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By C. R. Fast

In order to evaluate the ability of a Hydrafrac treatment to effect a sustained increase in well production, data were accumulated on the first 65 wells in 26 fields treated by Stano-lind. Since these data were obtained from such a large number of fields, it is felt that individual well or reservoir characteristics do not affect the overall picture, as might be the case if the study were made in one field or one group of wells in a field. These data are tabulated in Table I and plotted on Figs. 1 and 2. An analysis of Fig. 1 shows that at the end of six months, 75 per cent, or 45, of 60 wells on which data were available showed a sustained production increase. At the end of two years, data were available on 25 wells. Of these, 15 wells, or 60 per cent, showed a sustained production increase. At the end of three years, 55 per cent, or 10, of 18 wells had a production rate greater at that time than before Hydrafrac treatment. The lack of information on additional wells at the end of the third year is primarily a result of the small number of treatments conducted in the early stages of field application

Jan 1, 1952

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members who registered at Institute headquarters during July and August : R. H. Sweetser, Columbus, Ohio. C. R. Hill, New York, N. Y. Raymond Brooks, Goldfield, Nev. H. A. Morrison, Candor, N. C. Edward M. Shepard, Springfield, Mo. Frederick J. Patchell, Washington, D. C. Rudolf Gahl, Clifton, Ariz. Walter F. Pyne, New York, N. Y. Edmund von Maltitz, Pittsburg, Pa. Harvey B. Small, Mangangue, Colombia, S. A. M. K. Rodgers, Seattle, Wash. M. B. Cohen, Miami, Ariz. J. F. Erdlets, Jr., New York, N. Y. A. P. Watt, Newark, N. J. D. H. Ladd, Houghton, Mich. H. H. Stoek, Urbana, Ill. Roy F. Cornell, Santa Cruz, Cal. D. W. Brunton, Denver, Colo. W. B. Foote, Geneva, N. Y. C. S. Robinson, Youngstown, O. H. Sjogren, Stockholm, Sweden.

Jan 9, 1913

By AIME AIME

THE following brief description of the main features of the, engineering work was prepared for the use of members of the American Society of Civil Engineers and members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers on the occasion of their visits to the tunnels at the time-of their respective. annual meetings in New York, January and February, 1905. DESCRIPTION. Those portions. of the Pennsylvania Extension into Manhattan and Long Island, lying east of the Terminal Station and west of the East River, have been designated as the " Manhattan ?Cross-town:. Tunnels." They traverse a section of the city second in importance only to the financial district, and one that includes the larger hotels, retail shops and theaters and the residences of many of the best known citizens. Section "D," consisting of twin tunnels for west-bound express and local passenger traffic, lies under Thirty-third Street from a point 400 ft. west of the west line of Sixth Avenue, eastward to the river shaft, situated in the block between Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth Streets east of First Avenue. Beginning at the east end, the tunnels are in separate excavations, leading westward from the subaqueous tubes, on a curve of large radius, gradually closing together until it is found more appropriate to drive them in a single excavation. At a point just west of Second Avenue they reach the tangent, aid from there westward lie directly under Thirty-third Street. At a point about 180 ft. west of the west line of Sixth Avenue, the center concrete-wall between the twin tunnels is omitted, and the excavation somewhat widened to make room for a third storage-track, and the tunnel continues to tile station portal in three-track section. Here reprinted through the courtesy of The United Engineering and Contracting Co. The half-tone blocks used for the illustration of this paper have been kindly supplied by the Chasmer-Winchell Press of New York, Pittsburgh and Cleveland.

