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By R. Augsten, K. K. Feng, K. C. Cheng

"Methane emission and the desorption characteristics of vertical borehole coal samples of Greenhills multiple seams in the vicinity of Elkford, British Columbia were investigated. Three vertical boreholes at depths of 335 m, 380 m and 395 m were drilled along the west wall of an active open pit mine and 44 core samples from various coal seams were obtained for desorption studies.The results are presented in three tables and illustrated with six figures. The methane content was found to increase significantly at depths greater than 200 m. The adsorption equation by Kim and the properties of the coal have been used to predict the methane content and these were compared with the measured values by the direct method.IntroductionThe coalification of plant material in the sedimentary rock produces different ranks of co al and gases of various composition. The gas mixtures are retained in coal beds and rock strata under pressure. The gas content in a coal bed varies considerably depending on the rank of coal and the depth of overburden. The gas content is defined as the volume of gases adsorbed in a unit weight of coal materials. The net amount of gases remaining in a coal seam depends on the difference in the rate of generation of methane by geo-thermal heat and the rate of diffusion of the gases out of the coal bed through sedimentary cover. The major factor that causes the change in rank and the liberation of gases is the temperature, which is governed by the thermal conductivity of sedimentary cover and the heat flux through the underlying rocks. The rate of diffusion of the gases out of the coal is governed by the porosity of the overlying rocks and the degree of fracture. The measured values of gas content in major North American coal beds are from zero up to 24 cm3 per gram of coal(1,2). A gas content of 2.5 to 9 cm3/g is considered ""gassy"" and that of 9 cm3/g or higher is considered ""very gassy"" for underground mining(3). Normally, the gas mixtures released from bituminous coal in Canada contain 90 to 98% methane and the remainder is made up of CO2, N2, 02, H2, He and other hydrocarbons(4)."

Jan 1, 1984

By B. D. H. Knights, M. A. W. Bryson

Flotation of PGM ores, specifically UG-2, presents a number of technical challenges. These centre on the prevalence of chromite. Subject to over-grinding, chromite is primarily recovered to the flotation product through entrainment. This is of unique concern as it must be kept below a threshold for downstream smelting, with significant operational and monetary penalties being imposed should it exceed this concentration. A number of strategies have been developed to maximise PGM recovery in the presence of this unwanted contaminant. Specialised flowsheets form a vital basis and advanced control algorithms further enhance PGM recovery while minimising the recovery of chromite. Advances in Mineral Processing Science and Technology Proceedings of the 48th Annual Conference of Metallurgists of CIM Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Edited by

Jan 1, 2009

By Jinsuo Zhang

Investment in coal resource development is affected by a variety of uncertain factors. Investors can make a flexible, strategic decision to achieve the value of risk implicated in those uncertain factors. Therefore, based on real-option theory, we identified key uncertain factors that affect a coal resource investment project, and revealed the formation mechanism of option value in coal resource developing investment project. Then, a multi-factor decision making model was established for a coal resource development investment project with random changes of coal price, interest rate, convenience yield and production cost. Finally, we tested the model and analyzed relevant parameters by applying living data. Our results indicate this model reflects the value of risk implicated in uncertain factors for coal resource development investment, and is able to determine a critical point of decision making change when coal price and production cost varym respectively. By means of parameters analysis, the convenience yield has a positive effect on the project value. The interest rate has a negative effect.

Aug 1, 2013

By F. Duan, J. Pfarr, J. M. Goris

"The U.S. Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the Homestake Mining Co. and the University of Utah, is conducting a field demonstration to evaluate the behaviour of rock masses supported with cable bolts. One of two rock masses being studied is supported with both conventional and birdcage cables. This rock mass is located between the 6500 and 6650 levels of the 45-48N stope, 21 ledge. The second rock mass is the hanging wall of the D-limb stope between the 3500 and 3650 levels near the Ross Shaft and is supported with conventional cables. The primary objectives of the project are to monitor the behaviour of the two rock masses during mining using extensometers and cable support strain gauges, after which the rock will be modelled using the finite-element code UTAH III. Field data will be used to verify the modelling. In addition, a comparison between the effectiveness of conventional and birdcage cables will be made.45-48N StopeThe 45-48N stope is located in the 21 ledge between the 6500 and 6650 levels and contains about 233 000 short tons of mineable ore. The orebody lies within the Homestake Formation and is very irregular being approximately 200 ft long and 75 ft wide. Between the 6500 and 6650 levels, it dips from 35 degrees to 60 degrees east with a near-vertical plunge to the south. Mineralization is characterized by arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite with minor gold. The contact between the Homestake and the overlying Ellison Formation creates a plane of weakness along localized graphitic layers. The footwall dips at approximately 60 degrees but between 100 ft and 120 ft above the 6650 level , the hanging wall flattens to almost 20 degrees causing a significant mining problem."

