Search Documents

FOR rapidly marking in geological and topographical features on parish plans, the author has used the Veeder cyclometer with very satisfactory results. A simple Veeder cyclometer, usually retailed at cycle depots at 4s., is fixed to the axle of the front wheel of an ordinary bicycle. The cyclometer is desigued to read in miles and tenths of miles, which are recorded through gearing actuated by a striker on a spoke of the bicycle wheel engaging one of the vanes of the cyclometer once every revolution.By using 80 strikers the reading would be in chains and tenths of chains; therefore the use of 8 strikers gives the reading in chains, utilizing all the figures. The cyclometer is designed to be placed on the right-hand side of the bicycle, and takes up a minimum of space, being only about the size of the top joint of the thumb. With some makes of cycles there is insufficient clearance, so the cyclometer must then be placed on the left side, and the 8 strikers made to engage the top vanes, as shown in the sketch (Fig. 1).Very accurate readings can be obtained by this instrument. The author has found by numerous tests that the maximum error...

Jan 1, 1916

ALTHOUGH the development of the various flotation processes during the last 8 years has been so revolutionary, this development has been, until recently, entirely confined to the separation of the gangue from the mixed metalliferous sulphides.The desirability of finding some method of separating the independent sulphides from such a miXture, by means of flotation, has long been recognized. ThIS need was emphasized when the slimes resulting from the grinding of Broken Hill sulphide ores were for the first time successfully dealt with by the Mineral Separation Company's process on the Central mine. This process proved the practicability of separating the sulphides of lead and zinc as a mixed concentrate from the gangue present in slime. Although this was a very notable achievement, the process has not been generally used, owing to the mixed lead and zinc concentrates resulting from the treatment being acceptable neither to the zinc nor the lead smelters.Although the introduction of eucalyptus oil in minute quantities as an emulsifying agent has simplified the work of the subsequent tabling of mixed sulphide concentrates, rendering unnecessary the burning off or removal of the oil, there will always be a considerable quantity of slimy product too fine to settle on the moving surface of the concentrating machines, and therefore requiring other means for its division into lead and zinc concentrates.

Jan 1, 1912

In the plumbing of vertical shafts the methods employed and equipment used, are generally made to best suit existing conditions. Undoubtedly, there is no method that can be called standard or that can be used with equal ease and success on all shafts. At the Mount Isa Mines Limited property in Northern Queensland, Australia, local conditions have presented no major difficulties to be overcome in shaft plumbing work. In fact, compared to those at many shafts, the problem has been rather simple. There are three vertical shafts connecting main mine workings, with the greatest plumbing depth for any single lift, 350 ft.Other conditions pertaining to plumbing work have been generally normal.The method we have employed is, in principle, similar to the Weisbach orientation method with a variation that does not necessitate damping of the wires to bring them to rest. Although conditions encountered have not been such that damping the wires would have been inconvenient, we feel we have saved much time and eliminated unnecessary...

Jan 1, 1940

By D Chalmers, C R. Ward, B B. Beamish

Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) has re-emerged as a major concern in the Australian coal mining industry. Harmful effects from coal dust inhalation have been well documented, but the underlying causes and mechanisms of CWP are still debatable. Research conducted in the USA has proposed a plausible link between the presence of pyrite in coal and the prevalence of CWP. Reactive pyrite in coal oxidises under ambient mine conditions to produce various iron sulfate minerals such as melanterite, rozenite, roemerite and szomolnokite. Rapid reaction rates are promoted by the form (size and morphology) of the reactive pyrite present, which provides both increased surface area and increased porosity for easy air access to reaction sites. The products formed from reactive pyrite oxidation are often needle-like crystals with thicknesses in the order of 1–2 µm (eg melanterite and rozenite) and prismatic crystals with thicknesses less than 5 µm (eg roemerite) have been recorded. The densities of these minerals are significantly less than quartz, which makes them prone to becoming airborne with the normal coal dust. In fact, the mix of these mineral salts is commonly referred to as ‘fairy dust’ by mine workers due to the way they can become entrained and sparkle in the mine ventilation air, particularly if they occur in the upper part of a seam that is forming a coal roof. Examples are presented of the various products of reactive pyrite oxidation found in three Australian coal samples, which provide evidence of the physical and chemical mechanisms that would support the USA findings, particularly in terms of a source of bioavailable iron leading to increased inflammatory stress response.CITATION:Beamish, B B, Ward, C R and Chalmers, D, 2017. Products of reactive pyrite oxidation in the mine environment – implications for coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, in Proceedings Australian Mine Vent Conference 2017, pp 87–92 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 28, 2017

