange resin, which is an effective material to do the water treatment with low cost, became widely applicated in this field [Yu-jiao Wang,2013]. Different kinds of resin were developed and the influence factors such as pH, adsorption properties and selectivity for different ions were investigated [CA Cruz et al,2018; PawanKumar et al.2016; Y Zhang, et al,2010; and ShengingSun, Aiqin Wang, 2006;]. The waste water mentioned in this article has a high Zn concentration, so a magic resin for Zn adsorption selectively we designed was used to manage this water. And the recovery of Zn could not only contribute to pollution abatement but also a best way to settle a dispute to the short of Zn resource. So the article mainly describes the preparation and the application of a kind of magnetic adsorbent used for the removal of Zn both in laboratory and industry. The aim of this article is to compare the effect of this resin in industry and laboratory?"

Jan 1, 2018

By M. Kargar Razi

According to the unique properties and many applications of nano silver powder, it was prepared from acid leaching tail solution. The low value residual gold and silver ions were occurred with fellow heavy metals as pollutants (Fe2+, Cu 2+and Zn2+) in acid leaching tail solution in Mouteh gold mine in Iran. Preparation of nano silver particles was achieved in two steps: first, by addition of ammonia as separation step and second by using different reagents as precipitation and extraction steps. Different controlled parameters were including pH, residence time and temperature, mixing time, and reducing reagents to metals molar ratio. Acid leaching process was carried out with sulphuric and nitric acid via suitable reductants. In order to remove copper, zinc, and silver ions from solution, all of the conditions were controlled. The optimum conditions for preparation of nano silver powder with less than 90 nm were pH 10.5, hydrazine/methanol to silver molar ratio of 3 to 4, and reduction time of 5 min in 45 °C. The results were evaluated via SEM, A.A and UV- Vis spectroscopy analytical methods.

Jan 1, 2014

By Y. Q. Qui

In the bauxite flotation process for desilication, the middling treatment mode is the important factor to raise the flotation recovery of the preparation concentrate. The middling treatment mode mainly depends on A/S and the size composition. However, similar ratio of A/S should not be the single factor of re-dressing, size composition plays an important role also. Re-dressing the middling mixed with the tailings of concentrated to the rough ground for desilication and the concentrate of scavenged to the fine ground for desilication to raise the recovery of 5.83%, when compared two flow sheet schemes.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. L. Wu

A moderately thermophilic acidophiles strain had been isolated from the bio-heap leaching plant in Zijinshan Copper Mine, and the identification based on the PCR-16S rRNA gene sequence homology analysis with morphologic and physiologic methods was conducted by polyphasic taxono-my and phylogeny research. The results show that the strain by depurated belongs to Acidthiobacillus genus and is considered as Acidthiobacillus albertensis.

Jan 1, 2014

By Kyoungkeun Yoo

A citric acid leaching test after heavy medium separation process was performed to remove the heavy metal contaminat such as Pb, Cu, and Zn from contaminated soil. The lead component was removed from soil by heavy medium separation whereas zinc component shows 0 % - 37.9 % removal ratio with particle size. The citric acid leaching was conducted to remove the remained zinc component. The removal ratio of Zn reached to more than 95 % under the conditions; 10 % in pulp density, 200 rpm in agitation speed, 50 °C, 2 mol/L in citric acid concentration at 2 hrs in leaching time. These results suggest that the heavy medium separation method followed by citric acid leaching is effective for treatment of soil contaminated with various chemical forms of heavy metal. Keywords: metal contaminated soil, citrate, heavy medium separation, zinc

Sep 1, 2012

By G. Belardi

This paper presents the preliminary results of a research programme conducted to assess the feasibility of a flotation technique in the remediation of soils severely affected by heavy metal contamination. The use of flotation in soil remediation is a recent practice. The main difficulties are given by the variety and peculiarity of the heavy metal containing species, and also by the grain size. Most of the studies reported in the literature concern the use of conventional collectors, such as xanthates, after a preliminary chemical modification of the metal bearing species through sulphidization. On the basis of the minera-petrographic characterization and of speciation, some classes of reagents have been selected, capable of acting both on metal-bearing species and all metallic cations to be separated. The design of the synthetic molecules has been based on the coordinative properties of the metallic centres and functionalized in order to act as collectors for a wide range of metals independently on their surrounding atoms. In laboratory experiments a sample of stream sediment has been utilized, whose contamination is caused by the runoff from Sardinia mine waste dumps and overflow from the settling ponds. The material showed contamination mainly from Zn, Pb and Cu and to a lesser extent from Cr, Ni, Cd, and Sb associated in mixed particles of Fe and Mn. Flotation tests on a laboratory scale have been performed on grain sizes less than 355 µm in laboratory cell Minerais & Metaux. The effects of the structure of collectors (functional group, chain configuration) as well as of the principal flotation parameters (such as pH, concentration of reagent) on the grade and recovery of heavy metals in the concentrate and in the tailings (remediated soil) have been investigated. The results of the laboratory tests substantially confirm the theoretical premises, and the most effecive reagents found belong to the classes ATP, MBT, MBO, fat acids and phosphates.