Jan 1, 1991

By Eugene Larochelle

The serpentine of the Eastern Townships of Quebec is more or less seamed and impregnated with chrysotile asbestos, of which we note two types: the cross-fibre and the disseminated fibre. The cross-fibre type always appears in fibres or crystals arranged parallel to one another, and disposed at right angles to the walls of the matrix serpentine. The length of fibre of these veins, which run in every conceivable direction, even crossing ?one another, varies from microscopie dimensions to three and sometimes four and even five inches. It is the principal form of asbestos found in the serpentine of Thetford Mines, Black Lake, Coleraine, and Asbestos. The disseminated-fibre type, which is the main product of the serpentine of Broughton township, in which ate located the mines at East Broughton, does not form veins, but occurs in the serpentine without any definite arrangement. There is a difference in the toughness and hardness of the rock of the two types, the Broughton serpentine being softer than that at Thetford. The disseminated-fibre section of the serpentine belt is probably more regular in its content than is the cross-fibre section. Nevertheless, it contains no 'crude,' which is the most valuable of asbestos, and the fibre is usually shorter than the cross-fibre average.

Jan 1, 1928

By T Nakamura, M. Itoh

Most of the used cathode ray tube (CRT) glass in Japan, which contains lead oxide, was exported and recycled in overseas factories of new CRTs. However, domestic treatment and recycling of waste CRT glass has become necessary because overseas CRT factories have shut down and exports of CRT glass have stopped. Some of the waste CRT glass recycled domestically is charged in lead blast furnaces instead of silica flux, because there is no local reproduction route for glass that contains lead. However, the mass of CRT glass that can be treated in this manner is limited because of its high silica content. Consequently, additional treatment methods for waste CRT glass are required so that more can be used as a lead smelting material. In this study, waste CRT glass was treated with hydrofluoric acid to dissolve the silica contained in the glass, and the dissolved lead was recovered by precipitation. Lead metal was recovered by electrodeposition from the prepared hexafluorosilicic acid solution.

Jan 1, 2011

By L. Bichler

Utilizing thermal analysis techniques, pioneering research into the solidification mechanism of a popular magnesium alloy AZ91E cast by the Lost Foam Casting (LFC) process was carried out, Foam characteristics, section thickness and application of vacuum were seen to have profound effect on the cooling rate, thermal gradients and casting temperature profiles.

Jan 1, 2005

By Free. Michael L.

Crushing ore prior to heap leaching enhances mineral liberation and creates fine particles that may require agglomeration to avoid permeability problems during leaching. Conventional modeling is relatively successful in describing general fluid flow and extraction in heaps. However, most models do not adequately account for the effects of mineral liberation and exposure or the effects of agglomeration, curing, and loading on heap leach performance. This paper will discuss methods to account for mineral liberation and exposure as a function of comminution. It will also discuss methods for incorporating liberation, exposure, and mineral locking as well as curing and fluid flow in heap leach modeling. It will also provide information regarding agglomeration and the effect of loading in heap leach modeling.

