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By F. E. Luborsky, K. T. Aust

RECENT interest has been shown in utilizing solid-state techniques for obtaining large oriented grains in the Alnico Alloys.1-4 Unfortunately, due to the inherent brittleness of these materials it is difficult to introduce sufficient imperfections by deformation to support the nucleation and growth of new, recrystallized grains. As a result, recrystal-lization methods for obtaining large grains, such as the strain-anneal technique, do not appear to be feasible. Steinort et a1.2 used a combination of a thermal gradient and internal strains to obtain large single crystals of Alnico 5 from a poly crystalline casting by annealing at temperatures above 1200°C. It was suggested that the strains were the result of the precipitation of the y phase which exists between -850° and 1200°C. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the grain size of the cast Alnico alloys can be markedly increased by solid state techniques involv-

Jan 1, 1963

By Haim H. Chiswik, Ralph Hultgren

In recent years considerable attention has been devoted to the development of new commercial uses for silver, chiefly because of lowered prices and large stocks of the metal. This has led to increased interest in the phase diagrams of silver alloys. The silver-lead diagram is reported' to be of the simple eutectie type, but no measurements of the solubility of lead in silver have been made. The solubility of silver in lead has been estimated2 from diffusion experiments and resistance measurements to vary with temperature from 0.09 to 0.18 atomic per cent (0.05 to 0.10 weight per cent). Silver-rich silver-lead alloys have recently been recommended as high-strength bearing metals3 The silver-bismuth diagram is similar.' The solubility of bismuth in silver. has been estimated to be about 5.5 weight per cent on the basis of X-ray work.4 Matthiessen6 found a solubility of silver in bismuth from 0.25 to 0.50 per cent by conductivity measurements. Silver and thallium form the same type of diagram,' with no data on their mutual miscibilities. We have studied the first two of these diagrams by X-ray methods, verifying their main features and determining the solubilities of lead and bismuth in silver at several temperatures. We also determined the solubility of thallium in silver at one temperature. The solubilities of silver in lead and in bismuth were found to be too low to be detectable. Materials and Methods Mallinckrodt precipitated silver, analytical reagent, was used. Maximum impurities listed on the label were: chloride, 0.005 per cent; copper, 0.001; iron, 0.002; other heavy metals (as Pb), 0.002; and sulphate (SO³), 0.05. The lattice constant was found to be a0 = 4.0782 $., in good agreement with the value of Jette and Foote,6 a0 = 4.0779 A., for

Jan 1, 1940

By Ralph Hultgren, Haim H. Chiswik

In recent years considerable attention has been devoted to the development of new commercial uses for silver, chiefly because of lowered prices and large stocks of the metal. This has led to increased interest in the phase diagrams of silver alloys. The silver-lead diagram is reported' to be of the simple eutectie type, but no measurements of the solubility of lead in silver have been made. The solubility of silver in lead has been estimated2 from diffusion experiments and resistance measurements to vary with temperature from 0.09 to 0.18 atomic per cent (0.05 to 0.10 weight per cent). Silver-rich silver-lead alloys have recently been recommended as high-strength bearing metals3 The silver-bismuth diagram is similar.' The solubility of bismuth in silver. has been estimated to be about 5.5 weight per cent on the basis of X-ray work.4 Matthiessen6 found a solubility of silver in bismuth from 0.25 to 0.50 per cent by conductivity measurements. Silver and thallium form the same type of diagram,' with no data on their mutual miscibilities. We have studied the first two of these diagrams by X-ray methods, verifying their main features and determining the solubilities of lead and bismuth in silver at several temperatures. We also determined the solubility of thallium in silver at one temperature. The solubilities of silver in lead and in bismuth were found to be too low to be detectable. Materials and Methods Mallinckrodt precipitated silver, analytical reagent, was used. Maximum impurities listed on the label were: chloride, 0.005 per cent; copper, 0.001; iron, 0.002; other heavy metals (as Pb), 0.002; and sulphate (SO³), 0.05. The lattice constant was found to be a0 = 4.0782 $., in good agreement with the value of Jette and Foote,6 a0 = 4.0779 A., for

