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By John G. Koert, Koert D. Burnham, John G. Broughton

Wollastonite in Essex County, New York, occurs as a typical contact mineral in a series of rocks metamorphosed by anorthosite. Sole current use is in various types of electric welding fluxes. Its uniform lathlike shape suggests its use as a specialized filler. Introduction Wollastonite (CaSiO3) was first noted in the vicinity of Willsboro, Essex County, New York, about 1810 by Dr. William Meade, and described from the same locality in 1821 by Lardner Vanuxem.' Recent exploration and development indicate that the deposit is of adequate size for continued exploitation on a larger scale than the present operations. The only other known occurrence of like magnitude in this country is in Kern County, California.* Wollastonite has been reported from Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Lewis County, New York, but these are little more than mineral localities. Geology The Essex County wollastonite has been found outcropping at numerous separate localities in a belt of contact metamorphosed sediments, 1/4 mile wide, which begins 2 miles southwest of the village of Willsboro and trends N. 70" W. for approximately 6 miles (Fig. I). In this belt, the pre-Cambrian Grenville has been injected and partially replaced by the more liquid portions of an anorthositic magma. Bud-dington and Whitcomb3 have described the rock in this contact metamorphosed belt as "Mixed gneisses: Grenville mafic, pyroxenic and garnetiferous gneisses and skarns* with local nearly uniform garnet or pyroxene layers and with gabbroic anorthosite sheets. A few limestone layers." These rocks are underlain, presumably at no great depth, by gabbroic anorthosite gneiss, the typical Whiteface border facies of the Adirondack anorthosite massif. The occurrence of wollastonite in large quantities was discovered during the quarrying of the garnet-rich layer that overlies the wollastonite at one opening. Further prospecting revealed its presence elsewhere in the belt, overlain in most places by the garnet. Accurate tracing of the wollastonite is difficult, owing to the glacial cover and to the fact that the weathered surface of the mineral has a dark, dirty brown color, and that the wollastonite itself has been dissolved more or less completely along the outcrops. It has, however, been noted at 10 localities within the skarn belt in the first 2 1/2 miles from its southeastern end. It has not been found in the northern half of the belt and therefore may be limited to the southern half. At the Fox Hill quarry, which is the main opening, 150 ft. have been exposed, showing an aggregate thickness of 30 to 35 it. Of

Jan 1, 1948

By Koert D. Burnham, John G. Broughton, John G. Koert

Wollastonite in Essex County, New York, occurs as a typical contact mineral in a series of rocks metamorphosed by anorthosite. Sole current use is in various types of electric welding fluxes. Its uniform lathlike shape suggests its use as a specialized filler. Introduction Wollastonite (CaSiO3) was first noted in the vicinity of Willsboro, Essex County, New York, about 1810 by Dr. William Meade, and described from the same locality in 1821 by Lardner Vanuxem.' Recent exploration and development indicate that the deposit is of adequate size for continued exploitation on a larger scale than the present operations. The only other known occurrence of like magnitude in this country is in Kern County, California.* Wollastonite has been reported from Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Lewis County, New York, but these are little more than mineral localities. Geology The Essex County wollastonite has been found outcropping at numerous separate localities in a belt of contact metamorphosed sediments, 1/4 mile wide, which begins 2 miles southwest of the village of Willsboro and trends N. 70" W. for approximately 6 miles (Fig. I). In this belt, the pre-Cambrian Grenville has been injected and partially replaced by the more liquid portions of an anorthositic magma. Bud-dington and Whitcomb3 have described the rock in this contact metamorphosed belt as "Mixed gneisses: Grenville mafic, pyroxenic and garnetiferous gneisses and skarns* with local nearly uniform garnet or pyroxene layers and with gabbroic anorthosite sheets. A few limestone layers." These rocks are underlain, presumably at no great depth, by gabbroic anorthosite gneiss, the typical Whiteface border facies of the Adirondack anorthosite massif. The occurrence of wollastonite in large quantities was discovered during the quarrying of the garnet-rich layer that overlies the wollastonite at one opening. Further prospecting revealed its presence elsewhere in the belt, overlain in most places by the garnet. Accurate tracing of the wollastonite is difficult, owing to the glacial cover and to the fact that the weathered surface of the mineral has a dark, dirty brown color, and that the wollastonite itself has been dissolved more or less completely along the outcrops. It has, however, been noted at 10 localities within the skarn belt in the first 2 1/2 miles from its southeastern end. It has not been found in the northern half of the belt and therefore may be limited to the southern half. At the Fox Hill quarry, which is the main opening, 150 ft. have been exposed, showing an aggregate thickness of 30 to 35 it. Of

