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By George Enos

As the coating formed affects the corrosion rate, duplicate samples of eight non-ferrous alloys were placed in flowing mine water. The alloys tested were as-cast or as-rolled and machined or polished. The paper describes the tests and gives the corrosion losses and the appearance of the samples at the end of the test. AN IMPORTANT factor affecting the rate and nature of corrosion of metals and alloys is the film, or coating, formed on the surface; and this may accelerate or retard corrosive action once started. The formation of films and coatings is intimately associated with the chemical composition and physical constitution of both the metal and the corroding medium. A film or coating may be either the corrosion product resulting from oxidation; that is, an oxide or salt, or a deposition of suspended matter from the corroding media upon the surface of the metal, or a mixture of both. The coating may adhere tightly or loosely to the surface of the corroded metal. In short, a film or coating is the reaction product of the corroding medium and the metal, which adheres to the surface of the metal and with which may be intermingled material from the attacking media not concerned in the chemical reactions. As the, terms film and coating are used by different writers for very different things, distinction is made between the two, by the present writers, on the basis of thickness. Thus, a film is defined as a corrosion product or deposition, on the surface of a corroded metal, that is of such thickness that it cannot be measured by the metallurgical microscope. A coating, on the other hand, is of such thickness that it can be measured. If the resolving power of the 2 mm. (equivalent focal length) apochromatic oil immersion objective (N.A. 1.4) is taken as the limit of the microscope, the limiting resolution is two lines that are 0.0002-0.0004 mm. apart. It is thus possible to measure coatings that are greater than 0.0002-0.0004 mm. thick. This thickness is equivalent to 200,000-

Jan 7, 1924

By Charles W. Frey

OF all the machinery used in mining work, mine cars are probably the most abused. They are hauled through water and muck, up hill and down grade, whipped around curves, bumped and jerked, and exposed to the ravages of the weather. However, as a general rule their lubrication is not altogether neglected. The mine operator may not heed the extra drag that a frozen conveyor bearing gives, but he is all too aware of the increased load that faulty mine car wheels put on his power plant. When the circuit breakers begin to fly, and when his mine loco- motives come out with only half the cars that they were able to carry a month before, then neglected mine car wheel lubrication becomes apparent, and woe to the person responsible.

Jan 1, 1938

By B. V. P. Rao, H. L. Lovell, G. Simkovich

In the study described here, flotation tests were conducted on pure CaF2, on CaF2 doped at several concentration levels with either NaF or YF3, and on natural fluorite samples containing various amounts of impurities in an effort to extend previous knowledge of the influence of crystalline point imperfections on the flotation properties of solids. The results of these tests showed that although recoveries generally decreased as impurities increased, the differences in recovery were not nearly as striking as those detected in earlier experiments. A number of experimentalists have shown an interest in the way in which crystalline point imperfections affect the flotation properties of solids. As long ago as 1953, Welch hypothesized that it might be possible to control surface imperfections and thereby also control the flotation of solids.' A few years later, in some rather extensive work, Plaksin and his coworkers varied the surface imperfections of a number of compounds by oxidation or reduction processes and found that significant variations in flotation properties resulted.2-4 More recently, Simkovich showed that the recovery of both AgCl and PbS could be markedly varied by adding solid-solution impurities, which acted as doping agents, to these compounds.5 Then Mular studied the flotation of ZnO as a function of the doping agents Al2O3 and Li2O.6 Once again, it was found that these impurities, even in very low concentrations, had profound effects upon flotation recoveries. From an imperfection point of view, the defect structures of the compounds tested previously are as follows:7 PbS — amphoteric semiconductor with a Frenkel-type defect structure in the cation sub-lattice.8 AgCl - ionic conductor-Frenkel type defect structure? ZnO — n-type semiconductor, zinc ion interstitials and quasi-free electrons.10 All of these works undoubtedly bear some relation to the findings that the flotation properties of seemingly identical minerals from different ore deposits often exhibit extreme variation in flotation behavior, i.e., that small amounts of analytically undetectable impurities often have a great influence upon flotation