Mar 1, 1908

By Robert Gorham Morse

This paper presents the results of an investigation made in the metallurgical laboratory of Columbia University, New York City. The object of the investigation was to determine how the tensile strength, the elastic limit, and the size of the grain, of a pure medium-carbon steel are affected by heating to successive temperatures between 500° and 1300° C., with slow cooling therefrom. Since Dr. Sorby's first investigations into the microstructure of steel, the study of the subject has been continued by Professor Martens, Mr. F. Osmond, Professor Arnold, Professor Howe, Mr. A. Sauveur, Mr. J. E. Stead, and many others. Among many valuable and interesting papers I mention the following as having a special bearing upon this investigation.* " Microstructure of Steel," by Albert Sauveur, Trans., xxii., 546 (1893); Microscopic Metallography," by F. Osmond, Trans., xxii., 243 (1893); "The Microstructure of Steel and the Current Theories of Hardening," by Albert Sauveur, Trans., xxvi., 863 (1896); "The Crystalline Structure of Iron and Steel," by John Edward Stead, J. Iron and Steel Inst., 1898. II.—Statement of Experiments. Through the kindness of Mr. N. Lilienberg, New York City, round rods 3/4 of an inch in diameter were obtained, which had been rolled from one ingot. The analysis of the steel was as follows : C, 0.343; Si, 0.027; Mn, 0.221; I?, 0.0266; S, 0.0037 per cent.

Jan 1, 1900

NEW YORK SECTION J. E. Johnson, Jr., Chairman Edgar Rickard, Vice Chairman. D. M. Liddell, Secretary, 7 Wall St., New York, N.Y. C. A. Bohn, Treasurer John V. N. Dorr Lewis W. Francis. The annual meeting of the New York Section was held on Wednesday, June 6, with about 40 members in attendance. The treasurer re a brief summary of-the financial statement for the year, and the secretary's report was read. These reports were ordered placed on file together with the report of the auditors for the two previous years.

Jan 8, 1917

NEW YORK LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee L. W. FRANCIS, Chairman WILLARD S. MORSE, Vice-Chairman THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y J P. A. MOSMAN, Treasurer Louis D. HUNTOON Since the annual meeting in February, the New York Section of the Institute has held three meetings. The meeting-on March 10 was held in conjunction with the American Society of Mechanical-Engineers and the American Electrochemical Society, at the Engineering Societies Building. The papers of the evening were devoted to records of progress in the Processes for the Photographic Reproduction of Natural Colors. The speakers of the evening were F. E. Ives, one of the earlier workers in color photography, Westley Allison, C. W. Robinson, George F. Clyfton, John B. Taylor, and Henry Hess. The April meeting was held on April 22 at the Institute headquarters, and the topic for discussion was Sanitation in Mining and Metallurgical Work. The principal paper was by J. W.. Luther, chief surgeon of the New Jersey Zinc Co. This was followed by a similar paper by Charles L. Close, secretary of the Welfare and Sanitation Committee of the United States Steel Corporation, and by an account of the sanitation work done in Cuba by the Spanish-American Iron Co., which was read by the Chairman, in the absence of Charles F. Rand. Following these papers general discussion was indulged in.

Jan 6, 1914

NEW YORK LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee Louis D. HUNTOON, Chairman ARTHUR S. DWIGHT, Vice-Chairman THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. E. MALTBY SHIPP, Treasurer GEORGE F. KUNZ W. DE L. BENEDICT Meeting, Jan. 16, .1914 A meeting of the New York Local Section of the American Institute of Mining Engineers was held at the Engineering Societies Building, 29 West 39th Street, New York City, Jan 16 1914 the Chairman, -L. D. Huntoon, presiding. Forty members weld present. In the absence of the Secretary, C. A. Bohn was appointed Secretary pro teen. N. H. Darton, Geologist of the U. S. Geological Survey, delivered an address on. The Occurrence of Gas in Coal, illustrated by lantern slides of charts, curves, and tables showing various features of gas occurrences. J. W. Richards, J. T. Beard, W. L. Saunders, L. D. Huntoon, and Mr. Darton participated in the discussion which followed the address. THOMAS T. READ; Secretary.

