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By O. C. Wheeler

The activity in exploration and in the acquisition of prospective oil lands that reached such a high level in Colombia during 1936 gained momentum and reached unprecedented proportions during 1937. Both national and private lands were taken up. In the Magdalena Valley above Puerto Berrio, leases on large tracts of private lands are held by Richmond (Standard of California), Shell and Texas. Tropical also owns leases covering a block of acreage in this area near Honda. From Puerto Berrio to El Banco most of the acreage is of national ownership, and concessions covering parts of this area have been granted to Tropical, Socony Vacuum, Shell and others, while applications for additional concessions are pending. Latterly leases on private lands below the Lebrija River have been taken out by Shell and Richmond. In the drainage basins of the Meta and Guaviare Rivers of the Llanos region of eastern Colombia, several of the major companies have carried on geological exploration and it is understood that some private properties have been leased or optioned. Under Colombian law, subsoil rights are reserved to the nation on all lands that passed from Government ownership after Oct. 28, 1873. Private titles antedating that day carry both surface and subsurface rights. Conditions under which lands may be acquired, explored and

Jan 1, 1938

By E. V. Daveler, Frank L. Antisell

CERTAIN physical and chemical properties of copper are so intimately related that a change in variation of the physical properties indicates a certain chemical change. The standard specifications of copper of the American Society for Testing Materials are based upon physical characteristics with one exception, namely, the copper contents. Certain phenomena of the surface indicate the adaptability of the metal for forging or rolling. The writer believes that it is much simpler to produce shapes that are metallurgically correct than those that are mechanically satisfactory. The appearance of the surface of the copper when cooled is considered as to its "pitch," or the general contour of the surface, and the "set," or the decail appearance of the surface of the shape. The set of the copper is, in a very large measure, directly related to the pitch; and so intimately are these characteristics connected that they are often used as synonymous terms by the refiner when he is speaking of well-refined copper. Oxygen is often spoken of as a medicine for copper, it being used to regulate the pitch.

Jan 1, 1920

By G. F. Olsen

ON superficial consideration a technical library might be considered a luxury to the business institution that possesses one. After all, public libraries and research institutions probably contain all the data that would be found in a private technical library, and able consultants are available both within and without a company. In all probability the technical men of a company have in their combined personal libraries sufficient information to answer most inquiries. Nevertheless, possession of such a department is of real economic benefit because of the time it saves its users, because it prevents expensive duplication of technical literature in a company, and lastly, but most important, be- cause it makes readily available a central storehouse of technical facts classified and indexed to meet the demands of the industry or industries concerned.

Jan 1, 1940

By Milton H. Fies

THE writer wishes to acknowledge at the outset his great sense of obligation to those who contributed so broadly and expertly to the preparation of this paper: Dr. Albert DeSmaele, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Socogaz, Belgium; Dr. Julien Venter, Director of the National Institute of Coal Mining and Coal Utilization Industry, Belgium; Dr. Roger Loison, Chief Engineer, French National Coal Research Board, France; and Dr. Erich Sarapuu of the Sinclair Coal Co., Kansas City, Missouri. Liberal use has been made in this paper of a recent publication on Russian, Italian, Belgian, and French experiments prepared jointly by the Centre d'Etudes et Recherches des Charbonnages de France (Cerchar) and the Institut National de l'Industrie Charbonnière of Belgium (Inichar).1 The writer is particularly indebted to Dr. E. T. Wilkins, of the Fuel Re¬search Station, London, and to Mr. James L. Elder, of the Alabama Under¬ground Gasification Experiment at Gorgas, Alabama, for their unfailing patience and effective support. Not only did these experienced and capable men edit and revise this discussion, but much of its content is a direct con¬tribution quoted in full from their memoranda. Without the assistance of all these colleagues, this presentation would not have been possible. It has been a privilege to serve and work with them and to acknowledge repeatedly their loyal cooperation. The recovery of the energy inherent in coal beds throughout the world has been done through the years by methods that today may be justly regarded as primitive. While the techniques of coal mining through the application of machines and the enhancement of information and skills have advanced to an extraordinary extent, particularly during the past 20 years, the underlying means is essentially the same as when man first began to mine coal. Despite this progress in the manner of coal mining, it continues today as a hazardous, toilsome, grimy task. Coal mining per se has advanced at a greater and more rapid stride in the past 25 years than the mining of any: other mineral, but the basic method is fundamentally the same as it was the first day a miner took a pick into his hands many centuries ago. This situation presents a challenge to mining engineers everywhere, from

Jan 1, 1953

By AIME AIME

A REQUEST for information as to the details of activities of the Engineering Council was made by the Joint Conference Committee for the benefit of the new American Engineering Council. , This request was complied with, and the scheduled reply so succinctly sets forth the activities of the old Council as well as the scope of possible activities of ,the new Council, about whose efforts there has been much discussion, .that it' is given herewith in full, except the 'budget which is summarized.