By A G. L Pratt

Operational readiness is a commonly used term in mining and many other industry settings. However, translating this term into a coherent scope of work that is practical and meaningful is a challenge faced by many mining projects. This inhibits the allocation of resources to the work and its completion. The problem is with understanding how the terminology applies to establishing a mining operation. Resolving this problem requires clarity around what operational readiness means for a mining project’s transition to operations and who owns the tasks of completing operational readiness. The motivation for resolution of this problem is in appreciating the consequences arising from any lack of clarity in definition of this task, the timing of the work, and ownership for its completion. In broad terms, these consequences amount to an erosion of value at a critical time for both the new mine and the company and shareholders. This situation often arises where operational readiness is not adequately addressed in project’s study phases. As a result, neither time, resources nor money are adequately provided to complete the work required. In other cases, operational readiness is sometimes assimilated with the delivery of the project’s physical assets by the project’s construction team, rather than aligned with the establishment of the operating team to deliver the desired operational outputs. This paper argues that operational readiness starts in a project’s study phases and flows through into the start of operations. The definition of operational readiness is discussed as a task, and a model for its planning and completion is presented. This discussion includes assigning ownership for operational readiness planning and delivery to the General Manager of a new operation and the operations leadership team, who are central to the success of this work. After all, the reputations of this leadership team depend on the performance of the operation in its first few years. The author’s work over the last 20 years, leading operational readiness programs and the preparation of feasibility studies for mining projects, has provided the insights and evolution of ideas that are central to this paper. Operational readiness is fundamentally directed at ensuring a new mining operation gets away to a successful start and builds a solid foundation for the future of the mine/operation/province. It requires clarity of purpose, ownership and coordination by people in the operating team, and their preparation of the requisite process definition and establishment of the significant relationships required for operations. Without its successful completion, it is unlikely the new operation will meet and sustain its start-up targets. This paper discusses a practical approach to operational readiness for mining projects.

Mar 29, 2023

Heap leaching of copper sulphide and oxide ores' has been conducted at Rum Jungle since the end of 1965.A review of operations was made and this led to an examination of some theoretical aspects of copper sulphide heap leaching. Ox,ygen diffusion was indicated to be the factor controlling copper leaching rate at Rum Jungle and in other similar operations. Suggestions are made for measuring the heap leaching rate. Prediction of full scale operational results from pilot scale testwork are discussed.

Jan 1, 1969

By Garnsey R. G T, Wenk G. J, Toop A, Sowerby B. D

A bulk mineral analyser (BMA) suitable for the determination of Cu or Ni in bulk ore samples has been developed at the Lucas Heights Research Laboratories. This analyser, which uses the nuclear resonance scattering technique, is highly specific to the wanted element. The technique has previously been extensively field tested for copper at Mount Isa, Queensland.The present paper discusses the field trial in 1982 of a commercial prototype BMA for nickel. The trial was undertaken at the lateritic nickel mine at Greenvale, Queensland. The BMA and its shielding, together with a laboratory spectrum analyser, were sited in the sample shed adjacent to the workings. Two hundred and thirty-eight ore samples taken directly from the mine blastholes were assayed by the BMA. The average mass of sample was 12 kg, metal contents varied from 0.2 to 3.5 wt/per cent Ni and 4 to 43 wt/per cent Fe and free moisture varied from 11 to 55 wt/per cent. A measurement took 10 min to complete, although this time could have been reduced at the higher nickel grades. The r.m.s. deviation between BMA and chemical assays was 0.09 wt/per cent nickel. Iron and bulk density were also determined by the BMA, r.m.s. deviations being 1.7 wt/per cent and 0.03 g/cmJ respectively. Similar results could be expected from a BMA in routine industrial use at other nickel mines.