Jan 1, 1948

By Robert L. Marovelli

A recent reorganization placed the health and safety research activities of the Bureau of Mines under a director, Division of Minerals Health and Safety Technology. The new health and safety research organization and its position in the Bureau hierarchy is shown in Table 1.

Jan 11, 1979

By W. M. Weigel

LESS advances in the technology of non-metallic minerals than for several years past mark 1931, and the cause is easily found. The universal depression and decreased markets for non-metallic as well as other mineral commodities has forced the producers to cut out all unnecessary expense and reduce operating costs to a minimum in order to keep going, even on a reduced output, and to prevent insolvency. The result. has been that but 'little research has been carried on, and such as has been completed has in but few cases been put into commercial practice on account of the expense involved in new equipment and plant changes. The trend in the industry has been more economic than technologic, and the greatest effort put on market studies and sales attempts to expand markets and scrutiny of present operating 'practice leading to reduction of cost of production. This tendency has been increased by highly competitive conditions and the buyer's market which has prevailed and to the fact that price has been a greater factor than quality in placing orders. Only in cases where improvements in technology would immediately and effectively reduce costs or where in special cases there was but little competition with almost a monopoly control has actual technical development taken place.

Jan 1, 1932

By C. F. Cockrell, H. E. Shafer, J. W. Leonard

A significant technological development is discussed for the processing of certain power plant flyashes that are a problem because they contain a high water-soluble mineral content and yield inferior flyash-based brick. This development is based on the addition of hydrochloric acid to the flyash-bottom ash-sodium silicate blends used for the production of flyash-based structures. Favorable changes are evi-dent in sodium silicate consumption, where about half the amount used for making brick from normal flyash is required, processing costs, and strength and appearance of the resulting freshly formed green and fired structural products. In some high cost in-stances (above the $30 or less per thousand brick estimated for normal flyash), hydrochloric acid additions can replace or reduce other costly additives normally required for problem flyashes. This results in savings of as much as $9 per thousand brick. These developments offer promising possibilities for utilizing problem flyashes as well as flyashes which may come into contact with water soluble sulfur as a result of the eventual application of certain experimental air pollution control processes. Much of the research datal-6 accrued through work by the Coal Research Bureau of West Virginia University for the Department of Interior's Office of Coal Research on converting waste power coal ash to valuable brick and other structural products, can be categorized as follows: (1) general ash-to-brick tech- nology; (2) specific ash-to-brick optimization; (3) pilot plant progress; (4) production cost estimates. A summary of the progress on bench-scale experiments indicates that coal ash can yield two types of brick. An acceptable brick is obtained by mixing 73.6% fly-ash, 23.5% bottom ash and 2.9% sodium silicate solution (dry basis). Depending on the flyash and bottom ash used, optimum brick can be manufactured by mixing 72-77% flyash, 20-25% bottom ash and 2.3-3.0% sodium silicate (dry basis) with Na2O : SiO2 ratio varied according to the composition of the flyash used. These blends are thoroughly mixed and mechanically formed into green brick shapes at pressures ranging from 1000 to the more usual 3000 lb per sq in. The green shapes then are dried and fired at temperatures ranging from 1975-2150°F using clay brick cycles that are shorter than standard. Other findings reported to date indicate that when making optimum brick, it is necessary to carefully control the top size of the moisture-releasing bottom ash so that it falls between 8 and 30 mesh, depending on the flyash used. Moreover, the chemical composition of bottom ash and flyash have been found to be of little significance with the exception of a few problem flyashes which are the subject of this paper. Finally, the pilot plant, which was previously reported under construction, is now in operation. This will indicate, among other things, the cost of brick production, which was earlier estimated for non-problem flyashes at $30 or less per thousand brick. The foregoing bench-scale technology is applicable to all the initially tested ashes as well as to the majority of ashes examined during the course of research. However, a few of the ashes yield green and fired products that may be structurally inferior or unacceptable, necessitating excessive and diverse reagent addition, and/or may be coated with unsightly surface deposits. These problem ashes generally originate in certain areas of Illinois, western Ken-

