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By Graeme Lamson, Rene Dobbe, Merle Kalstrom, Janice Baron, Robert Thorpe, Chris Martin, Snezana Bajic, Amanda Palko

"This paper presents early results from a case study at the Mount Polley porphyry copper mine in British Columbia, Canada. Daily mineralogical data was acquired and reconciled with daily plant assay and recovery balances to interrogate the mineralogical controls on plant performance. After commissioning, the Minesite machine operated smoothly and reliably, creating daily data to generate mineralogical balances around the circuit for a period of several weeks. The key data, on final products were produced within 13 hours of the end of the respective operating period. The resulting information allowed for a greater understanding of the opportunities and limitations of the Mount Polley metallurgy. In this paper, how this information can be used to help long term strategic planning for the operation, as well as mine planning and production forecasting and the fine tuning of day to day mill operations is described. Early data available at the time of preparing this paper indicated that roughly 40% of the sulphide losses, or 32% of total copper losses existed as low grade inclusions in +75 micron tails. This represented the dominant form of long term copper losses, demonstrated repeatedly in the routine analytical data. However, on a day-to-day basis, the amount of copper present as chrysocolla is the major driver behind variations in total copper recovery. The degree to which this influences mill recovery is valuable to the geologist or mine planner. As they are armed with mineral speciation information for future ores, this will allow for improved mine planning, prediction of copper recoveries and production forecasting. The data was also started to find value in the mill by showing what caused sulphide losses. In the roughers, for example, the data showed poor recovery was the result of poor flotation performance and not any changes the speciation of copper sulphides or their liberation characteristics."

Jan 1, 2014

By Bruno Miotto, Rômulo Faria, Juliano Tessinari

Water has become a scarce resource in quality. Companies in the ornamental stones sector use water intensively in their processes. Given the current situation, it is imperative to rationalize this feature that at first is related to the reduction of consumption, through no waste. Considering the importance of environmental preservation of this resource and also to comply with the legislation that governs the procedure for processing of ornamental stones, new alternatives should be available for the maintenance of current activities and promoting the development / growth of the sector on the principles of environmental sustainability and economic in future scenarios. The ornamental stones processing industries, especially for micro and small enterprises, require the implementation of a management program that optimizes the use of this feature, since the techniques individually processed operate with three basic processes dependent on water use: split blocks, polishing and finishing slabs. This technology requires a large volume of water resources and control measures involving operating recirculation water can minimize power consumption, making the company more profitable and sustainable. This is a survey of literature, associated with technical reports provided by partner companies and government agencies. This study aimed to the organization and provision of theoretical knowledge about the subject matter coupled with management practices, which may be reproduced or re-purposed in ornamental stones processing companies. It should be noted that the industry in question is lacking in technical expertise for the implementation of sustainable attitudes relevant to water reuse.

Jan 1, 2014

By Hamid-Reza Manouchehri

"The triboelectric charge attributes of feldspar, quartz and wollastonite minerals, after contacting different triboecharging medium made of different materials, were considered. Their charge acquisitions by different size fractions of minerals were monitored and accordingly their energetic work function values were estimated. Moreover the separation behaviours of these minerals through the electric field of a laboratory free falling separator were determined and the effects of some chemical reagents on separation their separation characteristics were studied.Finally an attempt was made to translate the findings from single mineral systems to a complex silicate ore, containing quartz, feldspars, wollastonite and some other silicates. The results show favourable prospect to apply the triboelectric separation technique for beneficiation such a complex raw material."

Jan 1, 2003

By B. J. Zhang

Conventional spirals are capable of providing excellent clean coal recovery, although at a relatively high ash content. Compound spirals, which provide two stages of spiral cleaning in a single taller unit, have been commercialized in recent years to improve upon the cleaning performance obtained from conventional spirals. The present study aimed at optimizing the performance obtained from a compound spiral for cleaning especially high sulfur fine and ultrafine coal. Industrial-scale spiral units were utilized for this study in a pilot-scale facility at the Illinois Coal Development Park. A statistically designed experimental program was conducted to optimize ash and sulfur cleaning performance of the compound spiral. It was found that significant cleaning of ultrafine coal (i.e., 150 microns × 45 microns and even 45 microns × 25 microns size coal) is achievable with the compound spiral. However, operating conditions for cleaning finer coal fractions (-150 microns size coal) have to be significantly different from those used to clean coarser coal fractions (+150 microns size coal). The sulfur rejection trends were different from ash separation efficiency trends in all size fractions except 45 microns × 25 microns. The probable error (Ep) and effective specific gravity of separation (SG50c) determined for the compound spiral cleaning of the overall particle size were as low as 0.07 and 1.62, respectively. However, the bypass of a small percentage of clean coal to the tailings stream of the compound spiral, may need further adjustment of the key process parameters.