Jan 1, 1940

By R. T. DeHoff

In any structural transfortnation which is driven by surface tension, the geometric variable of fimdamental importance is the local value of the mean surface curvatuve. Acting through the suvface free energy, this quantity determines the magtnitude of both the pressure and the chemical potential that develops in the neighborhood of an arbitrarily curved surface. A metallographic method which would permit the quaniitatiue estinzation of this propevty is of fundarnerztal irztevest to studies of such processes. In the present paper, it is shoun that the average value of the mean surface curvature in a structuve can be estimated from two simple counting measuretnents made upon a vepresentative metallograpIzic section. No simplifyirlg geonzetric assurmptions are necessary to this deviuation. It is further shoum that the result may be applied to parts of interfaces, e.g., interparticle welds in sintering, or the edge of growing platelets in a phase transformation, without loss of validity. In virtually every metallurgical process in which an interface is important, the local value of the mean surface curvature is the key structural property. This is true because the mean curvature determines the chemical potential of material adjacent to the surface, as well as the state of stress of that material. The theoretical description of such broadly different processes as sintering,1,2 grain growth,3 particle redistrib~tion4,5 and growth of Widmanstatten platelets8 all have as a central geometric variable the "local value of the mean surface curvature". The tools of quantitative metallography currently available permit the statistically precise estimation of the total or extensive geometric properties of a structure: the volume fraction of any distinguishable part:-' the total extent of any observable interface,10,11 and the total length of some three-dimensional lineal feature:' and, if some simplifying assumptions about particle shape are allowed, the total number of particles.'2"3 The size of particles in a structure, specified by a distribution or a mean value, can only be estimated if the particles are all the same shape, and if this shape is relatively simple.14-16 The relationships involved in converting measurements made upon a metallographic section to properties of the three dimensional structure of which the section is a sample are now well-established, and their utility amply demonstrated. In the present paper, another fundamental relationship is added to the tools of quantitative metallography. This relationship is fundamental in the sense that its validity depends only upon the observation of an appropriately representative sample of the structure, and not upon the geometric nature of the structure itself. It involves a new sampling procedure, devised by Rhines, called the "area tangent count". It will first be shown that the "area tangent count" is simply related to the average value of the curvature of particle outline in the two-dimensional section upon which the count is performed. The average curvature of such a section will then be shown to be proportional to the average value of the Mean surface curVature of the structure of which the section is a sample. The final result of the development is thus a relationship which permits the evaluation of the average value of the mean surface curvature from relatively simple counting measurements made upon a representative metallographic section. The result is quite independent of the geometric or even topological nature of the interface being studied. QUANTITATNE EVALUATION OF AVERAGE CURVATURE IN TWO DIMENSIONS The Area Tangent Count. Consider a two-dimen-sional structure composed of two different kinds of distinguishable areas (phases), Fig. l(a). If the system is composed of more than two "phases", it is possible to focus attention upon one phase, and consider the remaining structure as the other phase. The reference phase is separated from the rest of the structure by a set of linear boundaries, of arbitrary shapes and sizes. These boundaries may be totally smooth and continuous, or piecewise smooth and continuous. An element of such a boundary, dA, is shown in Fig. l(b). One may define the "angle subtended" by this arbitrarily curved element of arc, dO, as the angle between the normals erected at its ends, Fig. l(c). Now consider the following experiment. Let a line be swept across this two-dimensional structure, and let the number of tangents that this line forms with elements of arc in the structure be counted. This procedure constitutes the Rhines Area Tangent Count. Suppose that this experiment were repeated a large number of times, with the direction of traverse of the sweeping lines distributed uniformly over the semicircle of orientation.' Those test lines which ap- proach from orientations which lie in the range O to O + dO form a tangent with dA; those outside this range do not, see Fig. l(c). Since the lines are presumed to be uniformly distributed in direction of traverse, the fraction of test lines which form a tangent with dA is the fraction of the circumference of a semicircle which is contained in the orientation range, dO; i.e., vdO/nr or dB/n. If the number of test lines is N, the number forming tangents with dA is N(d0/n). Since each test line sweeps the entire area of the sample, the total area traversed by all N test lines is NL2. The number of tangents formed with dA, per unit area of structure sampled, is therefore