Jan 1, 1969

CHARLES H. MACDOWELL F. V. DESLOGE CHAIRMAN OF CHICAGO CHAIRMAN OF ST. Louis SECTION SECTION R. J. GRANT F. W. BRADLEY CHAIRMAN OF COLORADO CHAIRMAN OF SAN FRANCISCO SECTION SECTION

Jan 7, 1919

By C. F. Tolman

In February 1913, Prof. L. C. Graton and Dr. Joseph Murdochl presented to the American Institute of Mining Engineers a notable contribution to economic geology under the title The Sulphide Ores of Copper. The value of the work was recognized by mine operators, and Mr. Graton was assisted in his plan to extend his investigations, by the organization of a commission to undertake a "secondary enrichment investigation." In this work he secured the cooperation of the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The report2 on the chemical phascs of the investigation has just been published. Incidental to investigations3 carried on in our laboratory of Economic

Jan 1, 1916

The United States has never been a large coal exporting nation, and normally such shipments, aside from those to Canada, have been relatively small. Since the first railroad was built across the Allegheny Mountains, the imports have been quite small also, although fairly large tonnages of Canadian coal have moved into the extreme northeastern and northwestern states at times. In Table 21 are shown all data available about these shipments from 1790 to 1939, inclusive.

Jan 1, 1942

By S. E. Haszko

SEVERAL new XGa2 intermetallic compounds, Table 1, where X is a rare earth, having the AlB, structure were prepared as part of a continuing study of the magnetic and structural properties of rare-earth alloys.' In this note, the crystallographic results of these compounds are presented. Chart, Eq. 121 for the data in Fig. 1 can be adequately represented by The corresponding standard free-energy change is AF; = -4.576 T log K = -20,900 + 10.20T [5I At low nitrogen concentrations the ratio of mole fraction to weight percentage is a constant so that the mole fraction X of nitrogen is given by X = 0.0392 [%NJ. At low values of X, the activity and the concearation approach each other, hence K, = 0.0392 K,, where K, is expressed in terms of the mole fraction of nitrogen. Hence Eqs. [4]. and [5] become

Jan 1, 1962

By Ian Campbell

THE year 1952 was marked by several new alltime highs in industrial mineral production; by an easing of the critical situation with respect such minerals as fluorspar and sulphur; by important production of asbestos, lithium, and rare earths; by the perfecting of new products which will place new demands upon industrial mineral supplies, such as "Fiberfrax", and the finding of new uses for old minerals, such as wollastonite; by continuation of basic and applied research; and publication of a notable study of the national mineral economy, viz., the "Paley Report".

Jan 2, 1953

By AIME

One of the operations of the J. L. Shiely Co. is quarrying in a hard granite gneiss with intrusions of gabbro or trap. During the winter of 1948-1949 the quarry ramp was lowered about 30 ft and during the 1949 season practically all drilling was done from the quarry floor, developing a face from 72 to 83 ft for the entire quarry area. The performance and cost table shows our record for 1948 and 1949.