Jan 1, 1920

By R. W. Raymond

FOUR portraits have recently been hung in the rooms of the Institute, in recognition of four illustrious men with whom we, as mining engineers and metallurgists, may claim fellowship. LUTHER. Martin Luther is often spoken of as a miner's son; but it is less generally known that John Luther, his father, was, in a small way, a metallurgist as well as a miner, and that Martin Luther himself, in his youth, worked in a forge or bloomary established by his father at Mansfeld, Saxony. Since this is the only manual occupation on his part of which we have any record, it is fair to assume that the great scholar and reformer derived from his work in this department the practical familiarity with the conditions of human labor so abundantly evinced in the homely illustrations which accompany even his serious arguments, and in the witty apothegms of his famous "table-talk." At the same time, I must confess that 1 have not been able to find in any of the works of Luther distinct allusions to mining or metallurgy. KÖRNER. Theodor Körner, a student at the Mining Academy of Freiberg, Saxony, threw himself into the German War of Freedom in the first decade of the 19th Century. He was a poet of no mean rank ; and his " Song of the Sword " is one of the great lyrics of literature. This poem was written but a few days before he died in battle. In many respects, Körner may be compared with our American hero Theodore Winthrop, who similarly met a glorious fate, and left behind him prophetic indications of genius, of which his premature death prevented the complete fulfillment. I am informed by a member of the Institute that Körner's admirable collection of minerals is still preserved at Dresden.

Nov 1, 1908

By C. Y Garber

Interest in the sink-float plant operated by the Bunker Hill and Sullivan Mining and Concentrating Co. at Kellogg, Idaho, has recently been largely confined to the preparation and reconditioning of the galena medium. The ease and simplicity of these operations in a concentrating mill producing a flotation lead concentrate has occasioned enough comment to possibly justify a brief description. The subject is treated from an operator's viewpoint only; no effort is made to discuss it in a theoretical or technical manner. Plant at Bunker Hill The sink-float plant was first operated in December 1941. It was built for the purpose of quickly increasing mill capacity with a minimum of equipment. It is the Huntington-Heberlein sink and float process using galena medium and is operated under license from the Sink and Float Corporation, New York city. Lead-zinc ore from the Bunker Hill mine is crushed to pass a 1¼ in, screen and is then washed and separated on vibrating screens having 4½-mm. round-hole punched plates. The screen under-size, amounting to 33 per cent of the mill feed, is dewatered and sent to the ball-mill feed bins. The screen oversize goes to the sink-float plant, where 50 per cent of the oversize, or 33 per cent of the mill feed, is float, which is washed free of medium and disposed of as a tailing. The remaining 33 per cent is sink, which, after washing, is crushed to pass 36 in. and joins the under-size in the ball-mill feed bins. The normal plant capacity is 1700 tons per 24 hr. About 1.7 per cent of the total lead and 3.3 per cent of the total zinc in the feed is lost with the sink-float tailings (Table I). More complete descriptions of the H. H. process and Bunker Hill sink-float plant are given in several recent articles, listed at the end of the paper. Preparation OF Medium at Bunker Hill New medium is made intermittently as needed, usually 12 hr. in each 6 days. A small portion of the current mill flotation concentrate is diverted from the lead cleaner cells to a I-in. vertical sand pump and pumped to a two-cell 36-in. Agitair flotation machine, where NaCn and ZnSO4 are added and the grade of concentrate is improved as shown in Table 2. Tailing from this operation is returned by gravity