Jan 1, 1968

[ASSETS Equity in Engineering Societies Building $491,642.36 Books in Library 40,000.00 Investments: Life Membership Fund $ 16,381.18 James Douglas Library Fund 99,999.36 Robert W. Hunt Fund 7,497.33 J. E. Johnson, Jr. Fund 3,000.00 James Douglas Medal Fund 3,250.00 General Reserve Fund 13,896.75 144,024.62 Cash 47,467.02 Paper on hand 5,253.83 Accounts Receivable 1,124.49 Supplies on hand 163.84 $729,676.16] [ ]

Jan 1, 1925

[Acker Drill Co., Inc. 1267 Bauer Advertising Inc. Allen & Co. Ltd., Edgar 1275 Allen-Sherman-Hoff Pump Co. Third Cover Dee Carlton Brown, Advertising Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co. 1116 Compton Advertising, Inc. Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Tractor Div 1131 Bert S. Gittins American Cyanamid Co. 1117 James J. McMahon, Inc. American Manganese Steel Div., American Brake Shoe Co. 1130, 1160 Fuller & Smith & Ross, Inc. Anaconda Copper Mining Co. 1173-1174 Kenyon & Eckhardt Inc. Atlas Car & Mfg. Co., The 1279]

Jan 1, 1952

By C. C. CONCANNON

POTASH is an essential. It is necessary as an ingredient in fertilizers or as a plant food, and certainly one of the great problems, and one of increasing gravity, is the maintenance of agricultural fertility that we may have adequate food supplies. When one thinks of potash one thinks of Germany. The first and most important deposits of soluble potash salts were found in Germany, and it was through Ger- man research and the application of a highly developed knowledge of chemistry that the value of these deposits was recognized and appreciated in the field of agricultural fertilization. The Germans knew that they had something of great value in their potash resources, not only because of the advantage derived from the extensive use of it in their own intensive farming operations at home, but also because of the pressing need for it on the part of other countries. Appreciating the economic value of this in international trade, they fostered the industry to the fullest extent and devoted much attention to well organized propaganda designed to bring out the essential need for potash of German origin throughout the world. Thus every one came to believe that potash was an essential commodity of only German origin and as such it held an extraordinary position in world trade prior to 1914.

Jan 1, 1926

By J. M. W. Mackenzie

A microelectrophoresis technique has been used to measure the zeta potential of quartz over a range of pH and ferric iron concentration. The results have been discussed in terms of the adsorption of ferric cations and ferric hydroxide to the quartz surface. Possible relationships between the experimental results and the flotation of quartz have been examined. The adsorption of multivalent cations at the surface of quartz has been studied by many investigators who have used a variety of experimental techniques ranging from streaming potential 1 to radiometric2 measurements. Two possible mechanisms of cation activation of quartz have emerged from the results of these investigations viz: the adsorption of the cation to the negatively charged quartz surface, followed by adsorption of the collector anion to the adsorbed cation site, or: formation of a cation-collector complex which is then adsorbed to the quartz surface. In many natural and industrial systems one of the most prevalent activating species for quartz is ferric iron, this is especially so in the acid-circuit, anionic flotation of iron ore. The adsorption of ferric iron to the quartz surface is complicated by the ability of ferric iron to form complexes with anions, a phenomena which is of minor importance in one of the most widely studied quartz activation processes, ca ++ activation.* *The pK value for [ca(oH)+]/ [ca2+] [oh-] is 1.46 indicating that the influence of Ca (OH)+ ions will be minor in all but strongly alkaline solutions. In order to obtain a better understanding of quartz activation by ferric iron the zeta potential of quartz in the presence of ferric iron has been measured over a range of pH and ferric iron concentration. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Materials: Selected samples of "rock clystal" quartz from New England, N.S.W., were ground in a pebble mill, washed for three hours in boiling concentrated hydrochloric acid, washed in hot chromic acid and then washed repeatedly with distilled water until the washing water gave no trace of chloride ion.