Jan 1, 2014

By Sravya Kosaraju, Christian Ekberg, Stefan Allard

Li-ion batteries are now used in electric vehicles (EVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) and, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Nanostructured Li(NiyMnzCo1-y-z)O2 is one of the more popular cathode chemistries for automotive Li-ion battery, due to its enhanced properties such as large surface area, short diffusion length, enhanced ionic and electronic conductivity, improved mechanical strength and structural integrity [Pan et al, 2013]. Recycling of Li-ion batteries helps to mitigate environmental effects of virgin metal extractions along with improper disposal of end of life batteries. To fulfill these objectives of the recycling, recovery of pure streams of the involved metals should be considered. In this study, the batteries were first discharged and dismantled in an inert atmosphere (Ar). The electrodes were then heat treated in a box furnace. This was done in order to break the chains of the adhesive (PVDF) and consequently separate the metallic substrates Cu and Al from the electrochemically active compound. This heat-treatment also helped to simplify the dissolution of the metal constituents in the electrochemically active compound from the cathode in the acid leaching process. Solvent extraction was chosen to achieve separation and recovery of metals with higher purity from these leachates. In the scope of the present work, a complete process from the point of dismantling to separation of constituent metals using solvent extraction was studied.

Jan 1, 2014

By Jorge Misle, Daniel Silva

"This paper addresses the need for advanced control technologies and strategies in the mining industry, its potential and actual impact on mining processes and the best practices for their implementation, operation, and long term sustainability. It is well known that advanced process control (APC) can be a very good source for incremental process improvement for the mining industry, yielding to higher production rates or helping maintain consistent production rates despite ore changes. The application and integration of new technology, process knowledge and innovation are key elements in building such a supporting structure. More specifically, and this cannot be emphasized enough, the correct application and assembly of control tools, the in-time presentation of key data to decision makers and the development of relevant statistics and KPI’s (key performance indicators) can and will make a difference not only in terms of production, but also in plant stability, availability and production costs. In deploying such ideas and aiming at the long-term goal of "Operational Excellence", Minera Los Pelambres (MLP) has developed a number of successful control strategies, best practices and technologies, which are not only the application of state-of-the-art automation and computing tools, but rather the assembly of the above presented structuring factors. This work discusses some of the key tools and ideas implemented for SAG & Ball milling and Flotation areas, their performance results and the roadmap taken for the integration of process knowledge and control tools. Also, cases studies are presented and discussed further to not only show the main areas of improvement, but also to highlight the benefits of such strategy that for the most part, deviate from the traditional mining industry control approach. Also, a word is given on the need for innovating in the design of control strategies and leveraging best practices and process knowledge that ultimately, will contribute to long-term reliable operations, improved mineral processing and, although unmeasured, lead to a superior overall performance and productivity of all mining personnel involved."

Jan 1, 2014

By M. Illikainen

Limestone is used for neutralization of acid leachates in a number of hydrometallurgical processes. The aim of this study was to clarify how limestone ground to different particle sizes can neutralize sulfuric acid. The laboratory scale ball mill was used in grinding experiments carried out using ball sizes of 20, 30 and 40 mm and volumetric slurry densities of 30, 40 and 50 percents. Varied grinding times were used in order to produce limestone samples with different particle size classes on which the neutralization potential and rate were determined. The results of the study showed that the neutralization potential of limestone is not dependent on its particle size between 5 and 120 µm. However, the particle size strongly affected the neutralization rate of sulfuric acid: The smaller the particle size, the higher the rate of neutralization. Thus, when optimizing the cost efficiency of the process, the optimal degree of grinding should be considered taking in account the required residence time in neutralization phase.