Jan 1, 2014

By Susan W. Campbell, Bruce Regensburg

"The CIM Careers Task Force has addressed industry's concern of a perceived shortage of skilled personnel over the coming decade. The industry is faced with a fundamental shift by young Canadians away from scientific and engineering careers, coupled with the fact that today 's students know little about the minerals industry and have a poor image of it.The responses to two questionnaires which were distributed to CIM members, government, professional associations, and educational institutions, formed the backbone of the Task Force position paper, which presents a shopping list of ideas and initiatives for consideration and to facilitation by the various organizations concerned.Tackling the image of the minerals industry is part of the answer to the careers crisis. On the positive side, the minerals industry provides the allure of a treasure hunt for young people and is seen as a significant contributor to the economy. It is understood to be well paying, provide good opportunities for advancement, individualism, and travel, and to be rich in esprit de corps. Enhancement of these positive aspects of the image can take place at all student age levels.Numerous initiatives tackle the negative aspects of the image. Young people perceive the industry to be environmentally damaging, which is the most crucial aspect that needs to be addressed. The industry is seen as still in the pick-and-shovel days and as a sunset industry that is running out of ore. Work in the minerals industry is perceived as dangerous and lacking glamour. And finally, the perceived remoteness of operations and exploration is seen as a drawback to a largely urbanized student group.Tackling young peoples' curiosity and interest in the minerals industry throughout grade school and encouraging postsecondary science and engineering students to enter the minerals industry by ensuring summer employment is the second part of the equation.The CIM Careers Task Force position paper develops strategy to attract and maintain interest of students in grade school, junior high, senior high school, and in post-secondary levels. The strategy outlines initiatives targetted at each of the educational levels and action plans to accomplish the objectives."

Jan 1, 1993

By P. J. Urso

"This paper discusses the mining problems encountered at the Fording River coal mine to date, and how they have been solved. All of the production now comes from surface mining, but underground hydraulic mining is planned and briefly described. Other facets of the operation, including markets, equipment and personnel, are covered. IntroductionFording Coal Limited was formed in 1968 to mine and market metallurgical coal resources held by the company in the East Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia. The company, at its Fording River operations, holds approximately 48,000 acres of coal lands, having an estimated 2.0 to 3.0 billion long tons of metallurgical coal in place. (Although not a point for further discuss ion in this paper, the company also holds approximately 1.0 million acres of mineral rights. These consist primarily of coal in Alberta, potash and coal in Saskatchewan, and minor industrial mineral holdings of limestone, salt and bentonite in the three western provinces.)Fording Coal is owned 60% by Canadian Pacific Investments Ltd. and 40% by Cominco Ltd. Inasmuch as Cominco itself is owned approximately 54% by CPI, it is seen that the effective CPI ownership of Fording is about 82%. The company, originally staffed and managed by Cominco, has been independent since January, 1978, with its own board of directors, management, staff and employees.The company's head office is in Calgary, Alberta. The Fording River operations are located approximately 45 miles north of the Crowsnest Pass, near the Alberta/British Columbia boundary, only 95 air miles and 200 road miles from Calgary.A contract was signed in 1969 with the Japanese steel mills to provide 45 million long tons of metallurgical coal over IS years, commencing in 1972 at an annual rate of 3 million long tons per year. Despite some start- up difficulties, the mine and plant facilities achieved their rated capacities in 1975, producing and shipping at the 3-million-Iong-ton level. The coal specifications are shown in Table I."

Jan 1, 1980

By Neil J. Sullivan, Goode. George E.

"The Adams mine, operated by Jones & Laughlin Mining Company, Ltd. and located near Kirkland Lake, Ontario, produces one million tons of iron ore pellets per year. This paper briefly describes the mining and concentrating operation and deals mainly with the operation of the pellet plant. The orebody consists of fine-grained magnetite and some hematite, with alternating layers of chert, and is mined by conventional open-pit methods. After crushing and grinding, the ore is concentrated by magnetic separation and flotation. Agglomeration is accomplished by the grate-kiln pelletizing process. The plant layout and general operation will be discussed in detail."

Jan 1, 1968

By Robert B. Parsons

"Thrashing one's way through a jungle of entangled tax rules is no easy task today, as Canada's legislators continue to complicate this country's income tax laws. At some magical point, there is presumably some balance to be struck between legislation which is equitable and unambiguous on the one hand, and at the same time is efficiently complied with and administered. It is becoming increasingly clear that the legislation is not in balance, and that there is a pressing need for some simplification of the income tax rules and regulations especially in areas of critical importance to the resource industries-even though such simplification will likely involve some sacrifice of equity and certainty.Introduction""I would wish that ... the superfluous and tedious statutes were brought into one sum together, and made more plain and short, to the intent that men might better understand them."" Edward VI, King of England 1547-1553.Regal decree notwithstanding, the legislation of most developed nations continues to become more complex, lengthy, and confusing than ever before. Canada's income tax system cannot escape the accusatory finger pointing at examples of this serious problem which plagues all of us today.Although many areas of our tax law could easily warrant some degree of simplification, for those who are involved with this country's resource sector, that horrendous, almost unreadable, part of our tax legislation which deals with resource taxation must be regarded s a prime candidate for simplification. In recent decades, but particularly in the past ten years since tax reform in 1972, budget after budget, both federal and provincial, have amended, massaged, modified, and manipulated the resource tax rules to the point where not only are taxpayers totally lost in their attempts to make some sense of the entanglement of rules, but also the draftsmen themselves acknowledge that the outer limits of complexity are being reached, and that the whole set of rules is on the verge of grinding to a groaning halt under its own weight of nonsense and frustration."