Jan 1, 1969

By Russell W. Mumford

LITHIA compounds have a place in pharmaceutical and other chemical industries and lithium minerals in glassmaking and ceramics. The metal, although rare, is used to a minor extent in alloys. During the nearly 50 years of production of lithium minerals in the United States, the silicate mineral spodumene has continued as the chief source of raw material for the manufacture of lithium salts. Although twice as much lepidolite, a lithium mica, has been mined, most of it has been used in the making of certain types of glass. Amblygonite has been an additional but minor source of lithium compounds. Triphylite, petalite, and zinnwaldite have also been utilized in the past. All of these commercial lithium minerals contain low percentages of lithium (Table 1). In 1938, a new raw material for manufacture of lithium compounds made its appearance. This product was crude dilithium sodium phosphate (Li2NaPO4), obtained as a by-product of manufacture of potash and soda chemicals from the brine of Searles Lake, California. Searles Lake, which is now dry, lies in the extreme northwest corner of San Bernardino County, California, and consists of a large mass of salts. It was estimated by the United States Geological Survey that the crystal body contained about 25 pct voids, which are filled with a saturated brine. The brine consists mainly of the sulphates, chlorides, carbonates, and borates of sodium and potassium. Several other acid radicals, including phosphates, are present. Lithium is present in the brine in an amount corresponding to 0.01 15 pct Li2O. In the course of evaporation of water from the brine, during the process of manufacture of sodium and potassium chemicals, dilithium sodium phosphate crystallizes out and is recovered by a flotation operation. The lithium concentrate is filtered and dried and is then ready for shipment. It analyzes from 19 to 21 pct Li2O and now constitutes the highest known grade of crude lithium material. It is and will continue to be a major source of lithium for manufacture of lithium products. The variation in lithia content of the commercial minerals as mined is due to replacement of the lithia by soda and potash, to partial alter-

Jan 1, 1949

By R. A. Perry

DURING 1943, supplies of lead, like those of most base metals, moved from a position of scarcity to one of ample supply for all possible war requirements. The principal worry in the market, as 1944 began, was that surplus stocks might increase too rapidly to maintain price stability. The problem of postwar stockpiling had definitely entered the picture. The end of the year finds the lead industry having met all use demands, but not without depleting stocks to a critical low in spite of heavy importations. The principal reason for this dangerously reduced stock position is lack of adequate man power, which, without question, has become the lead industry's number one problem. This condition became obvious about the middle of the year, after Selective Service placed in effect orders that no deferments would be given employees under 26 years of age, and to a complacent attitude toward the industry assumed by the War Manpower Commission. It has become progressively worse since then. The WPB continued its policy, started during 1943, of easing restrictions on materials to be used for maintenance, repairs, and operating supplies. The policy of premium payments established by the Metals Reserve Co. was continued and, in spite of expressions to the contrary, has proved quite satisfactory. In short, the Government continued its program of stimulating the lead industry in practically all

Jan 1, 1945

By Wm. C. Madge, H. P. Allen

The chloridizing mill of the Standard Reduction Co. is located about 75 miles south of Salt Lake City on the Tintic branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Western R. R. and 12 miles from the Tintic Standard mine. The daily capacity is 200 toss of a siliceous, low-grade, silver-lead ore from this property. It has operated continuously since it was started in January, 1921. The process consists essentially of a chloridizing roast followed by a percolating leach with a nearly saturated solution of common salt, acidified with sulfuric acid, the precipitation of silver on sponge copper and of copper and lead on tin-plate cuttings. The precipitates are shipped to a smelter. Some of the general ideas involved are said to have been used by Augustin in England, in 1840. A number of textbooks treat of the subject, especially the chloridizing roast followed by a leach with sodium hyposulfite or amalgamation. The process was revived in this district by Theo. P. Holt, N. C. Christensen, the Bureau of Mines, and others. Nature of Ore Treated The average assay of the ore treated during 1924 is as follows: Gold, ounces per ton...................................... 0.025 Silver, ounces per ton..................................... 18.26 Copper, per cent......................................... 0.30 Lead, per cent........................................... 5.00 Silica, per cent........................................... 65.00 Iron, per cent............................................ 10.00 Lime, per cent........................................... 0.70 Sulfur, per cent.......................................... 3.00 Arsenic, per cent......................................... 0.70 The silver is finely disseminated and occurs as native, combined as a sulfide and, to a very small extent, as the chloride. The lead may be present as carbonate, sulfide, or sulfate.