Jan 1, 1967

By D. Turnbull, J. H. Hollomon, J. C. Fisher

UNDERSTANDING of the diffusion problem has recently been furthered by the analysis of Birchenall and Mehl.1 They pursued the problem of the variation of the diffusion coefficient with composition for non-ideal solid solutions. Their analysis follows the tradition of Wagner,2 Jost,3 Dehlinger,4 and Darken,' who assumed the net flux of dif¬fusing material to be proportional to the gradient of a quantity related to free energy. The basic assumption in Birchenall and Mehl's formulation of the problem is that the net flux of diffusing material is proportional to a thermodynamic activity gradient. To estimate the applicability of the derived relations, they corrected the diffusion coefficients of carbon in austenite by utilizing Smith's' activity data for carbon, and the diffusion coefficients for zinc in copper with activity data computed from the vapor pressure measurements of Hargreaves.7 The corrected coefficients for carbon were virtually independent of carbon concentration. For the diffusion of zinc in copper a moderate variation of diffusion coefficient with concentration remained after the correction. The problem of diffusion can be formulated in another way than that used by Birchenall and Mehl. The method is that of chemical rate theory and has been used by Eyring and his coworkers8,9 as well as by Eyring and Zwolinski10 in a discussion to Birchenall and Mehl's paper. As yet the method has not been applied to substitutional solid solutions. On the basis of their assumptions, Eyring and Zwolinski derived a relation between the diffusion coefficient and activity that is identical with that of Dehlinger and Darken but which does not correct for the variation of the diffusion coefficient with concentration as well as does the relation derived by Birchenall and Mehl. It was thought that the theory of diffusion would be more complete if the inconsistency between the two analyses could be rationalized and if diffusion in substitutional alloys were analyzed on the basis of the concepts of the chemical rate theory. CHEMICAL RATE THEORY According to the theory of absolute reaction rates8 the reaction [A,+A2+ ... +.A;->X,+X2 +...+X; EqI] is viewed as taking place in two steps. First the reactants A1, A2, . . . A[i] combine to form an activated complex M with which they are in equilibrium; [A, + A2 + .. . + Ai = M. Eq 2] Second the activated complex decomposes to give the products X1, X2. . .. X[j]; [M->X1+X2+ ... +.X;. Eq3] It has been shown8 that the number of activated complexes decomposing per unit volume per unit time is given by the expression† [kT]

Jan 1, 1948

By T. A. Simpson

The search for ore continued at its relentless pace throughout 1967. Canada, South Africa and Australia plus a few scattered localities on the globe reported minerals finds of significant importance. Many of the reported finds were not high grade ore, but they nonetheless will assist in sup- plying a highly industrialized, mineral hungry world. No longer does inaccessibility and remoteness close an area to mineral exploration and development. The communication and transportation systems of today have closed the gap and, moreover, the demand for essential mineral commodities is causing price shifts which encourage exploitation of deposits heretofore considered uneconomical.

Jan 2, 1968

By Edward Steidle

TWO years ago the Committee on Latin American Education Relations, Mineral Industries Education Division, started a study of mineral industries education in the Latin Americas. Information was obtainable only with great difficulty. Some information was available piecemeal but no complete resume had ever been assembled. Initial assistance was gained from the United States Office of Education and the Pan American Union. This, and first-hand knowledge of the writer, provided a list of colleges and universities which were believed to offer work lead. ing to a degree in one or more branches of the mineral industries. Detailed information could be obtained only by direct contact with each university through air mail service. Questionnaire letters were sent to officials of 34 colleges and universities. Twenty-one gracious replies were received. Fourteen of the colleges and universities concerned offer curricula in mining, five in metallurgy, three in petroleum, seven in geology, one in geographical engineering, one in topographical engineering, and one in geophysics. Two institutions offer advanced training in petroleum engineering. No institution offers any courses under the caption of ceramics or fuel technology.