Jan 1, 1982

By A. Nielsen

"The Polaris mining operation (Fig. I) is located on Little Cornwallis Island in the Canadian Arctic, an area with a very limited shipping season and a hostile climate. The operation consists of the underground works, barge-mounted concentrator facilities, concentrate storage and shipping facilities, a personnel accommodation complex and an airstrip.The electrical energy for the operation is provided by four 2.3 MW diesel-generators installed on the barge. The power is distributed through a 4.16 KV system connected directly to the generators and to the large motors. All other loads are supplied at 600 V or 120 V.The power plant has been designed as a Total Energy System with maximum energy efficiency and thus designed for maximum heat recovery. The waste heat recovered on a year 'round basis is expected to be sufficient for the process heating and drying as well as the space heating for offices and accommodations. The engine cooling system consists of two glycol-water loops, a "" cold"" loop for charge air and lube oil cooling and a ""warm"" loop for jacket water cooling. Each loop is complete with heat exchangers f or heat recovery and out-door forced air radiators to dispose of excess heat. A water loop in the concentrator area transfers the heat from the jacket water loop and the exhaust gas boiler to the space heating equipment, the process and the heating system for the accommodations. Part of the exhaust gas is diverted to the concentrate dryers.IntroductionThe Polaris Mine is a highly mechanized, trackless mine with access through a decline. Drill equipment is electrically powered to minimize fumes and heat. Dry development and production drilling eliminates the need for an underground water supply system.The concentrator, power generators, work shops and auxiliary facilities are located on a barge which is beached in a prepared berth on the shore of Crozier Strait. Oil storage tanks, concentrate storage and accommodation buildings are built on shore. The concentrate storage building ha s a 12-month capacity and is fed from the concentrator by a conveyor system.The accommodation building houses up to 240 people, includes administration office, dining and recreation facilities. The complex is housed in on e interconnected building with public use areas alternating with accommodation units.At full production annual concentrate shipments will amount to about 220,000 wet tonnes. This will be accommodated by about 8 shipments during the regular shipping period-August 15 to October 15. Re-supply of general cargo and fuel will be carried out annually in about 3 shipments within the same period."

Jan 1, 1984

The recovery of fine hydrophilic gangue in flotation is related to the recovery of water. Water is carried by bubbles as a film and wake into the froth. The amount carried (entrained) depends on bubble size, gas rate and the subject of this paper, frother type. To isolate the effect of frother type from that of bubble size and gas rate, gas holdup is used as the correlating variable. Measurements were made using a bubble column (no solids) operated continuously with the overflow recycled. Continuous operation meant some foam depth was required to ensure only entrained water is recovered. Using an automatically controlled 7cm foam depth the overflow rate of water is used as a measure of 'water carrying rate'. It is shown that the common frothers can be grouped into four families based on the water carrying rate-gas holdup relationship.

Jan 1, 2006

By A. Ismail

"The paper takes its material from three peat mining and power project feasibility studies sponsored by CANMET and conducted by Montreal Engineering Company Ltd. in the years 1976 to 1980. The role which peat may play in the Canadian energy prospectus is outlined, estimated and measured fuel peat resources are tabulated, and the economic and technical feasibility of mining peat for power generation is reviewed Recommendations are made for future work, and construction and disbursement schedules are developed for a combined peat mining and power generation project. The relationship between the mining of moss and fuel peat is discussed.IntroductionWhereas moss peat has long been produced in Canada, and exported for horticultural use , the underlying fuel peat has received little attention until fairly recently.In the seventies, however, the deepening oil crisis spurred Canadian interest in Irish, Finnish and Russian experiences in the utilization of fuel peat. Among others, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada had long been alive to the possibilities which indigenous peat offers, and in 1976 the Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET encouraged a proposal from Monenco to carry out a preliminary study and submit a report on the "" Assessment of Canadian Peat as an Alternative Fuel for Power Generation"". The report was submitted in April 1977. This was the first of a series of studies, and the authors of this paper were involved in its preparation.The escalating price of oil and the increasing problem of relying on its availability have combined to make alternative fuels more attractive. Peat, like other fuels previously uneconomic because oil was cheap, is now progressively gaining in viability. In addition to these factors, the utilization of peat has the following advantages: improvement in the country's balance of payments, by virtue of burning an indigenous fuel;creation of local employment for the mining of peat; improvement in land utilization;peat is a relatively clean-burning fuel, with low sulphur and ash contents."