Jan 1, 2014

By J. Lindström, J. Hamuyuni, M. Lundström, J. Aromaa

"The rising demand for metals today, coupled with the scarcity of primary sources for raw materials threatens both technological advancements and industrial manufacturing. In order to meet the demand, metals and other resources trapped in waste streams, have to be harnessed. This philosophy supports circular economy, where metals and other resources are kept in a closed loop. The pickling acid recovery system of most stainless steel production is one such example where the dissolved metals such as iron, nickel and chromium are currently not completely recovered due to the limitations of the current technologies. The aim of this study was to assess the available metals recovery methods from extremely concentrated acids. The main aim is to simultaneously recover metals and keep sulphuric acid reusable in acid circulation process. From the available literature, the most promising methods were chosen for laboratory experiments. Based on experimental work, the results and observations of electrodeposition, solvent extraction, and freeze crystallization are provided. KEYWORDS Pickling acid, metal recovery, solvent extraction, cathodic polarization, Freeze crystallization. INTRODUCTION Pickling in stainless steel production is an essential surface treatment process (Regel-Rosocka, M. (2010); Agrawal and Sahu, 2009). It is applied for removing surface films such as oxides and chromium-depleted layers to improve the corrosion resistance and surface finish of steel (Regel-Rosocka, 2010). Whilst the process greatly improves the surface finish of the stainless steel, it generates large amount of used acid, containing dissolved metals including chromium, iron, and nickel (Agrawal and Sahu, 2009). Recovery of acid is common practice for most steel producing industries (Nyman and Koivunen, 1986). In this work, acid regeneration process is investigated so as to simultaneously reusing sulfuric acid and recovering the dissolved metals. Recovery of valuable metals even in very small amounts would also bring additional revenue to the steel production industry. At a time when metal production has also been challenged by lack of natural resources for raw materials, secondary sources for metals such as the acid pickling process therefore, have greater potential as supplements. From earlier studies, electrodeposition (Giovanardi and Orlando, 2011; Kuznetsov et al., 200; Rögener et al., 2012; Surviliene et al., 2006), solvent extraction (Alguacil and López 1996; Haghshenas et al., 2009; Kesieme et al., 2013) and freeze crystallization (Beyer et al.,2003; Hasan et al.,2017; Van der Ham et al., 1999) are some of the most established potential methods. Earlier studies have also shown that simultaneous recovery of acid and metals would require combination of different methods. This is primarily due to the nature of very stable metal containing complex compounds formed during pickling. These complexes must be broken down to free the metals for further recovery processes."

Jan 1, 2018

By B. Q. Xiao

In surfactant flooding, surfactants added are often a mixture of the same type of molecules with different lengths of carbon chains. The relationship between a single, pure surfactant solution and crude oil is seldom studied. Additionally, up to now, alkylbenzene sulfonates are applied widely in surfactant flooding, such as Daqing oilfield, China. A factory producing alkylbenzene sulfonates will enlarge its yield to 20 000 tons per year over there. For the purposes of widening the alkylben-zene sulfonates? application, 16 kinds of pure alkylbenzene sulfonates were synthesized through Friedel-Crafts acylation and Wolff-Kishner reduction reactions, and the compounds? molecular structures were confirmed by 1HNMR and 13CNMR spectra. The factors affecting interfacial tension (IFT), such as, surfactant type, oil composition, electrolyte concentration, and alkali concentration were considered. The synthesized pure surfactants? critical micelle concentration (CMC) and optimal salinity were measured through interfacial tension technique. According to lab experiments results, heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate (2SY) was synthesized in magnifying scale in Jinzhou Wash Chemical Plant and the coretests were conducted using it. The results showed that the homemade heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate (2SY) flooding can improve oil displacement efficiency 20% more than water flooding at surfactant?s concentration from 0.05%(wt) to 0.2 %(wt).