Jan 1, 1950

By J. P. Timmons, J. H. Moran, G. K. Miller, M. A. Coufleau

A prototype equipment has been designed and built for the digital recording of well logs on magnetic tape at the same time that the regular film recording is made. The format of the digital tape produced is such that it can be used directly at the input of the ZBM 704, 7090 or other models of ZBM computers which accept digital magnetic tape. This apparatus has been used for the experimental field recording of dipmeter tape logs which were subsequently computed by means of an ZBM 704 or 7090. In this paper the equipment and the digital tape are described briefly, and their application to the computer-interpretation of dipmeter data is discussed. A principal element in the interpretation of the dipmeter log is the correlation of the three microresirtivity dipmeter curves to determine the depth displacements between them. Several correlation methods for computer use are considered, with particular attention to their sensitivity to error and their consumption of computer time. The tape data were used to compute information content of the dipmeter microresistivity curves in terms of their frequency spectra. The results show that the sampling rate used in recording the digital information is quite adequate and illustrate a use of the digital tape in evaluating the characteristics of new tools. Some examples of field results are shown. It can be foreseen that, when digital tape recording becomes available for general field use, a whole new realm of possibilities will be opened up for the processing of other well logs through computations, which hitherto were not feasible because they were too laborious and time-con.sunzing. INTRODUCTION The last few years have seen a revolution in the design and production of data-processing equipment. Stored-pro-gram digital computers have progressed from a research curiosity to the basis of a major industry. There are now hundreds of such machines in daily use in the United States. With the acceptance of a technique that was, in fact, already clearly described by John von Neumann in 1945, the last decade has seen great strides in the development'of components, reliability, programming systems and, most spectacularly, in the sheer number of machines built and in use. In 1957 there were enough digital computers available to the oil industry to justify the suggestion that it would be worthwhile to investigate the possibility of using these machines in processing well log data.' The first result of this investigation was the appearance of what may be referred to as the input-output bottleneck. Well logs are customarily recorded on film. To get these data into a machine required then (and still does): a time-consuming semi-automatic reading of the film; conversion of the log data to digital form; and recording these digital data in some medium acceptable for computer input, such as cards, magnetic tape, or punched paper tape. However, the recording, reading, and re-recording could only result in deterioration of the data. Therefore, it was concluded that the fist step should be the development of a new, more direct recording technique supplemental to the film recording, which would provide easy access to the digital computer. There are many solutions to the problem of recording log data in an easily recoverable form. After careful consideration it was decided to adopt the boldest solution which, it was felt, was also the most elegant. It was decided to record well logs directly, in the field, on magnetic tape in such a way that this tape could be used without further modification as an input to the IBM 704 or 7090 computer. To realize practical field recording of magnetic tape logs, it became necessary to develop in a rather small package, an analog-to-digital converter, a tape recorder, and the necessary multiplexing and control circuits to allow the simultaneous recording of a multiplicity of logging signals. The magnetic tape recording was to be made simultaneously with the conventional logging operation in such a way as not to interfere with it. Along with the development of hardware, it was necessary to begin development of interpretation techniques and machine programs that would exploit the power of the digital computer. Here, again, there is a long list of possible applications. After much consideration it was decided to concentrate on the interpretation of the dipmeter log as a first application. It is the object of this paper to describe in some detail the developments sketched in the last three paragraphs.