Jan 1, 1926

By HUGH E. McKinstry

OPENING the sessions of the Mining Geology Committee, the program on postwar mineral controls drew a larger attendance than any other session of the entire meeting. In view of its general interest, the papers of this session, or a substantial portion of them, are printed elsewhere in this issue. Whether control of mineral resources can help to promote peace, how controls could be applied and to whom, are questions so far-reaching that naturally no pat answer was agreed upon. In fact the discussion took on something of the flavor of a debate between those who favor strict control and those who felt that attempting to ration nations in peacetime would defeat its own ends. Discussion from the floor emphasized the difficulties in administering any international control and the $64 question, that no one cared to answer, asked by a courageous young lady who was induced to mount the rostrum for the purpose, was whether the United Nations should exchange mineral controllers to police each other.

Jan 1, 1944

Ninetecn papers and a round table. as follows: The Future of the American Iron and Steel Industry (Howe memorial Lecture), by Zay Jeffries; Rote of Carbon Elimination and Degree of Oxidation of metal Hath in Isasic Open-hearth Practice. 11, by ,Alexander L. Feild; A New Method for determining lron Oxide in Liquid Steel, by C. H. Herty. Jr., J. M. Gaines. Jr., H. Freeman and M. W. Lightner; I'racticsl Obarrvntions on Manufacture of basic Open-hearth, High-carbon Killed Steel, by W. J. Itcagan; Production of Gray lron from steel Scrap in the Electric Furnace, by T. F. Baily; reclaim ing Steel-foundry Sanda, by A. H. Dierker; Influence of Rate of Cooling on Dendritic Structure and Microstructure of Some Hypocutectoid Steel, by Albert Sauveur and C. H. Chou; Transformation of Austcnite at Constant Subcritiral Temprratures, by I?. S. Dnvenport and E. C. Bain; Progress Notes on the Iron-silicon Equilibrium Diagram, by Bradley stoughton and S. Greiner; Influence of Nitrogen on Special Steels and Some Experiments on Case-hardening with Nitrogen; by Shun-ichi Satoh; Production and Some properties of Large Iron Crystals, by N. A. Ziegler: Tensile Properties of Rail and Other Steels at Elevated Temperatures, by John R. Freeman, Jr. and G. Willard Quick; Endurance Properties of Steel in Steam, by T. S. Fullcr; Development of Casing for Deep Wells; a Study of Structural Alloy Steels, by F. W. Bremmer; Electrolytic Iron from Sulfide Ores. by Robert D. Pike, George H. West, L. V. Steek, Ross Cummings and B. P. Littlc; Sintering Limonitic Iron Ores at Ironton, Minnesota, by Perry G. Harrison; Concentration of the mesabi Ilematites, by E. W. Davia; Resistance of Iron Ores to Decrepitation and Mechanical Work, by T. L. Joseph and E. P. Barrett; Experiments Demonstrate Method of Producing Artificial Manganese Ore, by T. L. Joseph, E. P. Barrett and C. E. Wood; Iron Ore Round Table.

Jan 1, 1930

By Albert Wiggin

THE copper-bearing sulphide ores from the mines in Butte, Mont., which are for the most part concentrated at the Boston & Montana duction Works in Great Falls and at the Washoe Reduction Works in Anaconda, contain the following minerals of economic value: Chalcocite, Cu2S; enargite, Cu3AsS4; cupriferous pyrite; bornite, Cu3FeS3; covellite, CUS; tetrahedrite, 4 CuS2Sb2S3; and tennantite, Cu8AsS7;. All of the ores carry a high percentage of pyrite. Many of the above sulphides are argentiferous and also carry from 10 to 20 cts. per ton in gold. The gangue is quartz and highly altered granite, with sphalerite and galena and more rarely barite and hubnerite as accessory minerals. An average chemical analysis of the second-class ore concentrated at Great Falls and Anaconda would be as follows: Copper 3.2 to 3.4 per cent. Silver 2. 3 to 3.0 oz. per ton. Gold 0.0-1 to 0.15 oz. per ton. Si02.. 55 to 60 per cent. FeO 12 to 15 per cent.. Sulphur 12 to 1.5 per cent. Al2O3, S to 10 per cent. CaO 0.5 to 0.8 percent. As203, 0.5 to 0.6 percent. Lead 0.2 to 0.3 percent. Before describing the Great Falls flow sleet as installed, at Anaconda, a brief history of the Great Falls concentrator will be given, including a description of the various concentrating machines and systems which have been tested in the search for a flow sheet which would give a higher recovery of copper.