Jan 1, 2014

By Benoit Clermont, Jan Lux

"Magotteaux and Anglo Platinum started a co-operation program with the main aim of establishing the optimum milling configuration measured in terms of throughput, fineness and energy consumption.For this purpose, a fully instrumented pilot milling plant, supplied by Magotteaux (Pty) Ltd, and equipped with a 0.9 x 1.0 m ball mill, was erected at Frank concentrator (Merensky Pt ore). The primary ball mills at Frank concentrator were surveyed in order to set the conditions for the base case. This data was then replicated in the pilot mill under the same configuration. Thereafter, a series of different parameters were varied in order to attempt to optimize the milling system.Some of the grinding parameters that have been studied are:•,Gate versus overflow discharge•,Open versus closed circuit•,Different filling degrees•,Different shell liner profilesOnly grate versus overflow discharge and open versus closed circuit will be discussed in this paper.It should be noted that this paper does not attempt to give a universal solution as to what milling configuration is optimum in all cases. The conclusions apply for this particular case and probably most others, but it would be advisable to consider each case on its own."

Jan 1, 2003

By M. Kargar Razi

According to the unique properties and many applications of nano silver powder, it was prepared from acid leaching tail solution. The low value residual gold and silver ions were occurred with fellow heavy metals as pollutants (Fe2+, Cu 2+and Zn2+) in acid leaching tail solution in Mouteh gold mine in Iran. Preparation of nano silver particles was achieved in two steps: first, by addition of ammonia as separation step and second by using different reagents as precipitation and extraction steps. Different controlled parameters were including pH, residence time and temperature, mixing time, and reducing reagents to metals molar ratio. Acid leaching process was carried out with sulphuric and nitric acid via suitable reductants. In order to remove copper, zinc, and silver ions from solution, all of the conditions were controlled. The optimum conditions for preparation of nano silver powder with less than 90 nm were pH 10.5, hydrazine/methanol to silver molar ratio of 3 to 4, and reduction time of 5 min in 45 °C. The results were evaluated via SEM, A.A and UV- Vis spectroscopy analytical methods.

Jan 1, 2014

By D. Renda

With thise Process of obtaining a solid fuel which is both ecological clean and has a high calorific value by a two-stage method of enriching preferably type lignitic coals to remove a high content of all sulphurs, incuding organic sulphur, which method comprises converting the coal to a semi-coke from followed by magnetic separation. In the Experiments given the best results the washed lignite coal in the West-Turkey, Tavsanli- Region, size -3.35 mm on dry basis. In the microscopic studies of the brigh-thin cross-section taken from the samples of sulfur min-erals pyrite in the dimension of 2~50 micrometers and melnicovite 10 micrometers particles. An thermal treatment an semi-coking themperature between 370°C to 650°C give the best Result of 480 °C. The oxidation and decomposition of sulphur minerals pyrite and melnicovite in lignite coal proceed the iron oxides Fe2O3 and pyrrhotite FeS on the surface layer. The Magnetic Seperator (Rare Earth Magnetic Separator, REMS) is capable this two form of sulphur, including organic and inorganic sulphur, in semi-coke and resulted in the magnetic-fraction in REMS. The non-magnetic-fraction remove total sulphur by 68 %, ash by 44 % and increase the upper calorific value in 15 %. The clean lignitic coal can be utilized in human or energy power stations.

Jan 1, 2014

By Evvie Chockalingam

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a perennial problem particularly in abandoned mines, occurring due to the oxidation of sulphidic mine wastes. AMD is usually characterized by high concentration of dissolved metal ions, sulphate and low pH. The efficacies of substrates such as rice husk and the bark of Eucalyptus tereticornis (Sm.) are assessed for the removal of metal ions such as iron, zinc and copper from acid mine water obtained from an abandoned copper mine. Over 99 % of Fe, 98 % of Zn and 95 % of Cu removal could be achieved from acid mine water, with a concomitant increase in the pH value by three units using rice husk as an adsorbent. With respect to tree bark as an adsor-bent, about 96 % of Fe, 75 % of Zn and 92 % of Cu could be removed from the acid mine water with an attendant increase in the pH value by two units. The free energy of adsorption of the metal ions onto rice husk and tree bark is found to be negative in both the cases, while the adsorption process is endothermic in the case of rice husk and exothermic for tree bark. The adsorption process is found to adhere to the Lagergren pseudo-first order rate equation. The reduction of sulphate con-centration in the acid mine water is achieved using a typical sulphate reducing bacteria namely De-sulfotomaculum nigrificans. Desorption experiments indicate that about 88 % of Zn, 87% of Cu and over 77 % of Fe could be recovered from rice husk and over 70 % of Fe, 82 % of Zn and 77 % of Cu could be desorbed from the metal loaded tree bark using 5 M HCl. The possible mechanisms of metal ion and sulphate removal from acid mine water using rice husk and tree bark are discussed.