Jan 1, 1945

Jan 1, 1951

Jan 1, 1951

By Frank Foote, E. R. Jette

In recent years the constitution of the high-silver aluminum-silver alloys has been extensively investigated. Hansenl has reviewed the literature to 1935. More recently, Obinata and Hagiya,2 Hofmann and Volk,3 Taziri4 and Tishchenko5 have confirmed the general features of the phase diagram in the region around 25 atomic per cent aluminum. In this paper we present the results of high-precision measurements of lattice constants of the silver-rich alpha solid solution in the homogeneous range and the neighboring two-phase regions. These results are used to establish the nature of the solid solution, the identity of directly measured densities with those calculated from lattice constants and the homogeneity limits of the alpha solid solution with respect to three different neighboring phases. A study of the earlier investigations indicated that the last two subjects in particular required new and accurate data. Experimental Procedure Preparation of the Alloys.—The alloys were made from high-purity silver and aluminum. The silver was "Proof Silver," 99.999 per cent pure, supplied by the U. S. Metals Refining Co. The aluminum was 99.97 per cent pure (contained Si, 0.009 per cent; Fe, 0.0016 per cent; Cu, 0.004 per cent) and was supplied by the Aluminum Company of America. The lattice constants of these two materials have been reported by Jette and Foote.6 Weighed amounts of the two metals were placed in alundum crucibles and melted in vacuo in a high-frequency induction furnace. The melts were allowed to cool in the crucible, the ingots thus obtained weighed about 10 grams. These ingots were then filed clean, hamered, again cleaned and given a homogenizing anneal in vacuo of from 6 to 15 days at temperatures ranging from 500" to 695°C. The ingots were air-cooled from the annealing temperature. Lattice-constant Measurements.—Carefully prepared filings for X-ray analysis were sealed into evacuated quartz or Pyrex tubes and annealed for various periods of time at suitable temperatures. The furnaces used were vertical, rapid-quenching furnaces, the samples being quenched by crushing the sample tube under water by means of a heavy plunger. The general X-ray technique has been previously described6 The cameras were of the symmetrical, back-reflection, focussing type. Ka, radiation from a cobait-nickel alloy target was used. The wave-length values were taken from the second edition of Siegbaum's book.7 A correction for the index of refraction was applied and the lattice constants were calculated by the method of Cohen.8, 6 The lattice constants were calculated to a common temperature of 25°C., using the value of the linear expansion coefficient of pure silver as 18.9 X 10-6. Presumably the expansion coefficient for

Jan 1, 1941

By Frank Foote, E. R. Jette

In recent years the constitution of the high-silver aluminum-silver alloys has been extensively investigated. Hansenl has reviewed the literature to 1935. More recently, Obinata and Hagiya,2 Hofmann and Volk,3 Taziri4 and Tishchenko5 have confirmed the general features of the phase diagram in the region around 25 atomic per cent aluminum. In this paper we present the results of high-precision measurements of lattice constants of the silver-rich alpha solid solution in the homogeneous range and the neighboring two-phase regions. These results are used to establish the nature of the solid solution, the identity of directly measured densities with those calculated from lattice constants and the homogeneity limits of the alpha solid solution with respect to three different neighboring phases. A study of the earlier investigations indicated that the last two subjects in particular required new and accurate data. Experimental Procedure Preparation of the Alloys.—The alloys were made from high-purity silver and aluminum. The silver was "Proof Silver," 99.999 per cent pure, supplied by the U. S. Metals Refining Co. The aluminum was 99.97 per cent pure (contained Si, 0.009 per cent; Fe, 0.0016 per cent; Cu, 0.004 per cent) and was supplied by the Aluminum Company of America. The lattice constants of these two materials have been reported by Jette and Foote.6 Weighed amounts of the two metals were placed in alundum crucibles and melted in vacuo in a high-frequency induction furnace. The melts were allowed to cool in the crucible, the ingots thus obtained weighed about 10 grams. These ingots were then filed clean, hamered, again cleaned and given a homogenizing anneal in vacuo of from 6 to 15 days at temperatures ranging from 500" to 695°C. The ingots were air-cooled from the annealing temperature. Lattice-constant Measurements.—Carefully prepared filings for X-ray analysis were sealed into evacuated quartz or Pyrex tubes and annealed for various periods of time at suitable temperatures. The furnaces used were vertical, rapid-quenching furnaces, the samples being quenched by crushing the sample tube under water by means of a heavy plunger. The general X-ray technique has been previously described6 The cameras were of the symmetrical, back-reflection, focussing type. Ka, radiation from a cobait-nickel alloy target was used. The wave-length values were taken from the second edition of Siegbaum's book.7 A correction for the index of refraction was applied and the lattice constants were calculated by the method of Cohen.8, 6 The lattice constants were calculated to a common temperature of 25°C., using the value of the linear expansion coefficient of pure silver as 18.9 X 10-6. Presumably the expansion coefficient for