Jan 8, 1913

By D. L. Gardner, H. L. Barr

The following report covers the history of the development of the mine, present equipment, methods and costs of mining and milling. In addition, a description of the ore deposit is given with emphasis on the origin of the fractures, mode and types of ore occurrence, and mechanics of granite emplacement. An endeavor has been made to present a complete and accurate statement of the San Mauricio mine, the highest grade gold mine in the Philippine Islands. Credit is gratefully acknowledged to the mine staff for descriptions and details regarding their particular field of work. All analyses were made by Mr. T. A. DeVore, head chemist, San Mauricio Mining Co. Messrs. Edward Wisser, J. E. Fyfe, A. F. Skerl and W. B. Meek, geologists, have contributed geologic information and ideas, for which thanks are extended. The Executive Committee of Marsman and Co., Inc., Managers of the Company, has kindly given permission for publication. Mr. J. B. Stapler, Division Manager, Marsman and Co., has had the courtesy to read the manuscript and to give critical and helpful suggestions. Location of Area and Scope of Work San Mauricio Mining Co. controls a group of 113 claims that lie immediately north of the town of José Pafiganiban (formerly Mambulao), Camarines Norte, Luzon, P. I. (Fig. 1). Exploration work commenced in the spring of 1934; active development began in the fall of that year and has continued to the present date. Mill construction was begun Ocl,. 15, 1935, and production started March 10, 1936. Total production to June 1, 1939, is P10,499,105.15 ($5,249,552.57).

Jan 1, 1941

By D. L. Gardner, H. L. Barr

The following report covers the history of the development of the mine, present equipment, methods and costs of mining and milling. In addition, a description of the ore deposit is given with emphasis on the origin of the fractures, mode and types of ore occurrence, and mechanics of granite emplacement. An endeavor has been made to present a complete and accurate statement of the San Mauricio mine, the highest grade gold mine in the Philippine Islands. Credit is gratefully acknowledged to the mine staff for descriptions and details regarding their particular field of work. All analyses were made by Mr. T. A. DeVore, head chemist, San Mauricio Mining Co. Messrs. Edward Wisser, J. E. Fyfe, A. F. Skerl and W. B. Meek, geologists, have contributed geologic information and ideas, for which thanks are extended. The Executive Committee of Marsman and Co., Inc., Managers of the Company, has kindly given permission for publication. Mr. J. B. Stapler, Division Manager, Marsman and Co., has had the courtesy to read the manuscript and to give critical and helpful suggestions. Location of Area and Scope of Work San Mauricio Mining Co. controls a group of 113 claims that lie immediately north of the town of José Pafiganiban (formerly Mambulao), Camarines Norte, Luzon, P. I. (Fig. 1). Exploration work commenced in the spring of 1934; active development began in the fall of that year and has continued to the present date. Mill construction was begun Ocl,. 15, 1935, and production started March 10, 1936. Total production to June 1, 1939, is P10,499,105.15 ($5,249,552.57).