By C. J. McHargue, J. C. Ogle

Lightly deformed columbiun single crystals which contained only parallel hoins or purullel and intersecting trains were annealed at 1000' and 1600"C. No re-crystallizntion occurred in specimens hawing only parallel twins. Only noncoherent twin boundaries nzipated at 1000°C but both coherent and noncoherent ones moved al 1600°C. Recrystallization occurred within a few minutes at twin intersections at 1000°C. The orientation 01 the recrystallized grains differed front that of both the matrix and deformation twins, but could he derired by (110) and/or(112) rotations. ALTHOUGH twinning in metals has been extensively studied, there have been no definitive studies of the annealing behavior of crystals containing deformation twins. Some effects observed after annealing deformation twins have been summarized by Cahn1 and Hall2. Any or all of these phenomena are observed: 1) The twins may contract so that the sharp edges of the lens become blunted, and eventually the twin may disappear entirely. 2) The twins may balloon out at an edge, giving rise to a large grain having the same orientation as the twin. 3) The specimen may recrystallize; i.e., new grains are nucleated and grow at the expense of the twins and the crystal immediately adjoining the twin. Such grains have orientations which are not present before. Contraction has been observed in iron,3 titanium,3, 4 beryllium,5 zinc,8, 7 Fe-A1 alloy,' and uranium.9 Long anneals at high temperatures are required to have any appreciable effect in these metals and only thin twins are absorbed. Lens-shaped twins are absorbed from the edges: the thin, almost parallel-sided twins are usually punctured in several places and each piece contracts independently. Absorption is very gradual and no sudden cooperative jumps have been observed. The expansion of a twin into a larger grain of identical orientation is unusual, but such growth has been observed in iron,"'" zinc,6 and uranium." Crystals which have been deformed simultaneously by slip and twinning recrystallize first in the area adjacent to the twin. New grains appear faster where the twins intersect: but isolated twins, especially if thick, can also give rise to new grains. This type of recrystallization occurs in zinc.6, 7, 12, 13 and beryllium.14 Reed-Hill noted, in a single crystal of magnesium, the nucleation of a recrystallized grain at a twin intersection which had the same orientation as the second-order twin and which grew into the highly strained matrix.15 Short-time annealing has been reported to cause no change in the deformation twins in vanadium,16 columbium, 17, 18 tantalum,19 tungsten,'' and zinc.7 The purpose of this investigation was to note the effects of annealing on the coherent and noncoherent boundaries of deformation twins in columbium and to locate the nucleating sites for recrystallization. The orientation relationships, which the new recrystallized grains have with the parent crystal and the deformation twins, were also determined. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Single crystals of columbium were obtained by cutting large grains from electron-beam-melted buttons which contained 10 to 50 ppm C, 10 to 100 ppm O,, 1 to 10 ppm H2, and 10 to 15 ppm N2. The crystals were hand-ground and chemically polished until all grain boundaries were removed. The specimens were mounted in an epoxy resin and a face of each crystal was mechanically polished on a Syntron polisher using Linde A and then Linde B polishing compounds. After all faces were mechanically polished, the crystal was electrolytically polished to remove all distortion due to cutting and grinding. Laue photographs were taken of all faces of the crystals to determine the quality and orientation of each crystal. The crystals were compressed about 10 pct at -196 C in a specially constructed compression cage with an Instron tensile machine. Each crystal was separated from the top and bottom anvils by teflon films which acted as a lubricant. With the specimen crystal in position, the entire cage was cooled to -196°C by being submerged in a Dewar containing liquid nitrogen. The crystals were compressed at a rate of 0.02 in. per min and the load was recorded on a strip-chart recorder. After deformation the crystals were mechanically polished on 600-grit paper and Pellon cloth with Linde A and Linde B polishing compounds. The crystal faces were chemically polished and then etched. The twin planes were identified metallographically from an analysis of the twin traces on two surfaces. Annealing was carried out by placing each crystal in a columbium bucket made from the same electron-beam-melted material as the crystal itself and suspending the bucket by a tantalum wire in a quartz tube. After a vacuum of 10-7 Torr was attained, a furnace at 1000" or 1600 C was raised into position and the crystals held for various lengths of time. The crystals were repolished and etched after annealing to remove any surface contamination. Approximately 0.010 in. was removed during this process. The resulting surface was examined metallographically for microstructural changes due to annealing. A microbeam Laue camera mounted on a Hilger Micro-focus X-ray unit was used to determine the Orientstions of the recrystallized grains. This X-ray micro-beam camera had a 0.002-in.-diam collimator and incorporated the ideas of both and and chisWik21 and Cahn.22

