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By Joseph R. Hatch

When compared to average shale composition, average coal is enriched in sulfur and selenium, has similar amounts of arsenic, beryllium, lead, antimony and molybdenum, and is depleted in at least 26 other elements. Within a coalfield, or region, some coals are enriched (10X average shale) in silver, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, germanium, molybdenum, nickel, lead, selenium, uranium, and zinc. Important factors controlling element distributions in coal include geochemical conditions (primarily pH) in the peat swamp, composition and depositional environment of coal roof rocks, thermal maturity (rank), nature and intensity of any epigenetic mineralization, composition of ground waters that come in contact with the coal, and degree of weathering.

Jan 1, 1983

Organization Place Date 1919 American Society of Mechanical Engineers... New York, N. Y. Dec. 2-5 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.... Savannah, Ga. Dec. 3-6 Geological Society of America..: Boston, Mass. Dec. 29-31 American Society of Heating and Ventilating 1920 Engineers New York, N. Y. Jan. Mining and Metallurgical Society of America.. New York, N. Y. Jan. 13 American Institute of Min. and Met. Engineers New York, N. Y. Feb. 16-19 American Ceramic Society Philadelphia, Pa. Feb. 23-26 American Electrochemical Society Boston, Mass. Apr. 8-10* *On Apr. 9, a joint meeting will he held with the A. I. E. E.

Jan 12, 1919

By L. L. Wyman

SINCE the observations of Heyn,1 relative to the embrittlement of copper after having been heated in hydrogen, this subject has received considerable attention from later investigators. The published works of Archbutt2 and of Bengough and Hill3 give the reasons for this embrittlement-the formation of steam by the reaction between cuprous oxide and hydrogen. From Ruder,4 Pilling,5 Moore and Beckinsdale,6 Bassett and Bradley,7 and from Smith8 can be obtained quantitative data concerning the action of hydrogen and other reducing gases on copper samples having various oxygen contents. This problem has been discussed from a practical standpoint by Fuller9 who calls attention to some of the instances of this embrittlement encountered in the manufacturing field. The examples he cites may be considered typical cases of copper embrittlement which were incident to the process of manufacture. In many cases, such difficulties are overcome by changes in the manufacturing process.

Jan 1, 1931

By B. J. Guarnera

There have been major changes in the makeup and nature of the uranium exploration industry in recent years. Significant price increases precipitated an increase in exploration activity-according to the Department of Energy, exploratory drilling in 1977, by 140 companies, was almost 8 million m (26 million ft). This represents a 37% increase over the prior year's drilling. Projections for 1978 indicate at least 9 million m (30 million ft) of exploratory holes will be drilled in the US. Exploration expenditures in 1979, including land acquisition, drilling, and other costs, were estimated by DOE at over $236 million. Domestic expenditures for 1978 are estimated at over $250 million.

Jan 10, 1978

COMMITTEE ON INCREASE OF. MEMBERSHIP. C. R. CORNING, Chairman. ADOLPHE E. BORIS, First Vice-Chairman. THOMAS T. READ, .Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. Vice-Chairmen. JOHN H. ALLEN, GEORGE M. COLVOCORESSES, RICHARD AL ATWATER, JR., ROBERT PEELS, GEORGE D. BARRON, CHARLES P. PERIN, A. CHESTER BEATTY, JOSEPH A. VAN MATER, J. PARKE CHANNING, ARTHUR L. WALKER. D. C. Bard, Howard Eckfeldt, Philip N, Moore, W. de L. Benedict, R. C. Gemmell, T. H. O'Brien, John C. Branner, F. Louis Grammer, James J. Ormsbee, Palmer Carter, Ernest A. Hersam, Edward W. Parker, Allen J. Clark, Edwin C. Holden, John B. Porter, F. Crabtree, William L. Honnold, R. M. Raymond, George G. Crawford, Reginald E. Hore, Robert H. Richards, O. C. Davidson, C. Colcock Jones, LeRoy Salsich, E. V. D' Invilliers, Eugene P. Kennedy, Frederick H. Sexton, James S. Douglas, Chester F. Lee, Henry L. Smyth, Walter Douglas, - Richard S. McCaffery, F. W. Traphagen, Howard N. Eavenson, James F. McClelland, Elton W. Walker. Milton H. McLean, Meetings of this committee were held at the Institute headquarters on April 18, and May 2 and 15. It was resolved that meetings shall be held monthly on the third Friday of each month.