Jan 1, 1941

By Robert T. Ault

The nature of fracture in unnotched tensile and notched tensile sheet and round specimens and V -notched and precracked Charpy-type sheet specimens of both wrought stress -relieved and re-crystallized molybdenum was investigated over the temperature range of -78° to 300°C. The sharp rise in fracture stress, for unnotched tensile samples, as the temperature is increased above the brittleness transition temperature (Tb), is found to be a result of an increase in flow stress due to plastic constraint and an increased strain rate which results from the onset of necking at Tb . Quasi-brittle fracture in notched tensile samples is found to occur when the tensile stress at the elastic-plastic interface, beneath the root of the notch, reaches a maximum critical value, which is independent of test temperature over the range from —78° to 25°C, but dependent on microstructure. In the temperature range between 150° and 300°C, unnotched tensile and notched tensile samples alike are found to fracture by a ductile fibrous tearing process which is discontinuous in nature, as a result of the competition between the processes of tearing, through continued plastic flow, and local work hardening. Results from the V-notched and fatigue-cracked Charpy-type impact tests demonstrate that crack initiation is the governing factor in the low-temperature (-78° to 25°C) fracture process for molybdenum. In recent years, there has been considerable interest, and a commensurate number of investigations, concerning the duc tile-to-brittle transition in refractory metals. There has not developed, however, a satisfactory explanation for the uniaxial tensile fracture-stress transition which accompanies the well-known ductility transition. This matter therefore warranted investigation. In a similar manner, the increased importance of notched tensile strength values in evaluating materials and in design criteria requires a better understanding of the factors which control the fracture behavior of notched tensile samples. In a previous investigation1 of the nature of initial yielding and fracture in notched sheet molybdenum at room temperature, it was suggested that plastic constraint was the controlling factor in governing the fracture behavior of notched samples. The final portion of this investigation was concerned with the fracture toughness of molybdenum. Of particular interest was the comparison of effective surface energies for fracture in V-notched samples with fatigue-cracked, Charpy-type samples in order to ascertain the relative importance of the initiation and propagation phases of the fracture process. MATERIALS AND TEST PROCEDURE Sheet tensile, notched tensile, and V-notched Charpy specimens were prepared from 50-mil, stress-relieved molybdenum sheet.* Half of these specimens were vacuum-annealed for 1 hr at 1200°C and 7.5 x l0-5 Torr and furnace-cooled to produce a relatively uniform grain size of 0.30 mm diameter. Round notched and unnotched tensile specimens were prepared from warm-rolled and swaged 5/8-in.-diam bar.* These specimens were vacuum-annealed for 1 hr at 1350°C and 5 x lom5 Torr and furnace-cooled to produce a grain diameter of 0.11 mm. Material analyses in ppm were: C N O H Sheet 290 10 4 1 Bar 50 30 30 2 The unnotched tensile sheet specimens had a 1/4-in. gage width and a 1-in. gage length. The unnotched tensile round specimens had a 9/32-in. gage diameter and a 1-1/4-in. gage length. The sheet and round notch tensile specimens are shown in Fig. 1. All of the notched tensile specimens tested were tandem-notched in order to study the location and mode of fracture initiation. The tandem-notched specimens were carefully machined so that the largest variation in notch depth on a single specimen was 0.001 in. Thus, when fracture occurs, the extent of plastic deformation that exists in the un-fractured notch section is that which exists just prior to fracture. All of the tandem-notched sheet specimens were electrolytic ally polished and chemically etched prior to testing. The V-notched Charpy-type specimens machined from the 50-mil sheet material had the standard dimensions of 2.125 in. long, 0.394 in. deep, and a 0.010-in. root radius. The unnotched tensile and notched tensile tests were conducted over the temperature range of -78° to 300°C, in a 10,000-lb Instron Universal Testing Machine, at a constant crosshead speed of 0.020 in. per min. The V-notched Charpy-type

Jan 1, 1964

By J. Spotts McDowell

J. W. RICHARDS, So. Bethlehem, Pa.-The paper is certainly an exceedingly, valuable one and it gives detailed information which should be utilized in the following way. There are probably twenty different circumstances or conditions under which silica bricks are used. Sometimes they are used under high pressure, at others under low pressure, at times for low temperatures and others for very high temperatures. If the methods of this paper are followed out, and if the precise mechanical and thermal properties are determined and can be reproduced, the industry can furnish the proper brick for any particular purpose. There is at present only an imperfect classification made as to properties and uses, but we need a "much more scientific classification of the uses to which the bricks are to be put and then should manufacture the bricks suited particularly for each of those purposes. There is one property which is not mentioned in the paper and which is of considerable importance, that is, the 'electrical conductivity. There may be other properties besides, which a good research laboratory can determine, and when we have listed all the various properties and noted the way in which they can be reproduced, the maker can then specify his exact requirements and the corresponding quality of brick can he selected or made to meet them. H. D. HIBBARD, Plainfield, N. J.-About a year ago I had some experience in another country, in melting steel, where silica bricks made in that country failed, but in a different way from those in America. Here, when the bricks get too hot, they are partly melted and string down