Jan 1, 1980

By A. F. Beck

Abstract Canada has opened up a geological province in ?Western Canada which offers a new .stimulus to oil exploration geophysics. The problems of instrumental technique, interpretation, and logistics involved in the exploration of this new territory are presented in this paper and some of the efforts being undertaken to overcome them are discussed. The scope of this programme, its possible trend and extent, especially when viewed .against the background of the exploration effort in the United States, is touched upon. Introduction The science of earth physics was first applied to the search for oil on this continent some twenty-five years ago when torsion balance and refraction seismic methods were initiated in the Gulf Coast area of the United States. Since that time advances in the various branches of the science have been sporadic as new fields for their use opened up in the search for deep salt domes as well as less well-defined geological structures; in the application to well logging as part of the exploitation of petroleum; and in underwater surveys, aerial surveys, etc. In the present paper, attention has been concentrated only on the Western Canada plains area because of the recent remarkable growth of geophysics as an oil finding technique in this region. The other prospective oil areas of the West Coast and the Eastern Provinces of Canada are at present of minor importance, although they will undoubtedly receive increasing consideration in the future as accessibility to markets becomes a major factor and more improved geophysical and geological techniques are developed. A vast province in Canada, covering some 655,000 square miles of prospective oil territory (approximately one-half of the prospective oil area in the United States), has provided the new sphere of activity for geophysics (see Figures 1 and 2). Included in this area are immense inaccessible, uninhabited frozen regions which pose a new problem in logistics and operational techniques.

Jan 1, 1950

By L. E. Djingheuzian

"ForewordTHE FOLLOWING excerpt is taken from Fine Grinding Investigations at Lake Shore Mines (C.I.M., Trans., Vol. XLIII, 1940, p. 307):""MacCalman, who has carried out exhaustive testing on the accuracy of screen analysis, makes the following statement in his report, The Accuracy of Sieving Tests, Industrial Chemistry (London, England), Vol. XIV, p. 231:"" 'It will be shown that, as no specific relationship between the sieving value and the various dimensional features of the sieve is evident, though there is an apparent tendency for the sieving value to follow the average aperture size, it is apparently impossible to define the sieving value of a screen from dimensions alone, and the calibration of sieves for important tests on a specific material, whereby the sieving values of these sieves are related to that of an arbitrarily chosen master sieve by correction values, will be recommended."" 'It will be emphasized that these correction values are probably not applicable to other materials, or the same material of different size composition. Sieve users, for important tests or in cases of dispute, will be recommended to calibrate their sieves against a mutually acceptable standard with specified conditions of test, and to recalibrate at intervals' ""."

Jan 1, 1953

By L. A. Forsyth

"SINCE I received and accepted your invitation to present to this meeting a paper on A Canadian Integrated Coal and Steel Industry, I have given the subject a great deal of intensive study.Two conclusions have emerged from my considerations: first, that the subject should be dealt with by a person having a firm grasp of its technical aspects; and second, that it is a subject which requires expert analysis of the complicated problems it presents in pure economics.A third conclusion inevitably results from the two just mentioned -namely, that the mantle of the prophet which has been draped up-on my shoulders is too large for me to wear, because I am neither a practical nor a theoretical coal and steel man; and I am not an economist.With the warning that I have discovered, and am keenly conscious of, the inadequacy of my background for the task, I shall attempt to place before you those aspects of my subject which appear to high-light it from a layman's point of view.In the first place, in .order to avoid confusion as between my audience and myself, some definition of terms may be required.As I interpret it I am discussing -a coal and steel industry, using the last word in the generic and not the unit sense, self-sufficient in the provision of all its needs from within the geographical limits of Canada.Now, I start with the proposition that, in the very broadest aspects of such a concept, the Corporation of which I happen to be the executive head meets my definition as a combination of operations resulting in one fully integrated unit of a coal and steel industry."