Sep 1, 2012

By Y. Y. Li, T. T. Yang, R. X. Zhou, Z. H. Shen

"Wetting theory is one of the basic theories of flotation. The effects of concentrations, carbon chain length and pH values of saturated fatty acid collectors (lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid) on the surface wettability of collophanite and dolomite were investigated by measuring the contact angle with dynamic captive-bubble technique and calculating adhesion work of bubble-mineral. The results show that the contact angles both of collophanite and dolomite are higher with enhancement of hydrophobicity when pH value of 5~9. The contact angles both of collophanite and dolomite are reduced with improvement of surface hydrophilicity. When strong acid pH value of 2~4 or strong alkaline pH value of 10~13. The reasons for this are that the fatty acids mainly exist with insoluble RCOOH molecules in strong acid condition, and competitive adsorption of OH- and RCOO- in the mineral surface is formed in strong alkaline condition. With the increase of the collector concentration, the contact angles of the collophanite and the dolomite all first increase then decrease. The formation of hydrophilic micelles results in the decreasing of contact angles and enhancement of surface hydrophilicity opposite when the collector concentration exceeds CMC. The contact angles of the collophanite and dolomite and the WSG of the bubble adhesion increase, the hydrophobicity enhance with the increasing of carbon chains of saturated fatty acid from 12 to 18. The variation tendency for the adsorption quantity of collectors and floatability of collophanite and dolomite are in line with the change trend of contact angle basically. It shows that the wettability of solid-liquid-gas interface can be well characterized by the dynamic captive-bubble technique.INTRODUCTIONPhosphorite resources are the main raw material for producing phosphate fertilizer and producing phosphoric acid (Cao et al.,2005), which is an important strategic mineral resource. The useful minerals in calcareous-magnesium phosphate ore are collophanite, and the main gangue minerals are dolomite (SISH et al.,2003). The lattice ions of the phosphorite and dolomite are both Ca2+, their similar surface properties and similar floatability are the main reason for the flotation of calcareous-magnesium phosphate ore difficultly (Fang et al.,2011). Usually, fatty acid collectors are used for the flotation of calcareous-magnesium phosphate ore under acidic conditions by reversing flotation method to remove dolomite (ABOUZEID et al.,2009), or direct flotation is used to gather collophanite in the alkaline conditions (Gong et al.,2017). The flotation behavior of collophanite and dolomite affects the indexes of concentrate and flotation efficiency directly. Therefore, it is necessary to study the action mechanism and the flotation method of the collector with the phosphate rock and dolomite respectively (Moudgil et al.,1988; Hanna, et al.,1990)."

Jan 1, 2018

By D. DePaoli, P. Zhang

"Phosphate ore is one of the most significant secondary resources for rare earth elements (REEs), and Florida phosphate is of particular interest due to its much higher ratio of heavy REEs, especially yttrium. Analyses of numerous samples from different phosphate processing streams in Florida showed that heavy REEs account for about 50% of the total REEs in Florida phosphate with yttrium accounting for approximately 30%. It was estimated that the amount of yttrium from US phosphate processing could meet the world demand for this critical element. This research aimed at recovering both REEs and phosphorus from a phosphate flotation tails. This tails is composed of mainly silica and phosphate with a small fraction of heavy minerals including monazite and xenotime. Since the specific gravity of silica is 2.6 versus 3.2 for phosphate and 4.5-5 for rare earth minerals, pre-concentration of the minerals of interest by gravity separation was investigated first. A pilot scale shaking table was used in this study. One pass gravity concentration achieved a shaking table concentrate analyzing over 600 ppm REEs at about 40% recovery. Flotation of the shaking table concentrate resulted in a product containing 1809 ppm REEs and 26.37% P2O5 with corresponding recoveries of 73% and 82%. Sulfuric acid leaching at 75oC could recover over 60% REE and nearly all the P2O5. Higher REEs (>90%) recovery was achieved by conducting leaching at higher temperature with concentrated sulfuric acid. The phosphoric acid from leaching of the flotation concentrate is of superior quality compared with that generated from regular phosphate rock.INTRODUCTION Rare earths are a group of 17 elements including those of the lanthanum series, as well as the non-lanthanides, yttrium and scandium. These elements have very specific critical uses in a multitude of markets. For example, lanthanum is used as a catalyst in breaking down crude oil to produce gasoline, diesel and jet fuel and neodymium is the core magnetic component in high-strength magnets for electric car batteries, wind turbines and hard disk drives. Rare earths are also essential for many military applications. Many of these applications have no substitute materials and the move to green technologies has dramatically increased their demand."

Jan 1, 2018

By M. D. Amirova

Cyanide-free technology of complex copper-lead ores flotation may be improved through enlarged range of pH values, enhanced copper recovery into copper concentrates due to additional recovery of secondary copper sulfides, as well as through enhanced efficiency of lead sulfides depression in process of new flotation modifiers-based selective separation. Study of the effects of flotation modifier (of metal nature) on minerals surface conditions proved that the xanthate is practically not adsorbed on the galenite surfaces due to minerals hydrophilization. Joint effects of sodium sulfite and modifier enhance process conditions for intensive galenite depression and at the same time for effective chalcopyrite and chalcosine flotation within a large pH values range (from pH=8 to pH=10). Identified mechanisms carry inference that proposed chemical reagent treating method is very promising for selective copper-lead concentrates separation. Potential use of carbon-containing materials as zinc flotation modifier to enhancing zinc recovery in processes of lead-zinc ores treatment has been studied. In our flotation tests we used Shalkiya (South Kazakhstan) lead-zinc ores containing such impurities as carbon shales, which presence impedes the process of saleable concentrates production and gives rise to excessive consumption of flotation agents due to the xanthate adsorption on the carbon. Lead and zinc concentrates were produced by process stages as follows: ores milled to 95% Cl. -0.074 +0; lead and zinc roughing flotation and further recleaner and testing operations. Test flotation in open process cycle resulted in enhancing zinc recovery into zinc concentrates by 21.1% and increasing zinc content in zinc concentrates by 3.96% that evidences promising potentialities for use of carbon-containing products as additional zinc flotation modifier. Works were carried out under National Program 2003~2005 of fundamental researches ?Physical and Chemical Mechanisms of Interactions in Multicomponent Solid and Liquid Systems Specific for Integrated Processing of Complex Metal-Containing Minerals and Technogenic Raw Materials? and contractual Agreement 2005 Optimization of Production and Technology of Shalkiya Lead-Zinc Ores Processing at Kentau Dressing Works.