Jan 6, 1913

For the first time, the attendance at the meetings of the Institute passed the thousand mark; as is shown by the following table: REGIS- AT BANQUET DID TOTAL TERED NOT REGISTER Men :..:... 703 76 806 Women 195 61 256 1062 The names of the members and guests who registered or attended the banquet but did not register are: A A. D. Beers C. A. Adams Hans Behr Thos. J. Adams Edgar G. Bell Lawrence Addicks Donald A. S. Bell H. T. Abrams W. de LeBenedict G. Aertsen G. B. Bertelli M. M. Albertson Charles P. Berkey James Aldrich Clinton Bernard D. C. Alexander, Jr. W. N. Best W. H. Alexander Robert M. Betts A. W. Allen Christopher H. Bierbaum F. D. Aller Paul Billingsley R. H. Allport R. A. Bingham F. C. Alsdorf R. M. Bird Capt. M. Altmayer John L. W. Birkinbine A.' W. Ambrose G. S. Bisey Henry M. Ami Charles W. Boise F. L. Antisell J. J. Blackmore R. S. Archer A. E. Blackwood Paul' Armitage Capt. C. K. Blatchly Andrew B. Armstrong E. L. Blossom Clifton T. Armstrong C. A. Bohn Ralph Arnold James M. Bonsall R. M. Atwater, Jr. E. E. Boon Joseph E. Aue Gail Borden A. M. Austin R. S. Botsford W. S. Ayres John M. Boutwell

Jan 4, 1919

By S. S. Hsieh, J. R. Lehr

Bench scale beneficiation studies were made on Idaho dolomitic phosphate rock using the TVA carbonate flotation process. The process used diphosphonic acid as a phosphate mineral depressant and fatty acid as a carbonate mineral collector. Silica was subsequently rejected as float using an amine collector, with phosphate product recovered as the sink fraction. Two samples of prepared flotation feed from commercial operation were used. One contained 21% P205 and 3.2% MgO. The other contained 26% P205 and 1.8% MgO. The results indicate that concentrates containing 31% to 33% P205 and 1% or less MgO can be obtained, with about 80% P205 recovery.

Jan 1, 1986

C. R. CORNING, Chairman. ADOLPHE E. BORIE, First Vice-Chairman. THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. Vie-Chairmen. JOHN H. ALLEN, GEORGE M. COLVOCORESSES, RICHARD M. ATWATER, JR., ROBERT PEELE, GEORGE D. BARRON, CHARLES P. PERIN, A. CHESTER BEATTY, JOSEPH A. VAN MATER, J. PARKE CHANNING, ARTHUR L. WALKER. D. C. Bard, Howard Eckfeldt. Philip N. Moore, W. de L. Benedict, R. C. Gemmell, T. H. O'Brien, John C. Branner, F. Louis Grammer, James J. Ormsbee. Palmer Carter, Ernest A. Hersam, Edward W. Parker, Allen J. Clark, Edwin C. Holden, John B. Porter, F. Crabtree, William L. Honnold, R. DI. Raymond, George G. Crawford, Reginald E. Hore, Robert H. Richards, O. C. Davidson, C. Colcock Jones, LeRoy Slash, E. V. D'Invilliers, Eugene P. Kennedy, Frederick H. Sexton, James S. Douglas, Chester F. Lee, Henry L. Smyth, Walter Douglas, Richard S. McCaffery, F. W. Traphagen, Howard N. Eavenson, James F. McClelland, Elton W. Walker. Milton H. McLean, The Chairman of the Committee on the eve of his departure frog -,he country for an extended stay, addressed the following letter t ,he President of the Institute NEW YORK, N. Y., APRIL 19, 1913.

Jan 5, 1913

MONTANA SECTION FREDERICK LAIST, Chairman F. W. BACORN, Vice-chairman E. B. YOUNG, Secretary-Treasurer, 52G Hennesy Building, Butte, Mont. C. H. CLAPP C. D. DEMOND The Montana Section held its annual meeting at the Silver Bow Club, Butte, Mont., on Friday, Feb. 7. The technical session was preceded by a dinner at which 54 members and guests were seated. N. B. Braly presided at the dinner and the, business and technical sessions. The officers whose names are noted above were elected for the ensuing year. H. B. Pulsifer presented a paper on The Metallurgy of Aluminum and Magnesium; it was discussed by C. H. Clapp and F. A. Linforth. J. C: Horgan presented a paper on The Manufacture of High Explosives and their Use in Metal Mines; it was discussed by C. W. Morse, J. J. Carrigan, and C. W. Goodale. The matter of reformed spelling as proposed in a circular letter coming from Palo Alto, Calif., was discussed, after which the Secretary was instructed to write to Secretary Stoughton and ask that when the matter is opened for discussion in New York he present the emphatic protest of the Montana Section against the alleged reforms in spelling. E. B. YOUNG, Secretary.