Jan 1, 1947

By C. Y. Garber

Interest in the sink-float plant operated by the Bunker Hill and Sullivan Mining and Concentrating Co. at Kellogg, Idaho, has recently been largely confined to the preparation and reconditioning of the galena medium. The ease and simplicity of these operations in a concentrating mill producing a flotation lead concentrate has occasioned enough comment to possibly justify a brief description. The subject is treated from an operator's viewpoint only; no effort is made to discuss it in a theoretical or technical manner. Plant at Bunker Hill The sink-float plant was first operated in December 1941. It was built for the purpose of quickly increasing mill capacity with a minimum of equipment. It is the Huntington-Heberlein sink and float process using galena medium and is operated under license from the Sink and Float Corporation, New York city. Lead-zinc ore from the Bunker Hill mine is crushed to pass a 1¼ in, screen and is then washed and separated on vibrating screens having 4½-mm. round-hole punched plates. The screen under-size, amounting to 33 per cent of the mill feed, is dewatered and sent to the ball-mill feed bins. The screen oversize goes to the sink-float plant, where 50 per cent of the oversize, or 33 per cent of the mill feed, is float, which is washed free of medium and disposed of as a tailing. The remaining 33 per cent is sink, which, after washing, is crushed to pass 36 in. and joins the under-size in the ball-mill feed bins. The normal plant capacity is 1700 tons per 24 hr. About 1.7 per cent of the total lead and 3.3 per cent of the total zinc in the feed is lost with the sink-float tailings (Table I). More complete descriptions of the H. H. process and Bunker Hill sink-float plant are given in several recent articles, listed at the end of the paper. Preparation OF Medium at Bunker Hill New medium is made intermittently as needed, usually 12 hr. in each 6 days. A small portion of the current mill flotation concentrate is diverted from the lead cleaner cells to a I-in. vertical sand pump and pumped to a two-cell 36-in. Agitair flotation machine, where NaCn and ZnSO4 are added and the grade of concentrate is improved as shown in Table 2. Tailing from this operation is returned by gravity

Jan 1, 1947

DISCUSSION, G. Derge and D. J. Girardi presiding N. A. Gokcen (Michigan College of Mining and Technology, Houghton, Mich.)—While the authors present very interesting results on the effect of sulphur upon the solubility of oxygen, they have not established convincingly the lines of two-fold saturation (the valleys in Fig. 2) and the ternary eutectic point. Their contention that sample S-7, upon melting at

Jan 1, 1954

[EDMUND M. WISE, Chairman ROBERT H. LEACH, Past-Chairman D. K. CRAMPTON, Vice-Chairman CARL E. SWARTZ, Vice-Chairman W. M. CORSE, Treasurer LOUIS JORDAN, Secretary 29 West 39th St., New York, N. Y. Executive Committee 1941 1942 E. A. ANDERSON FRANCES H. CLARK D. L. COLWELL W. L. FINK W. P. SYKES J. T. NORTON 1943ERIC R. JETTE LOUIS W. KEMPF GEORGE SACHS]

Jan 1, 1940

Arizona ROBERT E. TALLY, Chairman CARL E. ~IILLS, Secretary-treasurer, P. 0. Box 1462, Jerome. Ariz. W. S. BOYD THOMAS H. 0. O'BRIEN F. W. MACLENNAN Boston Meets first Monday each winter month GAL~N H. CLEVENG~, Chairman HOLCOMB J. BROWN, Vice-chairman F. I,EROY FOSTER Secretary-treasurer Room 8-219, Mass. lnst: of Tech., Cambridge Mass. A. E. WELLS H. A. WENTWORTH

Jan 1, 1928

William Kent, Montclair, N. J. (communication to the Secretary*):—The authors say, "The factor which determines the completeness of combustion of tlie volatile matter, after it has bee11 mixed with a certain amount of air, is the length of time the mixture is allowed to remain in the combustion-space; but this length of time depends on the extent of the space itself."

Jan 1, 1911

SECTION I Page Page Manuscript Closing Date, Febru- Forthcoming Meetings xxvii ary Meeting v . Library xxviii New York Section War Meeting on Membership xxxii Ferro-Alloys v Biographical Notices: Minutes of Meeting, Board of Robert Bell, by F. D. Adams. xlix Directors xvii H. J. Cantwell, by H. A. Members in Military Service xviii Wheeler 1 Personal xxiii Institute Committees Iii Employment xxv Officers and Directors Ix

Jan 11, 1917

[Allen -Sherman-Hoff Pump Co Third Cover Dee Carlton Brown. Advertising Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co 436,519 Compton Advertising, Inc. American Cyanamid Co * James J. McMahon. Inc. American Manganese Steel Div., American Brake Shoe Co 444 Fuller & Smith & Ross, Inc. Anaconda Copper Mining Co 449 Kenyon & Eckhardt Inc. Carton Products Corp. * Penn and Hamaker, Inc. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co 431 G. M. Basford Co.]