Jan 1, 2014

By Rhulani F. Maluleke, Francis W. Petersen, John H. Marsh, Johann de T. Steyl, Allan Nesbitt

"Pressure leaching of chalcopyrite and nickeliferrous pyrrotite at temperatures between 105 and 200 ºC has been proposed as a potentially viable route for the extraction of mineral elements from sulphide concentrates. In general, these concentrates contain iron, and the economic success of the processes is partially dependent on the choice of the environmentally acceptable iron-removal technique. One of the most widely used methods for the removal of iron from sulphate liquors is precipitation as hematite, goethite, or jarosite. The nature of the iron precipitate formed dictates downstream dewatering and residue treatment and disposal options. However, a better understanding of iron precipitation under the defined process conditions would consequently be of benefit in process design and optimisation.This study investigated the precipitation of iron in the autoclave at temperatures between 105 and 200 ºC. The effects of temperature, acid concentration, iron concentration, and the presence of other metal cations on the nature and composition of the precipitates were determined."

Jan 1, 2003

By Y. H. Zhang

Mechanism of BK501 in desiliconization from bauxite was studied by use of flotation test, EDS, ?-potential, FTIR. Results of flotation show that almost all of diaspore can be depressed when BK501 is put into pulp ranging from pH 4~12, in the meanwhile kaolinite is slightly activated. In the light of surface analyses, it is concluded that the adsorption of reagent on the diaspore is dominant by chemical interaction. Moreover, kaolinite may float more by addition of BK501 because of flocculation.

Jan 1, 2014

By K. C. Corin, M. S. Manono, R. M. Manenzhe, J. G. Wiese

"Environmental concerns necessitate the recycling of process water within mining operations. Given that recycled water is chemically different from fresh water, and collectors are added such that they adsorb at the liquid-particle interface, changes in the aqueous phase are expected to affect collector adsorption. A Finnish nickel-copper ore was floated in synthetic plant waters of varying ionic strengths and plant waters obtained at Boliden Kevitsa Mine, with aerophine and sodium isopropyl xanthate as collectors. Of the tested waters, the copper thickener overflow was the least conducive to xanthate adsorption and valuable mineral recovery. The nickel thickener overflow, standard process water, and raw water were the most conducive to xanthate adsorption. For the raw water and nickel thickener overflow, increased adsorption correlated with increased valuable mineral recovery. Further, recycling xanthate retained in water affected the selectivity of the collector and hence the concentrate grades.INTRODUCTIONFlotation is a separation process that exploits the differences in the surface properties of the particles being separated. The efficiency of separation is dependent on the degree of hydrophobicity achieved by the particles meant to be floated, which are, in most cases, valuable minerals. The hydrophobicity is in turn dependent on the adsorption of the chosen collector onto the surfaces of the floated particles (Fuerstenau, 1984; Taggart and Hassialis, 1946). Empirical findings suggest that species dissolved in solution strongly influence collector adsorption and overall flotation response (Fuerstenau and Chander, 1986). Due to environmental concerns, it is becoming more pertinent for mining plants to recycle process water and hence limit the usage of potable water. There is an interest to ensure minimal discharge of plant water into the environment, as this water is typically polluted with process reagents that may render it toxic (Levay et al., 2001).Recycled water, however, has been shown to adversely affect flotation. Reagent efficiency can be reduced due to increased suspended solids. A loss of mineral recovery can occur due to competitive adsorption between reagents and other dissolved species, loss of reagents due to precipitation, and unwanted reactions. Further, a reduction in grade can occur due to non-selective coating of reagents on valuable and gangue minerals, and hydrophobic coating of microbiological material on gangue, causing unwanted flotation. Yet despite these drawbacks, water reuse has the advantages of minimal fresh water use and reduced reagent consumption by recovering the unconsumed reagents retained in wastewaters (Bruckard et al., 2011; Levay et al., 2001; Shengo et al., 2016; Slatter et al., 2009)."

Jan 1, 2018