Jan 4, 1917

TWO American students entered the École des Mines in 1856, Joseph Lesley of Philadelphia and Thomas Egleston of New York. Lesley remained there only one year, but Egleston completed the whole curriculum and received, in 1860, the certificate given to foreign students in lieu of the official appointment and degree awarded French students. Returning home he received, in 1861, an appointment by Secretary Henry of the Smithsonian Institution to sort, label, and arrange the collections of mineralogical and geological specimens which had been brought to Washington by the various government exploring expeditions in the West. Thomas Egleston, born in New York City on Dec. 9, 1832, was the son of Thomas Jefferson Egleston, who came to New York from Massachusetts some time before 1829. The first American ancestor of the family had settled near Dorchester in 1630. T. J. Egleston and Joseph Battell established an iron-merchandizing business* at 166 South St., New York, which prospered exceedingly; so much so that when Thomas J. Egleston died, July. 12, 1861, his estate had a book value of over $500,000. Since an older brother was expected eventually to take over this business, Thomas, who had a liking for science, went to Yale, where he completed the regular four-year course in 1854, and then remained another year for advanced work in chemistry under Silliman. One biographer says he went to Europe, early in 1856, on account of his health. It was the custom at that time for wealthy young men to make a tour of Europe after completing their academic education. Whatever the precise reason, he began scientific work at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris but soon trans-

Jan 1, 1941

Discussion of the paper of C. W. Goodale and J. H. Klepinger, presented at the Butte meeting, August, 1913, and printed in Bulletin No. 50, August, 1913, pp. 1935 to 2010. PROF. JOSEPH W. RICHARDS, South Bethlehem, Pa.:-Mr. Chairman, I would like to call attention to one valuable feature of the paper which may interest some: I have worked a good deal with the Pitot tube, and have always had difficulty with what is called the static end of that apparatus, so much so that I became almost hopeless of securing good results with it. I find here, however, what is stated to be a perfectly satisfactory static end for the Pitot tube, satis factory under probably all conditions. I congratulate Mr. Klepinger on the design of that tube and the consequent improvement he has made in the technical measurement of the volumes of gases. I would also like to ask if the total volume coming out of the chimney per day could not be computed by chemical analyses of the SO and SO2 in the gases, and calculation on the basis of the known weight of.. sulphur going out in a day; so that the Pitot tube measurements . could be checked by a method independent of measurements in the flues. J. H. KLEPINGER :-I think the volume of gases could be determined in that way. Those of a chemical turn of mind would go. about it so, but I am not enough of a chemist to follow that method, and consequently I always look at the mechanical way to obtain the results.

Jan 11, 1913

By D. L. Gardner, H. L. Barr

THE following report covers the history of the development of the mine, present equipment, methods and costs of mining and milling. In addition, a description of the ore deposit is given with emphasis on the origin of the fractures, mode and types of ore occurrence, and mechanics of granite emplacement. An endeavor has been made to present a complete and accurate statement of the San Mauricio mine, the highest grade gold mine in the Philippine Islands. Credit is gratefully acknowledged to the mine staff for descriptions and details regarding their particular field of work. All analyses were made by Mr. T. A. DeVore, head chemist, San Mauricio Mining Co. Messrs. Edward Wisser, J. E. Fyfe, A. F. Skerl and W. B. Meek, geologists, have contributed geologic information and ideas, for which thanks are extended. The Executive Committee of Marsman and Co., Inc., Managers of the Company, has kindly given permission for publication. Mr. J. B. Stapler, Division Manager, Marsman and Co., has had the courtesy to read the manuscript and to give critical and helpful suggestions. LOCATION OF AREA AND SCOPE OF WORK San Mauricio Mining Co. controls a group of 113 claims that lie immediately north of the town of Jose Pañganiban (formerly Mambulao), Camarines Norte, Luzon, P. I. (Fig. 1). Exploration work commenced in the spring of 1934; active development began in the fall of that year and has continued to the present date. Mill construction was begun Oct. 15, 1935, and production started March 10, 1936. Total production to June 1, 1939, is P10,499,105.15 ($5,249,552.57). [+]