Jan 1, 1952

By Allen Garrison

A PREVIOUS paper1 reviewed some of the properties of clays and shales and presented some data on the nature of the gelling phenomenon. It included a brief discussion of origin of clays and shales, their com-position, structure, retention of water, ionization, base exchange, and the nature of the gelling of water suspensions, Other publications of the Institute2-8 have discussed the properties of clays and their relations to drilling-fluid behavior and control. It is the purpose of this article to present some new data obtained and arranged in a different manner and making possible a better understanding of the chemical reactions involved in the control of drilling-fluid characteristics during the normal drilling operations. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The difficulties involved in the measurements of the flow character-istics of plastic fluids are too familiar to recite, The possible applications of some of the well-known instruments to this problem have been ade-quately discussed by Hobson9 and he has given an excellent bibliography. Although there are many viscosimeters of varied design, none of them appear to fulfill the most obvious demands of accuracy in the measure-ment of clay or shale suspensions, Since the fluid characteristics are dependent on the rate of flow of the fluid, and the viscosity usually falls off very rapidly as the rate is increased, it is clear that the first require-ment is that the instrument shall be capable of a wide variety of speeds. The viscosity of the fluid at any fixed and constant rate of flow is also a function of time, so that the second demand is that the instrument shall be capable of a constant and continuous motion for a prolonged period of time.

Jan 1, 1939

PRESIDENT Willis McGerald Peirce New York City, N Y PAST PRESIDENTS D H McLaughhn, San Francisco, Calif L E Young', Pittsburgh, Pa VICE-PRESIDENTS A. B. Kinzell, New York, N Y H. W Thomas Ray, Arizona Philip Kraft, New York, N Y J L Gillsan Wilmington, Del M. L Haider, Toronto, Ont , Canada VICE-PRESIDENT and TREASURER Andrew Fletcher, New York, N Y

Jan 1, 1951

By AIME AIME

Council.* PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL. JOHN HAYS HAMMOND NEW YORK, N. Y. (Term expires February, 1908.) VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE COUNCIL. HENRY M. HOWE NEW YORK, N. Y. J. B. GRANT DENVER, COLO. JAMES D. HAGUE NEW YORK, N. Y. (Term expires February, 1908.) SAMUEL B. CHRISTY BERKELEY, CAL. JOHN A. CHURCH NEW YORK; N. Y. New PERSIFOR FRAZER PHILADELPHIA, PA. (Term expires February, 1909.)

Mar 1, 1907

Council PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL. JOHN HAYS HAMMOND NEW YORK, N. Y. (Term expires February, 1908 ) VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE COUNCIL. HENRY M. HOWE NEW YORK, N. Y. J. B. GRANT DENVER, COLO. JAMES D. HAGUE NEW YORK, N. Y. (Term expires February, 1908.) SAMUEL B. CHRISTY BERKELEY, CAL. JOHN A. CHURCH NEW YORK, N. Y. PERSIFOR FRAZER PHILADELPHIA, PA. (Term expires February, 1909 )

Jan 1, 1910

[Allen-Sherman-Hoff Pump Co Third Cover Dee Carlton Brown, Advertising Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co 625,654 Compton Advertising, Inc. American Cyanamid Co 638,639 James J. McMahon, Inc. American Manganese Steel Div., American Brake Shoe Co 642 Fuller & Smith & Ross, Inc. Anaconda Copper Mining Co * Kenyon & Eckhardt Inc. Carlon Products Corp * Penn and Hamaker, Inc. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co 627 G. M. Basford Co.]

Jan 1, 1952

United Engineering Society J VIPOND DAVIES,-President WILLIAM L SAUNDERS ALFRED D FLINN Secretary GEORGE H PEGRAM, 2d Vice-president JOSEPH STRUIHERS, Treasurer HENRY A LARDNER Assistant treasurer Finance Committee House Committee WILLIAM L SAUNDERS, Chairman ALFRED D FLINN, Chairman GEORGE H PEGRAMO FREDERICK F SHARPLESS ARTHUR S DWIGHT JOHN H DUNLAP BANCROFT GHERARDI CALVIN W RICE I VIPOND DAVIES, ex-officio F L HUTCHINSON

Jan 1, 1923