Jan 4, 1919

By H. K. Shearer

Drilling for oil and gas in Arkansas in 1934 showed more activity than in any year since 1929; with a total of 96 completions, including 36 oil wells, 1 gas well and 59 dry holes. Of the producers, the lone gas well and 35 oil wells were in old fields, and one wildcat producer opened a new pool. Of the dry holes, 16 were in or near fields and 43 were wildcats. The total reported initial daily production of the oil wells was 9013 bbl., averaging 252 bbl. per well. Active drilling operations numbered 65 at the close of the year, compared with 26 at the beginning.

Jan 1, 1935

By Thomas V. Falkie

Mining and exploration, in the year 1971, can be characterized as a year of politics and the beginning of an era of legislation. Certainly the activities of our state and federal lawmakers and international politicians over-shadowed technical developments, which are outlined in the following pages. The nationalization of the Chilean copper industry was the most far-reaching event of the year. Not only will it have an effect on international metal trade, but the nationalization will also affect the major mining companies in such a way as to cause strategic, managerial and technical adjustments in metal mining and exploration efforts in other parts of the world.

Jan 2, 1972

In 1936 the Institute established the Anthony F. Lucas Gold Medal, which will be awarded from time to time "for distinguished achievement in improving the technique and practice of finding and producing petroleum." These awards will be sponsored by the Petroleum Division. Captain Lucas was a pioneer in the oil industry, one of the early wildcatters and a leading mining and petroleum engineer. He was famous as the discoverer of Spindletop. He became a member of the Institute in 1895 and in 1913 was the first Chairman of the Petroleum and Gas Committee of the Institute, the forerunner of the present Petroleum Division. He also headed the Committee in 1914, 1917 and 1918. The first medal was presented at the annual dinner in 1937, Feb. 17, to J. Edgar Pew. The personnel of the Committee on award as appointed in February, 1937, is as follows: John R. Suman, Chairman Until Feb., 1938 Until Feb., 1939 Hallan N. Marsh R. OgaRRio Russell 6. McFarland H. H. Power John R. Suman CaRl A. Young Until Feb., 1940 Until Feb., 1941 W. B. Heroy Joseph Jensen C. V. Millikan John M. Lovejoy J. Edgar Pew Carroll H. WEgemanN Members ex-officio R. C. Allen John W. Finch Axtell J. Byles H. B. FUQUA

Jan 1, 1937

By Persifor Frazer

The mines which I am about to describe are all situated in the northern part of the States of Nuevo Leon and Coahuila, Mexico, between the twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh degrees of latitude. They might be grouped, orographically, into four classes: 1. Those in the Sierra de la Ygnana chain; 2. Those in the Sierra de Gomez chain; 3. Those in the Cerro Mercado; 4. Those in the Sierra de San Marcos chain. (See large map.) The first two of these may be further arranged in one geographical district, to which the name, "the Villaldatna. district," may be applied, and the last may be ascribed to the geographical district of " Monclova." Geologically described, the country rock, in which four of the six mines occnr, is a limestone, concerning which a few words will be said further on, to wit.: The Arroyo (gulch), the Montanos and the Pinitos (pines), in the Villaldama district, and La Paloma (the dove), or Iron Mine, in the Monclova district. The San Rafael appears to lie in granite, or a heavy-bedded gneiss, presenting most of the characteristics of the latter, though the contact plane of the limestone is not far off. It is certainly worthy of attention that the ore occurs in that portion of the crystalline rock, which is nearest to the limestone, and it has been thought by some observers to be a true contact vein. It is well known that veins of this character are very often distinguished for constancy and richness. Although the undersigned cannot entirely free himself from the impression that this proximity of different formations has had an important influence in the origin of the part of the vein on which this mine is situated; still he was unable to establish it actually at the contact of the limestone and granite, but rather a short distance within the latter. Two openings of the Riojas vein were respectively in limestone and in rotten whitish granite, but this fact, if established (as by the correspondence of the strike line of the vein in direction with that of a line joining the