Jan 3, 1914

By Ogden Tweto

The classes of ore deposits in the mountain province of Colorado that have been the most productive in the past and that offer the greatest promise for the future are: (1) disseminated or stockwork molybdenum deposits associated with Tertiary stocks; (2) combination precious- and base-metal veins in Tertiary volcanic rocks; and (3) base-metal replacement deposits and veins in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Veins in Precambrian rocks, including precious metal-bearing sulfide veins, gold-silver telluride veins, and tungsten veins, have been mined extensively in the past, but their aggregate output has been far subordinate to that of the groups named above, and the outlook for major output from them in the future is poor. Principal ore deposits of south-central Wyoming are sedimentary iron ores of Precambrian age and uranium deposits in Tertiary sedimentary rocks. Precambrian deposits of several kinds are scattered through the mountains of both states. The most promising of these, based on present indications, are vanadiferous titaniferous magnetite in southern Wyoming and southwestern Colorado and thorium-niobium rare-earth deposits associated with alkalic intrusive complexes in Colorado. Most of the mining districts of Colorado are in the Colorado mineral belt, a generally narrow but somewhat irregular belt that extends northeastward across the north-trending mountain ranges and the north-northwest trending geologic grain of the state. The belt is characterized by intrusive rocks of Laramide and younger age and by ore deposits, and it occupies environments ranging from Precambrian crystalline rocks through Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks to Tertiary volcanic rocks. Two ages of intrusion and ore deposition recently have been recognized in the mineral belt. One is Laramide (late Cretaceous and early Tertiary), and the other is Oligocene. As interpreted herein, the major replacement deposits and most of the sulfide vein deposits in Precambrian and sedimentary rocks are Laramide in age, and the molybdenum deposits, the tungsten and the gold telluride veins in Precambrian rocks, and the precious- and base-metal veins in volcanic rocks are Oligocene in age. In general, the Laramide deposits are mesothermal in aspect, and the Oligocene deposits are principally epithermal. The existence of two mineralization stages, in considerable part characterized by different suites of metals, has many applications in exploration.

Jan 1, 1968

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LOCAL. SECTION Executive Committee SEELEY W. MUDD, Chairman C. COLCOCK JONES, Vice-Chairman FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Secretary-Treasurer, 631 Higgins Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. RALPH ARNOLD A. B. CARPENTER In. order to make the meetings of the, Section more interesting and fruitful, the Executive Committee has formed a sub-committee on programs for. Section meetings, which announces for the coming autumn and winter season, four dinner meetings, at intervals of two months, in which the co-operation of all Section members is urgently. requested. The subjects chosen for discussion at these meetings, with the proposed dates, are as follows: Sept. 28, 1915. Mining Geology of Mojave County, Arizona. Dec. 14, 1915. General Geology and Mining Conditions in Southern California. Feb. 1, 1916. Petroleum, its Geology and Technology. April 4, 1916. General Mining Conditions in. South America. F. J. H.. MERRILL, Secretary.

Jan 10, 1915

MONTANA SECTION FREDERICK LAIST, Chairman F. W. BACORN, Vice-chairman E. B. YOUNG, Secretary-Treasurer, 52G Hennesy Building, Butte, Mont. C. H. CLAPP C. D. DEMOND The Montana Section held its annual meeting at the Silver Bow Club, Butte, Mont., on Friday, Feb. 7. The technical session was preceded by a dinner at which 54 members and guests were seated. N. B. Braly presided at the dinner and the, business and technical sessions. The officers whose names are noted above were elected for the ensuing year. H. B. Pulsifer presented a paper on The Metallurgy of Aluminum and Magnesium; it was discussed by C. H. Clapp and F. A. Linforth. J. C: Horgan presented a paper on The Manufacture of High Explosives and their Use in Metal Mines; it was discussed by C. W. Morse, J. J. Carrigan, and C. W. Goodale. The matter of reformed spelling as proposed in a circular letter coming from Palo Alto, Calif., was discussed, after which the Secretary was instructed to write to Secretary Stoughton and ask that when the matter is opened for discussion in New York he present the emphatic protest of the Montana Section against the alleged reforms in spelling. E. B. YOUNG, Secretary.