Jan 1, 1967

By Ole Singstad

The legislatures of New York and New Jersey, determined in 1919 that a vehicular tunnel should be built under the Hudson River. On July 1, 1919, an engineering staff was organized with the late Clifford M. Holland as chief engineer. After preliminary investigation it was decided to build the tunnel from Canal St., New York, to 12th St., Jersey City, which is the center of the heaviest traffic across the Hudson River. It was also decided to build two tunnels—one for west-bound traffic and one for east-bound—the tunnels to be of cast iron, built up of segments and bolted together, each tunnel to have a roadway 20 ft. wide and a clear head room of 13 ft. 6 in. The tunnels have an exterior diameter of 29 ft. 6 in. The interior lining is of concrete, the sidewalls, tiled with a vitreous white tile, and the roadways are paved with granite block. The entrances and exits at both ends are separated by two blocks so as to reduce traffic congestion. Basis of Ventilation It was recognized very early that one of the most important problems confronting the engineers was a proper ventilation system. It was estimated that each tunnel as planned would have a traffic capacity of 1900 vehicles per hr. The tunnels are 8500 ft. long between portals, and it was considered that the ventilation should be based on all of these vehicles being operated by gasoline engines. That presented a problem in ventilation unlike any other either in magnitude or character. There have been vehicular tunnels built in Europe, principally in London, but they are shorter and have a smaller traffic capacity. Up to the present time, at least, they have handled a very large percentage of horsedrawn vehicles so that the necessary ventilation has been provided for by the natural draft through the portals and open shafts. Within the last few years, however, a small mechanical ventilating plant has been installed in the Blackwall Tunnel, which has been in operation about 27 years. I might mention that at the time this work was started, it was considered by many that the problem of ventilation was insuperable and it

Jan 1, 1927

By Douglass D. Donald

The New Jersey Zinc Co. successfully holed through a 2 ½ -mile haulage tunnel connecting its new Ivanhoe shaft with the Van Mater Shaft at Austinville, Va. This 8 x 10-ft cross-section tunnel was driven from both ends and met at a point approximately a mile from one shaft and a mile and a half from the other. In order to make certain that the faces met accurately on line and grade it was necessary to refine conventional mine surveying practices. The mines that are serviced by these shafts are located in the southwestern part of Virginia approximately midway between Roanoke and Bristol at the west foot of the Blue Ridge. While the presence of lead-zinc sulfide ores has been known in this area for more than 200 years, it was in 1902 that New Jersey Zinc Co. acquired the Austinville property, which has been in constant operation since that time. About ten years ago the company undertook an extensive diamond drilling program at Ivanhoe several miles to the southwest. This program was successful in locating sufficient ore to justify the purchase of a number of the properties in this area and plans were made to develop the new orebodies. The discovery of this ore as well as substantial additional reserves at Austinville resulted in a decision by the company to increase its daily milling capacity to 3000 tons, of which about 1000 tons would be supplied from the Ivanhoe mine.