Jan 1, 1884

By R. Schuhmann Jr., P. J. Ensio

As a first step in a study of the physical chemistry of copper-smelting slags, experimental measurements were made of the oxygen pressure of simple iron-silicate slags in equilibrium with solid iron. The experiments consisted in bubbling CO2-CO mixtures through the slags in iron crucibles and in finding the equilibrium ratios of CO2 to CO. From the data, activities and partial molal heats of solution FeO and SiO2 in the slags were calculated. THE ternary system FeO-Fe,O,-SiO, is the simplest system which can represent adequately the important chemical properties of the slags formed in matte smelting and converting. Accordingly, the experimental study of slags in this system was started as the first step in a general research program on the thermodynamics of copper smelting. A recent paper by one of the authors' outlines this general research program and shows in some detail how information on thermodynamic properties of iron-silicate slags, especially information on oxygen activities, is essential to a full understanding of the chemistry of copper smelting. The FeO-Fe,O,-SiO, system also is the basis of slags produced in other processes, such as acid steelmak-ing processes, and is important in relation to the behavior of silicious refractories. In addition, data on the physicochemical properties of iron-silicate slags should contribute to a general understanding of the nature of slags, since at present such data for all kinds of slags are relatively meager. The principal quantitative information already available on iron-silicate slags consists in Bowen and Schairer's constitution diagram for slags in equilibrium with metallic iron,' Darken and Gurry's complete and precise thermodynamic study of the Fe-0 system,",' and Darken's study of the phase equilibria in the Fe-Si-o system. From the results of this previous work, it was clear that a complete thermodynamic study of ternary iron-silicate melts was a major undertaking which would have to be broken down into parts, including the working out of the ternary equilibrium diagram as well as extensive activity measurements on slags. The experimental measurement of oxygen activity, using CO-CO, and other gas mixtures as yardsticks of oxygen activity, was the basis of Darken and Gurry's study of the Fe-0 system. From the experimental measurements of oxygen activities over a large range of temperatures and compositions, they were able to calculate the activities of other species such as Fe, FeO, Fe,O,, etc., and also the other important thermodynamic properties in the Fe-0 system. At the start of the present investigation, it appeared that the same approach would be fruitful for the study of iron-silicate melts. Also, the experimental measurement of oxygen activities seemed particularly attractive because oxygen activity itself is a quantitative measure of oxidizing or reducing power, which is an important variable in copper-smelting slags. The slag compositions in equilibrium with yFe appeared most suitable for the first investigation of this kind, for the following reasons: 1—Good constitution data2 were available. 2—An iron crucible could be used, thus affording a simple solution to the refractory problem without introducing contarnination. 3—With Fe activity fixed, at unity with respect to a standard state of solid Fe, measurements of 0 activity could be followed by simple calculations of activities of FeO and other Fe-0 complexes and of SiO,. 4—This starting point afforded several possibilities for cross-checking with previous work,

Jan 1, 1952

New York State Museum, Albany, N. Y. D H. Newland, State Geologist. A complete list of publications or the latest lists of available publications will be sent upon application. A series of Bulletins on The Mining and Quarry Industry of New York are available as follows: Bulletin 51 (1910), 15 cents; 161 (1911), 20 cents; 166 (1912), 20 cents, 174 (1913), 20 cents; 190 (1915), 15 cents; 277 (1925-26), 50 cents; 295 (1927-1929), 40 cents. Another series discusses the Geology of the State by Quad¬rangles, available as follows: Bulletin 153, Broadalbin Quad (1911), 25 cents; 154, Sche¬nectady Quad. (1911), 20 cents, 170, North Creek Quad . (1914)