Jan 1, 1940

THE gold medal of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America was presented, on Jan. 10, 1922, to Charles Warren Goodale, "for signal services in furthering the welfare and safety of workers in the mining and metallurigical industries of America." The presentation was made by Dr. J. E. Spurr, presi-dent of the Society for the year 1921, at the annual meeting held in New York City. Dr. Van H. Manning, formerly director of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, made the first address. Toward the close of his brief speech, he said, "It has happily been suggested, ?Let us balance our praise of war heroes by pausing to honor a hero of peace.' We have with us tonight a man who has been a leader and inspirer of thousands of his contemporaries. . . . His zeal in the great work of increasing the safety of men engaged in mining and metallurgical operations has become an obsession with him. . . . That lie has been success-ful is evidenced by the great work, of which I have personal and intimate knowledge, done by him in con-nection with the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. and its subsidiaries." Dr. J. F. Kemp gave a brief sketch of Mr. Goodale's career, in the course of which he said, in speaking of .the consolidation of the Boston and Montana, the Anaconda, and smaller companies, "at the same time electric current was introduced for haulage in the mines and on the surface for the running of air compressors and the hoisting of the cage. . . . We can see that there was great danger to the miner and that safety first became a very important feature of the work. . . .

Jan 2, 1922

By AIME AIME

ELECTRICAL methods of geophysical exploration attracted major attention at the three sessions devoted to geophysics on Monday and Tuesday. At the opening' meeting Monday morning Hans Lundberg gave the paper by himself and Folke Kihlstedt; he described the use of the Racom, discussed last year, and the method whereby it is possible to eliminate all but subsurface, effects in electrical exploration. In the discussion Theodor Zuschlag pointed out some of the theoretical considerations behind the field procedure. Karl Sundberg's paper on the effect of impregnating waters was presented by title only, and S. F. Kelly then gave an abstract of a paper on the electrical properties of ores, by J. J. Jakosky, R. N. Anderson and Clyde H. Wilson. , This dealt with an exhaustive series of laboratory tests on the variation of -conductivity of ore specimens with the frequency of the energizing current, and of the effect of moisture content in typical clays and gouges on their conductivities at various frequencies. Considerable discussion was provoked during which the authors came in for some-criticism on their measuring circuits and for their assumption that a solid conductor could be compared with linear ones. They were praised, however, for making a start toward a compilation of resistivities for ores and rocks. Dr. Slichter disagreed with them that the conductivity of an orebody was primarily capacitive. He also called attention to the fact that it was high time geophysicists adopted the standard physical expression of ohm-,centimeters or ohm-meters to express resistivities. This same point was the burden of the next paper,. "Uniform Expression for Resistivity," by Sherwin F. Kelly, presented by title only.

Jan 1, 1932

By Charles Catlett

While the occurrence of phosphorus in coking-coal has assumed less importance with the development of the opeu-hearth method of steel-making, it may not be without interest to note the form in which phosphorus exists in one particular coal-seam. In the examination of what is known as the Big seam, which outcrops a few miles west of Columbiana, Ala., my attention was called to the distribution through the coal, in the form of minute veins and particles, of a resinous-looking substance. A small amount of this was selected, and was provisionally identified as evansite (Al6 Y2 O14, 18 Aq). Subsequently, through the courtesy of Dr. J. Sharshall Grasty, of the Geological Department of the University of Virginia, I was able to secure an additional amount of material, which was purified down to about 0.3 g. This was examined by Prof. John J. Porter, of the University of Cincinnati, and gave the following partial analysis: Per Cent. Loss on ignition,......... 37.43 Phosphoric anhydride,..10.33 Alumina,..........36.33 There was also a trace of silica, and quite a considerable quantity of lime and magnesia. Professor Porter was led to think that the material was not pure, but a mixture of several of the phosphates of aluminum carrying lime and magnesia. The material available did not permit of the convenient determination of the other ingredients. One form in which phosphorus occurs in coal is evidently as a hydrated phosphate of aluminum; and any coal which shows to the eye the occurrence of a light-colored resinous-looking material should be looked on with suspicion as being high in phosphorus.

Jan 1, 1912

CONTENTS PAGE East Texas, except the Gulf Coast-H. Vance 3 Gulf Coast-L. P. Teas 8 Texas Panhandle-C. C. Rae 16 North Central Texas-H. F. Smiley 23 North Louisiana, South Arkansas and Mississippi-B. C. Craft 25 Oklahoma-C. H. Pishny, Raymond M. Carr and E. J. Dickinson 31 Kansas-E. A. Koester 35 Rocky Mountain District-C. D. Johnson 46 Illinois and Indiana-T. Wasson 49 Michigan-T. Wasson 52 Eastern States-P. D. Torrey and W. H. Young, Jr 58 West Texas and New Mexico-W. V. Vietti. Published as a Supplement.

Jan 1, 1933