Jan 4, 1919

By AIME AIME

SINCE the preparation of the Fall Meeting announcement the Montana Section has extended an invitation to the members traveling to Spokane to make at least a short stop at Butte, en route. Accordingly, the train schedule below has been worked out as an alternative to that announced in the general circular. This will permit a half day in which to visit either mines at Butte or the smelter at Anaconda and an opportunity for an evening meal with our Montana members. An interesting time is assured either way and the chance to renew acquaintance with Butte friends will be well worth will

Jan 1, 1929

By B. Chalmers, S. Wojciechowski

THE structure of the equiaxed zone of several A1-Cu samples mechanically stirred during unidirectional solidification was examined. The stirring was produced by rotary oscillation of the mold about its vertical axis.' It was found that in Some samples the structure is not of the same type over the whole of the equiaxed zone; it consists of regions with two different etching responses. Fig. 1 shows this structure in a Al-1 wt pct ku sample. The lighter etching regions with a coarse structure form something like a network and the darker etching regions with a finer structure can be observed as the continuation of the coarse structure inside this network. The difference in size and shape of the dendrite branches (they are rounded in the coarser structure) is similar to that found by Williamson and Chalmers in ice crystals solidified in undercooled water: when the amount of undercooling was small, the ice crystals were more rounded and coarser than these solidified with a larger amount of undercooling.' It seems justified to conclude that the observed structure resulted from solidification under different thermal conditions: the coarser structure solidified first out of the "purer" liquid and with a smaller amount of undercooling and the finer was formed later out of solute-enriched liquid under conditions of much more rapid heat extraction. A considerable change in the heat flow conditions at the later stages of solidification can be easily understood by taking into account that the coarser crystals form a continuous network and the amount of trapped liquid is relatively small; hence the contribution of latent heat is much smaller in the later stages of solidification. The difference in structure and etching characteristic reflects a difference in composition between these two regions. It was found that the darker etching re- gions are harder (30.4 to 31.3 HV5) than the lighter etching ones (25 to 26 HV5). A similar type of structure was found in a A1-4 wt pct Cu sample grown by Czochralski method. Fig. 2 shows the structure in the lower part of a sample grown slowly and then decanted by a rapid removing of the sample from the melt. In a few places trapped liquid solidified in the same manner as in the sample shown in Fig. 1.

Jan 1, 1968

NEW YORK SECTION J. E. JOHNSON, JR., Chairman EDGAR RICKARD, Vice Chairman D. M. LIDDELL, Secretary, 7 Wall St., New York, N. Y. C. A. BOHN, Treasurer JOHN V. N. DORR LEWIS W.. FRANCIS The following minute was unanimously passed at a meeting of the NEW YORK SECTION AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS held on the evening of June 6, 1917, two regular meetings having been adjourned by unanimous consent until this date out of respect to the memory of the late Chairman of the Section. Minute The death of our beloved fellow member DR. DAVID H. BROWNE one of the foremost metallurgists and one of the most brilliant and original thinkers in the profession of mining engineers, the chairman for the past two years of this section, has caused throughout a wide circle of

Jan 9, 1917

Jan 1, 1887

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period August 1, 1916 to September 10, 1916: C. L. Cantley, New Glasgow, N. S. H. M. La Follette, La Follette, Tenn. D. A. Cowell, Columbus, Ohio. Montrose L. Lee, Montevideo, Uruguay. Alexander Deussen, Houston, Texas. V. H. McNutt, Billings, Mont. Chas. E. Dutton, Goldfield, Nev. J. W. Maller, New York, N. Y. H. S. Emlaw, Grand Haven, Mich. Edwin W. Mills, Tul. Mi Chung, Chosen, J. M. Gillette, Swatsburg, N. Y. Korea. E. Gorilla, San Antonio, Texas. Francis R. Pine, Elizabeth N. J. Bertram Grant, Kingman, Arizona. Frank A. Ray, Columbus, Ohio. Ruger W. Hay, Bisbee, Arizona. John A. Rice, El Paso, Texas. C. F. Hendricks, Cobalt, Ontario. W. E. Rice, Ringwood Manor, N. J. Stanley C. Herold, San Jose, Cal. W. H. Staver, Lynchburg, Va. Lloyd Hoffman, Pottersville, N. J. Ralph H. Sweetser, Easton, Pa. Charles Hunter, London, England. Kirby Thomas, New York, N. Y. G. Jansen, Benkoelen, Sumatra. Henry Traphagen, Union Hill. T. H. Jenks, Oatman, Arizona. M. M. Valerius, Tulsa, Okla. Warren jenny, Chanaral, Chile. Wilfrid B. Wainewright, London, Eng. Walter A. Barrows, Jr., of Brainerd, Minn., has been elected president and general manager of the Thomas Iron Co., Easton, Pa., to succeed Ralph H. Sweetser, whose resignation of several months ago becomes