Jan 1, 1941

By Benjamin F. Tillson

THE past seven years, and 1937 in particular, have witnessed the return of New Jersey iron mining to a place of importance. Following the World War period, little mining was done for several reasons. The properties were operated by small merchant furnaces whose demand was not sufficiently large to warrant large-scale methods with their attendant low operating costs. Under those conditions, the ore produced could not compete with that from the Great Lakes. However, when on Nov. 1, 1.929, the Alan Wood Steel Co., of Conshohocken, Pa., leased the Scrub Oak and Washington properties at Mine Hill and Oxford respectively, they made radical changes in the mining and milling processes which greatly reduced the cost of production and pointed the way to a renewed interest in mining in New Jersey. The following factors have been advanced as influencing the reopening of New Jersey mines:

Jan 1, 1938

By C. C. Wright, R. J. Day

ALTHOUGH data on the exact tonnage of recoverable coal silt are not known, the quantity produced in 1943 was estimated to be over five million tons for the anthracite region of Pennsylvania alone. Since that time the recovery of the No. 5 buck- wheat size previously included in silt estimates has increased greatly thus reducing the total silt tonnage. As a compensating factor, however, the methods of recovering silt previously escaping into the rivers and streams have been markedly improved so that the net figure may not have changed materially. Comparable estimates for bituminous coal are lacking, but undoubtedly the silt represents a significant tonnage. With the trend toward increased wet cleaning of the smaller sizes of bituminous coal, it is to be expected that even greater quantities of silt will be available in the future. The raw silt from anthracite collieries usually contains a high mineral matter content, but technological developments in fine coal cleaning have been making rapid advances and it appears probable that more extensive use of these methods will be employed in the near future. Bituminous coal silt in many instances contains a similar high mineral matter content. As with anthracite silt, however, the cleaning of this material, where necessary, appears both technologically and economically feasible. With a view to upgrading the size and value of silt, considerable laboratory and pilot plant work has been conducted by a number of organizations on what is commonly known as pelletization. Actually the process is one of extrusion in which the moist silt is extruded from a die in the form of rods, which usually break into relatively short lengths-a few inches long-as they fall from the die. Fig I is a photograph of some extruded 3/8-in. diam pellets and of the anthracite silt from which they were produced. This technique of producing larger sized material from fines is by no means new, having been used extensively by the industrial carbon and clay industries for years.' The application of the process to coal silt appears, however, to be relatively new. The first major program of investigation dates back only to July 1945, when a group of engineers representing the Anthracite Institute, The Pennsylvania State College and the J. F. Pritchard and Co. conducted preliminary tests on the extrusion of anthracite silt at the Floridin Co. plant at Warren, Pa. Since that time these three organizations-individually, together, and in co- operation with other interested groups- have actively pursued work on various phases of the problem. Much of the early history and details of the laboratory and pilot plant work by the Anthracite Institute, has been reported by Mulcey and Eckerd.2 It is the purpose of this paper to report additional information on the process, especially with respect to the factors influencing the quality and use properties of the product, and the current develop