Jan 1, 1933

By L. H. Levenson, Charles S. Barrett

Plastic flow in metal crystals and the changes in orientation resulting from it are generally understood to take place by the following fundamental mechanisms: (1) slip on crystallographic planes, (2) homogeneous crystal rotation resulting from the slip, (3) bending of the 1attice between the planes of slip, and, under certain circumstances, (4) twinning. This paper and a preceding one on iron subjected to uniaxial compression1 concern two additional processes that must now be added to this list: (5) the formation of deformation bands, and (6) the bending and rotation of these bands. The present investigation yields a new understanding and definiteness to the common terms so loosely used when speaking of cold-worked metals —('grain fragmentation," "elongated grains," and "deformation twins," "deformation bands," "etch bands," or "X-bands." Bands have been noted on the polished and etched surfaces of cold-worked metals by various investigators for more than 25 years, ‡ yet their nature and their significance have been so little understood that they are not treated in the most comprehensive modern texts on the deformation of crystals. The experiments in this series show that they are one of the fundamental processes in the deformation of metals, of importance in the development of preferred orientations, in work-hardening (since they have the effect of reducing the effective grain size and interfering with slip), and in the recrystallization process. The present experiments were performed on the same stock of material that was used in the earlier compression experiments1—hydrogen-purified mild steel in which the carbon content had been reduced to the limit detectable under the microscope and in which single crystals could be grown by a strain-anneal treatment.2

Jan 1, 1939

By Charles S. Barrett, L. H. Levenson

Plastic flow in metal crystals and the changes in orientation resulting from it are generally understood to take place by the following fundamental mechanisms: (1) slip on crystallographic planes, (2) homogeneous crystal rotation resulting from the slip, (3) bending of the 1attice between the planes of slip, and, under certain circumstances, (4) twinning. This paper and a preceding one on iron subjected to uniaxial compression1 concern two additional processes that must now be added to this list: (5) the formation of deformation bands, and (6) the bending and rotation of these bands. The present investigation yields a new understanding and definiteness to the common terms so loosely used when speaking of cold-worked metals —('grain fragmentation," "elongated grains," and "deformation twins," "deformation bands," "etch bands," or "X-bands." Bands have been noted on the polished and etched surfaces of cold-worked metals by various investigators for more than 25 years, ‡ yet their nature and their significance have been so little understood that they are not treated in the most comprehensive modern texts on the deformation of crystals. The experiments in this series show that they are one of the fundamental processes in the deformation of metals, of importance in the development of preferred orientations, in work-hardening (since they have the effect of reducing the effective grain size and interfering with slip), and in the recrystallization process. The present experiments were performed on the same stock of material that was used in the earlier compression experiments1—hydrogen-purified mild steel in which the carbon content had been reduced to the limit detectable under the microscope and in which single crystals could be grown by a strain-anneal treatment.2

Jan 1, 1939

By J. W. Mills

This paper's aim is to demonstrate, by reviewing findings and conclusions of earlier authors and through recording and interpreting the outcome of recent laboratory study of the ores, that the ores around the Gem stocks are metamorphosed equivalents of common siderite-sulfide ores far from the stocks, as was first proposed by Hershey (1912, 1913). That is, all the ores probably have the Precambrian age of 1250 million years reported by Long et al. (1960). Those near the Gem stocks, however, were extensively metamorphosed in Cretaceous time during the emplacement of stocks so their resemblance and relation to other veins in the district are camouflaged.

Jan 1, 1985

By Arne F. Westgren

X-ray analysis and single-crystal study have been utilized in recent years as a new means of following constitutional changes in alloys. If such transformations can be suppressed by rapid cooling, they can be followed at room temperature in a particularly convenient manner. In the following we shall consider changes in solubility and polymorphic transformations with particular reference to phenomena of the age-hardening type. Finally a thermodynamic viewpoint is developed for examining such transformations. Changes in Solubility 1. Determinations of solubility limits in the solid state which show decreasing solubility with falling temperature are made as follows: A series of alloys extending into the heterogeneous region is prepared and quenched fromas high a temperature as possible, whereupon their lattice parameters are determined. Then one or more alloys are quenched from temperatures at which they are heterogeneous and their lattice parameters likwwise determined. For the purpose of determining the parameter the apparatus shown in Fig. 1 has been very useful for it produces sharp films in a short time which can be accurately read. High-order reflections (interferences) from the object are recorded on a film which is placed exactly perpendicular to the X-ray beam. The specimen usually has the shape of a small round bar.l Fig. 2 shows a selection of such exposures of silver-rich Cu-Ag alloys, and Fig. 3 gives the measurements made from these films. Fig. 4 gives the solubility curve which results.2 This curve is shifted to lower concentrations than the curve that is obtained from metallographic or physical methods. The X-ray method unquestionably gives more reliable data

Jan 1, 1931

By G. Caetani, E. Burt

Jan 1, 1907