Jan 10, 1916

W. H. SHOCKLEY, Chairman, FRANK H.-PROBERT, :Vice-Chairman, T. A. RICKARD, Sec.-Treas.; 420 Market St.,. San Francisco, Cal. C. C. BRAYTON, J. F. NEWSOM. A Meeting of the San Francisco Section was held on May 7, 1917. Chairman Shockley was in the Chair. The Section was honored by the presence of President Moore and Secretary Stoughton of the Institute. C. W. Merrill introduced President Moore, who then spoke to the Section on the Aims of the Institute. He discussed the possibility of improving the standards of membership by introducing a classification of membership. The present rigid investigation of applicants was pointed out by him. He spoke of the important influence that the local Sections can exert on the Institute and of the importance of sociability and informality at the meetings. Secretary Stoughton, who was introduced by the Chairman, emphasized somewhat the same points. He mentioned the need for making the Bulletin of the Institute more, interesting than it is at present, this to be accomplished by raising the necessary funds by increased advertising. He asked for an expression of opinion on this point. He. said that the employment department of the Institute is now used extensively. At the request of Mrs. Mark L. Requa, Mr. Stoughton. announced that a San Francisco branch of the Woman's Auxiliary of the, Institute was being formed and asked that the ladies of the members' families send in their names to Mrs. Requa or to the Secretary of the Institute.

Jan 10, 1917

• Phelps-Dodge Corp. signed an agreement with the Defense Materials Procurement Agency to increase copper production from the east ore deposit of the company's Copper Queen branch at Bisbee, Ariz. The company agreed to undertake a $25 million expansion program, including construction of a concentrating and leaching plant at the Bisbee mine and enlargement of the Douglas smelter. The Government agreed to buy the first 112,500 tons of the first 150,000 tons produced at 22e per lb if the company could not sell at a higher price. The new facilities will have a yearly capacity of 38,000 tons and should be in production by late 1954 or early 1955. • American Smelting & Refining Co. has started construction of a new building to house the Central Research laboratory at South Plainfield, N. J. It will have approximately 75 individual laboratories and an equal number of offices and shops. Modern apparatus to be installed will include electron microscopes, electric and fuelfired furnaces, miniature copper refineries and zinc plants, wire drawing machinery, and large pilot plant laboratory. In the new building scientists study the base metals, and the development of new uses for a number of Asarco by-products, arsenic, and little

Jan 11, 1951

NEW YORK SECTION ALLEN H. ROGERS, Chairman, H. C. PARMELEE, vice-chairman, FOREST RUTHERFORD, Vice-chairman, W. S. DICKSON, Secretary, 71 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, N. Y. J. E. JOHNSON, JR. F. T. RUBIDGE, Treasurer, P. G. SPILSBURY A meeting of the New York Section was held at The Machinery Club on Friday evening, Oct. 4, 1918, The Chairman, Allen H. Rogers, presiding. The CHAIRMAN.-MOST of us, I suppose, have been affected more or less by The request of The Fuel Administration that we leave our automobiles standing in The garages on Sundays. We shall all be interested in hearing about The situation that has called forth This, request, and The Oil Administrator, Mr. Requa, has kindly come from Washington to Tell us about it. MARK L. REQUA.-I am very glad To Tell you about the oil problem during This war period. The United States is supplying by far The greater part of all The petroleum products consumed in Great Britain, France and Italy. In addition To This, we have had To supply a marked increase in our domestic consumption, not only of The refined products, but of fuel oil as well. The combination has put a strain on The oil industry, which it is very difficult To meet. The oil companies, being under contract, had no option as To who should get Their oil first, and They were delivering pro rata To everybody; manufacturers of furniture were getting oil with The same regularity as Those who were making aeroplanes or munitions, and The oil companies felt that something should be done. The first order with which I had. anything To do was The priority list for The delivery of fuel oil. That list contained 12 classifications, beginning with bunker fuel and railroads, and you will realize The complexity of The situation when you hear that munitions plants are in class 11. The priority list held during The winter, but transportation became so bad, because of The number of ships that were Taken for trans-Atlantic use, that some of The oil companies were not able To deliver more Than about 60 per cent. into class 5, and nothing beyond that point. To add To the Troubles, the Tank-car mileage fell off. The average for 1917 was about 36 miles per car per day. in January, 1918, it dropped To about 8 miles, and it must have been nearly zero in The early part. of February. Because of The extremely severe winter, furthermore, pipe lines were not delivering anywhere near Their normal capacity. A new priority list has recently been promulgated, introducing a few slight changes. Natural gas has been brought under its provisions, and it has been extended To include The Pacific Coast, which was not considered necessary last winter. The situation in The gas industry is not satisfactory; it is estimated that There will be a decrease of 10 To 20 per cent. in The quantity of natural gas available This winter, as compared with last winter.