Jan 9, 1958

By W. B. Gogarty, W. C. Tosch

A new recovery process for producing oil under both secondary and tertiary conditions utilizes the unique properties of micellar solutions (also known as microemulsions, swollen micelles, and soluble oils). These solutions, which displace 100 percent of the oil in the reservoir contacted, can be driven through the reservoir with water and are stable in the presence of reservoir water and rock. Basic components of micellar solutions are surfactant, hydrocarbon and water. They may also contain small amounts of electrolytes and co surfactants such as a1cohol.r. The specific reservoir application dictates the type and concentration of each component. A salient feature of [he process is the capability for mobility control. Micellar solution slug mobility, by way of viscosity control, is made equal to or less than the combined oil and water mobility. Mobility control continues with a mobility buffer that prevents drive water from contacting the micellar solution. Laboratory and field flooding have proven that the process is technically feasible and that surfactant losses by adsorption on porous media are small. Introduction projects are under way to recover the maximum amount of oil under the most favorable economic conditions.' : New techniques are being developed to increase oil recovery,3" Polymer solutions are becoming an important means of controlling mobility in a waterflood. Thermal methods such as in-situ combustion and steam injection are being used in reservoirs containing highly viscous crudes. Surfactant flooding is receiving attention as a method of reducing interfacial tension to increase recovery.*'" Exotic recovery processes have been considered primarily for ' perations. Economics are unfavorable in most cases for tertiary recovery. studies at the Denver Research Center of the Marathon oil CO. have led to a new oil recovery method.* Micellar solutions (sometimes called microemulsions, swollen micelles, and soluble oils) are used to recover oil by miscible-type waterflooding. Basically, these solutions contain surfactant, hydrocarbon, and water. The method can be used in either secondary or tertiary operations. First, thc concept of thc process is considered in terms of the requirements for an effective miscible waterflood ing operation. Next, micellar solution properties are described including structure, composition, and phase behavior with reservoir fluids. Fluid characteristics are then considered as related to mobility control, and, finally, laboratory and field results are presented to illustrate the efficiency of the process. Concept of the Process Unit displacement efficiency and conformance determine the effectiveness of any oil recovery mechanism. In theory, a miscible waterflood should be capable of a 100-percent unit displacement efficiency with a correspondingly high conformance. Requirements for the slug of a miscible waterflood include (1) 100-percent displacement of oil in the reservoir contacted, (2) controllable mobility, (3) the capability of being driven through the reservoir with water, (4) a low unit cost to enhance economics, and (5) the ability to remain stable in the presence of reservoir water and rock. Micellar solutions satisfy requirements for the slug of a miscible waterflood process. Our discovery that these solutions acted as though they were miscible by displacing all fluids in the reservoir and by being displaced by water solved the miscibility problem. Adequate mobility control is possible by variations in solution viscosity through compositional changes. Economic requirements are met since micellar solution costs below $6/bbl appear possible, Mi cellar solutions stabilize surfactant in the presence of reservoir rock and water, thus reducing the importance of the problem of surfactant loss by adsorption. Fig. 1 illustrates schematically how these solutions are used. Operations start with injection of a micellar solution slug that serves as the oil displacing agent. Next, a mobility buffer of either a water-external emulsion or water solution containing polymer (thickened water) is injected to protect the slug from water invasion. Finally, drive water (water used in a regular waterflood) is injected to propel the slug and mobility buffer through the reservoir. Reservoir oil and water are displaced ahead of the slug, and a stabilized oil and water bank develops as shown in Fig. 1. Stabilized bank saturations are independent of original oil and water saturations. This means that, for a particular type of reservoir, the displacement mechanism is the same under secondary and tertiary recovery conditions. Oil is produced first in a secondary operation. For tertiary conditions, water is produced first. Movement of the slug through the reservoir is stabilized by the mobility buffer. An unfavorable mobility ratio usually exists at the interface between the buffer and drive

Jan 1, 1969

THE morning session on mining methods with R. M. Raymond as chairman was devoted mainly to papers on explosives and the discussion of these papers. A paper on the numerical index of the re-sistance which rocks offer to the penetration of a drill bit was also read. The first paper, "Relation Between the Oxygen Bal-ance and Propulsive Strength of Eight Gelatin Dynamites" by G. St. J. Perrott, N. A. Tolch and J. E. Crawshaw, was presented by Mr. Perrott, super-intendent of the Pittsburgh Experiment Station of the U. S. Bureau of Mines. In this paper which is the beginning of a series of publications on explosives, Mr. Perrott stated that the attempt was made to put down in quantitative form the facts which have been known to explosive engineers for a long time. Eight samples of 40 per cent gelatin dynamite, with oxygen content varying from + 15 to - 36 per cent of the theoretical amount necessary to form complete combustion with all of the combustible elements were tested. The experimental work showed that a bal-anced explosive did not give the greatest propulsive strength-but the most favorable range was from - 8 to - 25 per cent oxygen. The experimental work also brought out the fact that the wrapper of a stick of dynamite enters quite completely into the explosive reaction, and gelatin dynamites from which the wrapper had been removed developed less strength than the a same explosive with the wrapper. The second paper, "Effect of Oxygen Balance of Gelatin Dynamites on the Gaseous Products of Det-onation," by G. W. James and G. St. J. Perrott, was also presented :by Mr. Perrott. The first portion of this paper is given over to a discussion of the relative merits of different types of apparatus for testing and analyzing the combustion products of dynamites. Three types were used (1) the Bichel gage, (2) the Crawshaw-Jones apparatus and (3) the Hercules tank. All three of these types were used in testing dynamites whose oxygen balance varied from-35 to + 6 per cent.