Jan 1, 1948

By T. G. Madgwick, W. Calder

Production of petroleum increased again during 1929, thus maintaining the steady growth inaugurated by the bringing in of Royalite No. 4 in Turner Valley, Alberta, towards the end of 1924, prior to which a decline over a number of years had been experienced. The growth has been confined to the Province of Alberta, the older production in New Brunswick and Ontario showing declines, although in the latter case considerable activity in the search for new gas structures was maintained and during the last six months two wells were brought in, one at Howard in the Trenton at a depth of 1250 ft., giving 5,500,000 cu. ft., and the other at Tilbury in the Guelph or Salina at 750 ft. giving 9,000,000 cubic feet. As has been the case during the past five years, interest in the search for structure and in the following up and development of areas already recognized has centered in Alberta and adjacent portions of Saskatchewan. This was due in the first instance to the striking of wet gas in the Palaeozoic limestone (Madison) of Turner Valley, some 30 miles south of Calgary, in Royalite No. 4 in October, 1924. The bringing in of other wells of similar importance late in 1928 and in the spring of 1929 which extended the productive area 3 miles southwards led to greatly enhanced drilling activity throughout the structure and adjacent areas and in other parts of Alberta. As a result good strikes of heavy crude oil have been recorded during the year at Ribstone, Oyen, Skiff and Coutts, in each case at moderate depths and in sufficient quanitity to justify prolonged testing. The prospects of a satisfactory production of this grade of oil are very encouraging. Actual oil production in the west is still confined to the Province of Alberta and for all grades of oil totaled 997,359 bbl., which compared with previous years shows a gratifying increase. To this increase the naphtha obtained from the wet gas of Turner Valley has proved the principal contributant, heavy crude also showing an improvement, while the light crude, the product of the Cretaceo-Jurassic sands overlying the Paleozoic of Turner Valley, remains unchanged. This is largely owing to operators casing off these sands in their endeavor to reach the limestone, but, there is evidence that in future more attention will be paid to

Jan 1, 1930

Frank L. Bader has been appointed to the sales staff of Lehigh Navigation Coal Co. in the Philadelphia territory. H. C. Burrell, former coordinator of raw materials, Pittsburgh, Penna., has been made manager of raw materials for Columbia-Geneva Div. of U. S. Steel Co., San Francisco. J. H. Cazier has resigned as general superintendent of Bagdad Copper Corp., Bagdad, Ariz., to devote full time with E. A. Scholz to the operation of the Copper King, Phillips and Black Pearl Mines near Bagdad. They have operated the Copper King zinc mine for more than two years.. Production started from the Black Pearl and Phillips tungsten mines during the past year. Robert T. Chapman has resigned from Reynolds Mining Corp. to join Westmoreland Manganese Corp. as general superintendent. Annan Cook, with Kennecott Copper Corp.'s exploration dept. for the past three years, has been appointed district geologist for the eastern states.

Jan 1, 1952

By AIME AIME

THE Coal Division holds its fall meeting in the Pocahontas coal field, at the West Virginian Hotel, Bluefield, W. Va., Oct. 9 and 10. The first day will be a busy one-two sessions for the presentation of papers and a dinner in the evening. Hon. E. Fudge, Assistant Undersecretary, Mines Department, and R. V. Wheeler, head of the Mines Research Board of Great Britain, will be the guests of the Division. Mr. Wheeler will discuss the British Mining Act as relates to the coal industry. George S. Rice, Chief Mining Engineer, U. S. Bureau of Mines, will present an account of the recent meeting at Buxton in England, of representatives of England, Germany, France, Belgium and the United States to formulate a plan and to correlate research work now in progress in the various countries. The second day the members will be the guests of the operators on a trip through the Pocahontas field. The work of preparation for the meeting is being actively pushed by committees headed by T. H. Clagett, R. M. Lambie and H. D. Smith, and a good attendance, both local and from the general membership of the Division, is anticipated. Because many will make the trip by car the principal automobile as well as rail-road connections to Bluefield are given here. The program for Friday, Oct. 9, follows:

Jan 1, 1931