Jan 1, 1952

By H. C. Cooke

"This paper has reference in a general way to the region extending from the north shore of lake Buron to the northern limit of the elliptical-shaped area generally known as the Sudbury Basin, and more especially to the district lying south of the Basin (Fig. 3). Attention is concentrated mainly on the structure of the district and, as space does not permit of much geological description, it is assumed that the reader has some knowledge of the general geology. The accompanying table outlines the sequence of the rock formations according to the most recent available information; for further details the interested reader may consult the publications of the various authors mentioned in the paper.STRUCTURE OF THE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS SOUTH OF THE SUDBURY IRRUPTIVEThe rocks south of the Sudbury irruptive, excluding certain intrusives, are, in order from north to south:(1) A band of basic lavas.(2) A band of well-bedded greywackes and quartzites, long termed the McKim greywacke.(3) The Copper Cliff formation, with McKim greywacke' both to the north and south.(4) The Ramsay Lake conglomerate.(5) A thick quartzite formation.All these rocks strike approximately east-northeast, dip steeply south, and generally face south, though there are local exceptions."

Jan 1, 1954

By L. Yuan, J. H. Rowland, R. A. Thomas, D. Bahrami, G. P. Cole

"The past several decades have seen a steady increase in the use of atmospheric monitoring systems (AMS) in underground mines as sensor technology has advanced and costs for this technology have decreased. The AMS is a reliable tool for early mine fire warning by detecting gaseous products of combustion in underground mines. During a mine fire emergency, mine decision makers rely heavily on the prompt and accurate knowledge of the ventilation and fire situation in the mine, such as fire location, fire size, and the spread of smoke to make effective and efficient decisions on firefighting strategies and miner evacuation. Meanwhile, a prediction of the potential for fire development at a later time, such as whether the currently designated mine escapeways will be contaminated by smoke and toxic gases with the progress of the fire, is critical for effective decision-making to save lives that are in danger. The AMS monitoring data, including carbon monoxide (CO) concentration, airflow rate, smoke, etc., can provide information as to whether the smoke has reached the locations where AMS sensors are installed and if a mine-wide smoke spread has occurred. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has undertaken a task to integrate real-time AMS monitoring data with the mine fire simulation program, MFIRE, to simulate and predict the spread of smoke and toxic gas in a ventilation network based on the real-time AMS data. This paper reports the developed real-time method for characterizing the size and location of an underground mine fire and for predicting the spread of contaminants throughout the mine ventilation network using sensor data from the AMS.INTRODUCTIONNIOSH conducts research to develop workplace solutions to improve detection of and reduce the risk of hazardous conditions in underground mines. The advancement of senor technology and the increasing demand for real-time mine parameters monitoring have led to extended applications of atmospheric monitoring systems (AMS) in underground mines worldwide. In the United States, AMS is primarily used for early mine fire warning by detecting carbon monoxide (CO) in fire hazard areas, such as belt entries. Mine fires can grow rapidly, and time is the critical element. Prompt detection, timely and accurate warnings to those miners potentially affected, and a proficient response by underground miners can have a tremendous impact on the social and economic consequence of a small underground mine fire (Conti et al., 2005). The early detection of a mine fire could gain time for the first responders to put out the fire before it develops into a disaster. An AMS system with CO sensors has especially played an important role in the early detection of mine fires. The continuous monitoring of an underground mine atmosphere with an AMS could generate a large amount of data in a mine fire event. However, the current application of AMS is mainly limited to sending out an alarm when monitored CO concentration exceeds a certain level. An opportunity arises as to whether these data can be further used in fire emergency response. In order to make effective decisions on firefighting strategies, mine workers’ seeking refuges, evacuation and escape, and the timing on when to send rescuers, decision makers need accurate and timely knowledge of the ventilation and fire situation in the mine. Information about the fire intensity, where in the mine the smoke and toxic gases have spread, and whether designated mine escapeways have been compromised by smoke and toxic gases from the fire would greatly increase the effectiveness of these decisions. However, the monitored AMS data only provides atmospheric conditions in the vicinity of sensor locations. What is concluded from the monitored AMS data highly depends on the decision makers’ capability and experience. Predictive insight into fire growth and smoke transport would greatly help decision makers during a fire emergency."

Jan 1, 2019