Jan 11, 1918

By Richard H. Mote, W. C. Schroeder

The endlessly changing pattern of mineral supply and demand offers opportunity to the alert and can bring disaster to the unwary. The discovery of ore bodies, the invention of extractive processes, the provision of new transport facilities, the political stabilization of underdeveloped areas, and many other changes can increase supply dramatically. Such new outpourings of mineral wealth from ore bodies bring fortunes to their developers, and consumers frequently find their competitive positions decidedly improved by new and cheap sources of supply. On the other hand, operators of marginal properties can find competition from newly opened high-grade mines intolerable. Consumers that have depended on the products of nearby, high-cost mines may find new, remote, low-cost supplies advantageous only to their competitors. The invention of new prospecting methods can have spectacular effects. Shortly after World War I the discovery rate of petroleum pools began to decline. The leading prospecting technique of that day, the projection downward of surface reflections of geologic structure, was proving less rewarding. Prophets foretold an oil shortage in the near future. But at that very moment scientists were perfecting the application of seismic waves to reveal underground oil-bearing geologic structures. As these geophysical methods were put into commercial use the whole outlook changed-the problem of the 1930's became how to cope with the surplus from discovery, not how to meet the ever rising demand. Many lead mines were being abandoned as unprofitable about this same time because the penalties charged by smelters for the zinc in the ores and concentrates more than counterbalanced the payments for lead and silver. Then selective flotation (at the time called differential flotation) appeared,

Jan 1, 1959

PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE LOCAL SECTION On Saturday evening, Jan. 31, 1914, about 40 members of the Institute met at the Hotel Sterling, Wilkes Barre, Pa., for the purpose of discussing plans for the formation of a local section in the Pennsylvania anthracite region. President Rand; Prof. Joseph W. Richards, of the Board of Directors; Dr. H. M. Chance, Chairman of the Committee on Coal and Coke, and Secretary Stoughton were among the guests present. R. V. Norris acted as Master of Ceremonies, and the arrangements were all made in advance by a Committee under the leadership of Charles Enzian, to whom an enthusiastic vote of thanks was accorded at the dinner. An address was made by President Rand, followed by .Professor Richards, who outlined the procedure necessary for the formation of a Local Section. Addresses were then made by W. J. Richards, F. W. Chase,. C. F. Huber, R. J. Foster, F. A. Hill, H. M. Chance, Bradley Stoughton, and others, after which a rising vote was taken, and it was unanimously decided to petition the Board of. Directors for the establishment of the Pennsylvania -Anthracite Local Section. More than the required number of members then signed -the petition, and President Rand announced the appointment of a Committee to organize the Section and arrange for a meeting in accordance with their By-Laws, consisting of R. V. Norris, W. J. Richards, R. J. Foster, Edwin Ludlow, C. F. Huber, Charles Enzian, Douglas Bunting, F. A. Hill, and J. M. Humphrey.

Jan 2, 1914