Jan 1, 2014

By Ö. Genç

In this paper, full-scale mill data collected from three different circuit configurations in cement plants demonstrated the size reduction performance of dry ball mills in relation with the ball size classification achieved by the classifying liners used in the grinding compartments. Findings indicated that, breakage rates at the last 2 ~ 4 meters of the mill are not sufficient to give reasonable size reduction ratios for the production of fines. Application of only damming rings without classifying liners resulted in inverse ball size classification which lead to reduction in size reduction performance thus specific breakage rates.

Jan 1, 2014

By R. K. Logric

Bor flotation tailings are very interesting from two reasons: first, is having due value presently, and second represent serious pollutant into this region of Balkan. This paper is only one small part of investigation about processing of valuable minerals from tailings, and desulphurization of this biggest pollutant in the same time, by refloating. The main objective of this work is to pay attention on this problem for resolve greatest environ-mental problem of Serbia and Balkan in the nearly future. Bor is potential regional risk spot, since that failure of its tailings dams would release high amounts of toxic materials that would reach the Danube River. The basic goal of this experimental investigation was finding some possibility for flotation tailings treatment by classical froth flotation. In order was obtained material effect through copper recovery, and environmental protection by moving the rest of reprocessing into the safe place. The work present obtained results of laboratory tests in two laboratories: laboratory of mineral and recycling technology at the faculty in Bor, and laboratory of department of mineral processing of ITNMS in Belgrade.

Jan 1, 2014

By Jacqueline Satur, Yoshiaki Kon, Buenaventurada Calabia, Xiao Sheng Yang, Arvo Naumanen, Kenzo Sanematsu, Sayaka Morita, Tetsuichi Takagi

Granite ores are composed of silicate minerals and a variety of valuable REE (rare earth elements)-bearing minerals, however the processing technique to recover these valuable minerals is not yet developed. In this study, the recovery of REE-bearing minerals by dry magnetic separation and wet high intensity magnetic separation (WHIMS)-settling from surface sample and from drill core sample, respectively, of a granitic REE-Zr-Nb ore deposit was investigated. The two samples have different mineralogy however in both samples, light REE are commonly contained in REE carbonate minerals while Y and heavy REE are commonly contained in zirconium silicate minerals and pyrochlore. The liberation size of the REE-bearing minerals in the two samples ranges from 10-250 ?m. Previous flotation testwork conducted on the drill core sample reported high recoveries of La2O3 (88%) and Ce2O3 (88%) but low recoveries of Y2O3 (42%), ZrO2 (17%), and Nb2O5 (29%). The objective of this study was to obtain higher recoveries of Y2O3, ZrO2, and Nb2O5 by dry magnetic separation and WHIMS-settling. Both processes implemented the application of a low magnetic intensity to initially separate the ferromagnetic minerals then a high magnetic intensity to recover the REE-bearing minerals. The results showed higher recoveries of Y2O3, ZrO2, and Nb2O5 by dry magnetic separation and WHIMS-settling indicating the potential of magnetic separation and gravity separation in recovering the heavy REE-bearing minerals. WHIMS-settling is more recommendable than dry magnetic separation because of its applicability in treating a wider range of particle size. In the WHIMS-settling, the light REE, Y, and Zr minerals were recovered mainly by applying four stages at high magnetic intensity of 21,500 gauss while the weakly magnetic pyrochlore was recovered mainly by decantation of the nonmagnetic slurry after a short settling time of 0.25 to 0.50 h. (MAX.300 words)