Jan 1, 1983

Although bismuth mineralization is spread widely through the Lachlan Fold Belt in New South Wales, broad grouping of the various deposits can be effected on the basis of geographical and geological (age and type of associated rocks) affinities. As a result, significant concentrations of bismuth can be recognized in the Mid-Western granites, Cobar-type ore, the Yass Silurian acid volcanic belt, and the Albury, Bega, Braidwoodand Bathurst districts.In these deposits bismuth generally occurs in minor amounts associated with molybdenite, wolframite, scheelite, cassiterite, chalcopyrite, galena, magnetite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, and native gold. From this group of minerals three broadly defined associations can be recognized.I. Bi-Sn-W-Mo2. Bi-Au( -Te)3. Bi-Pb-Cu(-Au)There may be some interchangeability of these metals, as instanced by occasional Bi-Cu-W-Mo mirleralization, but pyrite and/ or arsenopyrite are usually prominent in all associations.The first two of these associations occur mainly in the form of narrow quartz veins rarely averaging more than O· 3 per cent Bi, although there is often a marked enrichment in ferruginous material in the oxidized zone.Most of these veins occur within or adjacent to granitic rocks of varying ages (principally Silurian or Devonian), although Bi-Au mineralization tends to be related to more basic igneous activity than the Bi-Sn-W-Mo association.The latter is also occasionally developed in pipes, usually coarse-grained and richer in bismuth (as at Whipstick, the principal mine in New South Wales with a production of 343 tonnes of the metal), or in lower grade, but probably larger tonnage skarn deposits. The bismuth-base metal association occurs mainly in Silurian acid volcanic sequences and may also form low grade but large tonnage deposits, such as is possibly developed at Cobar.

Jan 1, 1973

By A-A Latscha, C Boyle

Geological modelling has historically been done using sectional interpretation of paper sections or on a computer screen. Boundaries of geological units or grade shells are interpreted by a geologist section by section and the shapes are drawn onto paper to be digitised later or they are directly digitised into a computer. This approach is referred to as explicit modelling. Such methods are time consuming if there are many section lines or boundaries to be interpreted. The number of metres drilled and resource models made is increasing each year and it will be difficult to keep up using explicit modelling methods. Alternatively, it is possible to use information carried in the drill holes, known geological relationships and point estimation methods in two or three dimensions, to create similar geology boundaries, while eliminating or at least greatly reducing the need to manually interpret and digitise detailed sectional interpretations. Such methods are referred to as implicit modelling and are available in a number of software packages. Implicit modelling approaches have been used in iron ore and found to significantly reduce the time needed for modelling while producing results that are comparable or better than standard explicit modelling approaches. A number of case studies have been undertaken of implicit modelling in iron ore deposits. Stratigraphic surfaces of bedded, folded and faulted iron ore deposits have been modelled in various deposits by Leapfrog Geo, GOCAD (with SKUA) and Vulcan Integrated Stratigraphic Modelling. Leapfrog Mining was used to model iron grade shells at particular cut-off grades. The modelled surfaces are of a high standard equivalent to those that could be produced by traditional explicit modelling but the time required by the implicit methods is far less. Implicit geological modelling is an active area of software development and improvements in software are likely.CITATION:Boyle, C and Latscha, A-A, 2013. Implicit geological modelling of iron ore deposits, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2013 , pp 57-66 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 12, 2013