Jan 3, 1928

COUNCIL OF SECTION DELEGATES F J Meek, Chairman H A White, Vice-Chairman H R Gault, Secretary Division of Earth Sciences National Research Council 2101 Constitution Avenue Washington 25, D C

Jan 1, 1954

By T. F. Witherbee

In a paper read at the Lake Superior meeting, August, 1580, an account was given of the successful use of Rendrock. and Monaky powder upon a .scaffold- and salamander in the furnace. On April 5th, 1881,' the same trouble called for like treatment, which, though not so immediately successful, was on the whole more instructive than the first trial, and points, I trust, to a reasonably sure remedy for all such difficulties. Up to December 4th, 1880, foundry and mill iron were made from Old Bed and Sew Bed magnetite, and Kearney red hematite, when a return was made to Bessemer iron, from an inferior quality of New Bed ore as compared with that used during first blast. January lath, 1881, New Bed, Chateangay, and East-shaft, a newly-opened Bessemer deposit of Messrs. Witherbee, Sherman $ Co., were first used, and continued up to February 13th, on a fuel charge of 80 per cent. anthracite and 20 per cent. coke, the product on the three ores being about 10 tons more per day than on New Bed alone. From this time until March 11th all coal was used, and New Bed, Chateaugay, and East-shaft ores, up to February 224 and from that date Chateaugay and New Bed, the product falling off 9,8, tons per day as a result of not using coke. It is fair, however, to state that the furnace was not in good condition during this period, being over-burdened, and the New Bed ore was, temporarily, uncommonly poor, for reasons of no particular interest here. It required to properly flux it at least 140 per cent. of limestone; and 101 per ent. was actually used. March 11th, all Chateaugay ore aid 80

Jan 1, 1882

By H. Cecil Spicer

The results described in this article are based on field work conducted during the periods APril-May, 1939, and MaY-JulY, 1940. The United States Potash CO. is mining potash on Government land under a permit from the Department of the Interior and the geophysical investigation mas completed under a cooperative arrangemerit made between that company and the Conservation Branch of the Geological Survey. The writer, a member of the Section of Chemistry and Physics of the Geologic Branch, was assigned to this investigation. Four definite objectives were in mind for the geophysical work in the studies over the salt deposits. The first was to determine the measure of success that could be attained in this type of work with the resistivity methods that were to be employed. These methods had been introduced into the work of the Conservation Branch by Benjamin E. Jones for the investigation of dam sites, and have been used under his direction by the author for such work. If the method proved to be applicable, an l was to be made to contour the top of the salt beds and also the other formation boundaries known to be present in this area. Salt-water aquifers were to be studied in an effort to determine their boundaries, and an attempt was to be made to delineate the potash-bearing beds. Others have made, and reported, resistivity studies over saliferous deposits in different areas. Friedell and Messrs. Schlumberger2 reported geophysical work performed in the disrovery of the salt domes of Alsace; Carrette and Kelly3 described the geology of the same area. Leonardon and Kelly4 published a resistivity curve obtained over the Hettenschlag dome, and a further discussion of this same area was given by the Messrs. Schlum-berger5 in a communication. Messrs. Alty6 described studies 0" salt deposits in which the sing[e-probe method was used. Sinerez7 mentions that electrical methods were tried over salt deposits in Spain. Geoffrey and Charrin8 show a resistivity curve obtained over marl, gypsiferous marl and salt which is similar to that obtained over the New Mexico salt deposits. Kelly9 reported resistivity work performetl with the ground comparator of Zuschlag over the salt deposits near Syracuse, N. Y., where the Salina formation is at a depth of 700 to 800 ft. Some structural studies on the potash basin of Alsace are described by Poldini.10 Another single-probe resistivity study, made over salt deposits in New Mexico, is briefly described by Heiland,ll through the courtesy of Harry Aurand, of the Midwest Refining CO.

Jan 1, 1942