Jan 1, 2014

By G. K. Nimal Subasinghe

The performance of Knelson Concentrators (KC) used in gravity gold circuits often rely on manufacturers recommendations for selecting operating parameters such as, fluidising water flow rate and cycle time. These parameters are not only dependent on the machine parameters but also on the feed characteristics such as, size distribution of the gold and gangue particles and the composition of its constituent minerals. Particles entering a KC experience a centrifugal acceleration due to the high bowl rotational speeds. The required centripetal force to maintain a circular orbit is provided by the fluid drag force created by inwardly moving fluidising water and the Bagnold?s force arising from the particle/particle collisions. When the fluidising water flow rate is low particles move towards the outer rim of the bowl forming a packed bed within the grooves. On the other hand, if the fluidizing water flowrate is high the bed expands and some particles would move towards the centre of the bowl and gets carried to the tailings stream, thereby reducing the amount of material retained within the grooves of the bowl. Based on a force balance on a particle captured within the KC, a criterion which can be used to predict the amount of material recovered in the bowl has been derived and validated by experimental data. It has been shown that this criterion may be used to demarcate the transition of the bed from a packed-bed state to a fluidised state depending on the fluidizing water flowrate. By identifying the conditions for the optimal expansion of the bed comprising different constituent mineral particles, it is possible to estimate the optimal fluidising water flow rate that would maximise gold recovery while minimising gangue recovery. It was also observed that the accumulation of valuable mineral in the bowl takes place by the displacement of the gangue particles in the bed by the incoming heavy mineral particles. The kinetics of this segregation process was also studied using synthetic mineral mixtures. The experimental data suggests that this process follows first order kinetics and that the build up of heavy mineral reaches a maximum which could be used to identify the optimal cycle time. In this work, the suitability of the above model in optimizing the performance of a KC have been reviewed. Also the necessity and merits of testing an unaltered

Jan 1, 2014

By P. T. Nguyen

The analysis of particle capture by an air bubble by two separate phenomena of collision and attachment has been difficult due to the uncertainty in determining when and where the two phenomena begin and terminate at the bubble surface, respectively. Therefore, a unified analysis was developed by solving the motion equation for the particle capture as one process. No distinction be-tween collision and attachment was made. Both the liquid film described by the micro-hydrodynamic resistance functions and the surface forces were included in the new model. The model predictions with the DLVO (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) surface forces did not agree with the experimental trajectories of latex and silica spheres. The model predictions with the inclusion of the non-DLVO attractive surface force agreed with the experimental data. The non-DLVO force reduced the repulsion between the non-attaching particle and the bubble, and significantly increased the attraction between the attaching particle and the bubble. The unified analysis is capable of predicting particle capture without the use of the induction time. The unified analysis also shows significant influence of the short-range hydrodynamic interactions on the collision which has been previously ignored.

Jan 1, 2014

By Z. Q. Zhang

The iron ore from Yichang in China assaying 41.64% Fe and 1.02% P is a low grade and high phosphorus oolitic hematite ore. The separation of iron minerals from gangue minerals in the ore by conventional processing techniques is ineffective owing to their close similar properties. The modification of iron minerals by microwave-assisted reduction was investigated in order to improve separability of the ore. The effects of microwave-assisted reduction on the subsequent low intensity magnetic separation and floatation were examined. The results show that the main factors affecting the reduction and separation process are grinding size, reduction temperature and reductant. Fine grinding of the microwave-treated ore to smaller than 0.074mm was found to be imperative due to the tiny dissemination characteristics of iron oxide minerals. After magnetizing reduction by microwave heating at 500?, the magnetic concentrate containing 58.36% Fe and 0.67% P can be obtained with the Fe recovery of 91.28%. Magnetizing reduction drops the floatability of iron oxide minerals, thus reverse flotation is fit for upgrading the magnetic concentrate to contain 62.13% Fe and 0.21% P with Fe recovery of 81.59%. Compared with present microwave-assisted reduction technique of carbon reductant, using a waste iron powder as reductant is a novel and effective technique without the green house effect caused by the release of CO and CO2. Waste iron powder with a faster response to microwave heating then coke and charcoal can be recovered by magnetic separation in a low cost and plays the role of reductant and microwave heating accelerator.

Jan 1, 2014

By S. Koca

Vast amount of fly ash, bottom ash and slags, are produced each year due to coal combustion in thermal power plants. These products consist of mainly unburned carbon and inorganic compound (such as: silica, alumina, iron oxides, magnesium oxide, phosphorus oxide etc.). These are valuable minerals and can be recycled or recovered if properly processed. One third of the material find application as an ingredient in cement and other construction products, the rest is held in dams or similar dumps, which results in a hazardous impact on the environment, polluting soil and ground water. The unproductive use of land, the associated long term financial burden maintenance and negative environmental impacts have led to realization that alternative uses for combustion by-products as a value added product beyond incorporation in construction materials are needed. At present, there is an intensive search to increase their uses. Other uses of coal combustion residues include as raw material in brick and ceramic tile fabrication, as filler in plastics and paints, extraction of valuable mineral materials, production of zeolites and soil and mine waste treatments. Separation of unburned carbon from bottom ashes by means of flotation was conducted in order to increase the possibility of the recycling of coal combustion wastes. In the flotation experiments collector, dispersant and frother amount, pulp density and pH were tested as variables. After first stage flotation experiments, at optimum conditions, the carbon content was reduced down to 5.58 % in the tailings fraction. This fraction meets the industrial specifications and can be utilized as a cement additive. At the same conditions the carbon content of the concentrate increased to 44.72 % at a carbon recovery of 65.81 %. After the cleaner stage flotation experiment the carbon content of the product is enhanced to 62.53 %. This fraction can be blended back into the coal feed to the power plant boilers.

Jan 1, 2014

By L. E. Veki, S. M. Luukkanen, J. P. Karvonen, J. O. Leppinen

Today there is a consensus that xanthate adsorption on sulfide minerals is primarily controlled by redox reactions occurring at specific potentials on these semi-conductive minerals. Consequently, it is possible to control xanthate adsorption by controlling electrochemical conditions in the system by using oxidizing and reducing agents. The scope of this study was to investigate the possibilities to increase the selectivity of Cu-Fe-Zn ore flotation by applying electrochemical control in the conditioning of the flotation feed. In this work, mild steel grinding in a nitrogen atmosphere was used as the basis to provide a negative starting potential and minimize the amount of oxidation products on sulfide mineral surfaces. To study how different potential levels affect flotation results, a controlled conditioning procedure was utilized maintaining potential at a desired level by titrating the pulp with air. Xanthate adsorption kinetics during conditioning was examined by taking pulp samples for spectrophotometric analysis and laboratory flotation tests were conducted for samples that underwent the controlled conditioning procedure in the potential range of -200mV to +200mV vs. SHE. A clear correlation was detected between chalcopyrite recovery and the potential during controlled conditioning indicating that there was a constant increase in chalcopyrite recovery when the potential was shifted to more anodic values. It is possible that utilizing potential control in the conditioning stage, a smelter grade copper concentrate can be achieved directly in rougher flotation without cleaning stages. Conditioning in favorable conditions had significant positive effects on flotation selectivity of chalcopyrite. The improvement in copper concentrate grade being predominantly caused by the depression of pyrite. By applying the controlled conditioning procedure pyrite recovery in rougher flotation was reduced even low as under 1%, while in the tests without controlled conditioning, pyrite recovery varied between 7.5 – 65.7%. The result of this work indicate that affecting collector adsorption by electrochemical control in the conditioning stage can provide significant improvement in sulfide mineral flotation and industrial applications could lead to decreased chemical consumption, reduced equipment and maintenance costs.

Jan 1, 2018

By V. E. Dementyev

This paper presents a brief overview of some IRGIREDMET advances in gold hydrometallurgy. Original impulse-percolation technology and equipment for intensive cyanidation of gravity concentrates have been developed and introduced into industrial practice by IRGIREDMET since 1980s (RF Patents N1593250). The process is based on leaching using special hydrodynamic and reagent conditions providing high dissolution rate for coarse gold particles. Gold and silver are precipitated from pregnant solution by cementation or electrowinning. There was also proposed an im-proved cementation method using zinc in a contact with electrically conductive material. The units including closed water recirculation, tails detoxification and semi-dry tails IRGIREDMET is well experienced in gold adsorption technology using ion exchange resins and activated carbons. The comparison of CIL and RIL processes were done for a number of gold mines, for example for Sukhoi Log gold deposit. The properties of prospective foreign and domestic ad-sorbents including strong-base, bi-functional and weak-base resins as well as activated carbons were studied. The Institute has developed some adsorption/elution technologies and equipment, such as a two stage RIP adsorption technology for gold/silver ores, an improved technology for gold elution from loaded resin and carbon, electrowinning cells for gold recovery from RIP and CIP eluates etc. Large scale ?Resin In Pulp? tests using weak-base resin were finalized and process design criteria were developed. Gold plant design is on progress at the moment. Improved technology for carbonaceous (preg-robbing) gold ores was developed. It was tested for some gold deposits including Sukhoi Log. It allows to overcome preg-robbing activities of ores treated and to improve dramatically performance of cyanidation and adsorption circuits. The studies on refractory gold ore treatment including bio-oxidation, pressure oxidation, roasting and ultra-fine grinding were conducted. Heap leach technology was tested and introduced by Irgiredmet for a number of Russian mines. Zinc cementation, activated carbon and ion-exchange resin adsorption were used for gold recovery from pregnant heap leach solutions. The options including combined technology ?Heap leach/ RIL or CIP? for clay ores were also developed and tested. The plant using developed technology is at construction stage now. The study on In-Situ gold leaching was conducted. The comparison of different gold lixiviants for this purpose was carried out. Gold recovery from pregnant leach solution by activated carbon and anionite including gold elution from loaded adsorbents etc. was also studied. In 2000 the In-Situ leaching technology was commissioned at Maminskoye gold deposit (Ural). The technologies for treatment of complex ores and by-products were proposed. For example, the technology of gold, silver, copper and zinc recovery from calcines after sulphuric acid production was developed.

Jan 1, 2014

"A sulfide ore containing 2.19 g/t Au and 13.13 g/t Ag was studied for the deportment and extractive metallurgy of pay metals. The ore is composed mainly of non-sulfide minerals with approximately 10% pyrite and minor amounts of marcasite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, and arsenopyrite. The deportment study using a comprehensive approach showed that gold and silver minerals in the ore are mainly native gold (Au), electrum (Ag, Au), petzite (Ag3AuTe2), hessite (Ag2Te) and volynskite (AgBiTe2) with minor amounts of acanthite (Ag2S) and argyrodite (Ag8GeS6). At current grinding fineness (P70@150µm), the majority of liberated native gold and electrum particles are larger than 20µm with 85% >40µm, some of them are even larger than 150µm, indicating that extended leach time may be required to dissolve these coarse gold grains to completion and gravity concentration needs to be considered. Petzite is relatively fine with all liberated particles being less than 80µm in size. Gold distribution and leach testwork results showed that liberated gold accounts for 50% of the head assay, exposed gold associated with sulfide and non-sulfide minerals accounts for 30% and 11% of the head assay, respectively. Gold locked in sulfide and non-sulfide accounts for 4.8% and 4.1%, respectively. Thus, it is recommended that cyanide leaching be considered for extracting gold in this ore. This paper presents the detailed results of the gold and silver deportment study and extractive metallurgy testwork, and discusses the impact on process selection and flowsheet development.INTRODUCTION Gold and silver have been found in various geological environments and ore types. In terms of the gold deportment and extractability, gold ores can be classified into two categories and 12 types. Their extractive metallurgy is largely driven by mineralogical factors such as particle size, association with other minerals, coatings and rimmings, presence of cyanicides, oxygen consumers and preg-robbers, presence of refractory gold minerals and locking of submicroscopic gold in sulfide and sulfarsenide mineral structures (Zhou et al., 2004; Marsden & House, 2006; Zhou, 2013a, 2013b). Compared to gold, silver mineralogy is more complex and metal extraction is more challenging due to its presence in over 200 Ag-bearing minerals (a silver-rich ore body would typically contain 5 to 10 different silver minerals) (Gasparrini, 1984), presence of refractory silver minerals (such as pyrargyrite, prustite and stephanite) and submicroscopic silver in sulphide minerals (such as galena and copper minerals) (Chryssoulis et al., 1985; Di Prisco et al., 2002). The presence of these issues often causes problems in Ag-bearing ore processing. Therefore, knowing the deportment of gold and silver in the ores and metallurgical products is important for flowsheet development and process optimization."

Jan 1, 2018