By T M. Brettell, D Sidea

The CSA Mine is located in Cobar, New South Wales and is operated by Glencore. Large scale underground production started from 1965, with zinc, lead, silver and copper extracted in the past. The current operations focus on copper, with a silver co-product.From 2014 to 2016, Cobar Management Pty Ltd (CMPL) undertook a major capital project to upgrade the primary ventilation system at the CSA Mine. This involved the development of ten raises using full-face raise boring from surface to a depth of 1450 m. The total length of the raises was approximately 2500 m. Geotechnical conditions were identified as a key project risk during the early planning stages of the project. Timely quantification of the geotechnical risks was required to minimise project delays and cost overruns. Geotechnical investigations were planned and conducted for each raise prior to pilot drilling and full-face back reaming.Nine of the ten raises had final wall camera and laser baseline surveys completed following full-face reaming. The surveys were conducted progressively, allowing ongoing back analysis and calibration of geotechnical evaluations as the project advanced.This paper presents the design and planning process of the raise bored excavations. It details the geotechnical investigation work undertaken to mitigate the geotechnical risks and the challenges and learnings from the project including the benefits of close collaboration between the parties involved.CITATION:Sidea, D and Brettell, T M, 2017. The CSA ventilation upgrade – geotechnical challenges and learnings, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Underground Operators’ Conference 2017, pp 341–352 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 16, 2017

By C M. Wawryk, S L. Garwin, J D. Foden

"An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation. The Batu Hijau porphyry Cu-Au deposit in south-western Sumbawa, Indonesia is an ideal natural laboratory to study the fractionation of iron isotopes in magmatic rocks that range in composition from basaltic andesite to tonalite. Intrusive rocks are associated with a porphyry system that contains well-preserved early hypogene copper mineralisation. We analysed pre-, syn- and post-mineralisation igneous intrusive rocks. We also separated magnetite, chalcopyrite and bornite from hypogene porphyry-style quartz veins, and measured the Fe-isotope ratios of samples by solution multi-collector ICP-MS. Iron isotopic composition of samples from the magmatic suite show an increasing d57Fe with increasing SiO2, supporting geochemical and textural evidence that the Batu Hijau Tonalites underwent closed system fractionation. Equilibrium and co-existing mineral textures allow the calculation of the following preliminary empirical mineral-mineral fractionation factors at 500°C for certain mineral pairs.Iron isotopes have the potential to provide geothermometric data to complement fluid inclusion data, especially where heating stages have operational limitations and where fluid boiling results in a wide variety of inclusion types that may make analysis difficult.CITATION:Wawryk, C M, Foden, J D and Garwin, S L, 2015. Iron isotope fractionation in magmatic-hydrothermal minerals – a porphyry copper case study from the Batu Hijau deposit, Sumbawa, Indonesia, in Proceedings PACRIM 2015 Congress, pp 389–396 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 18, 2015

By A M. Hagni

Certain copper ores from the Nchanga Copper Mine in the northern Zambia Copperbelt are refractory with respect to conventional beneficiation techniques. This paper reviews recent study of those ores to determine their mineralogy, textures and nature of copper occurrence. Two suites of refractory ores were selected for study: 1.  samples of stockpiled ores from an open pit, and 2.  drill core samples from copper ores. Both sample suites are from the upper orebody at Nchanga and contain about 0.3 - 1.4 per cent copper as determined by atomic absorption, but they represent separate stratigraphic, mineralogical and beneficiation problems. Ore microscopic examination showed that fine-grained copper sulfides are totally lacking from both suites of refractory ores. Petrographic study found malachite in the refractory ores from the open pit, but that malachite probably is post-mine. The opaque mineralogy of the open pit refractory ores is dominated by goethite that occurs mostly as pseudomorphic grains after pyritohedral pyrite crystals that average 200 - 250 ¦m across. Haematite occurs as bands within or as outer shells of the goethite grains. Additional goethite occurs locally as finer-grained areas of exotic goethite. The opaque minerals in the drill core refractory ores are dominated by euhedral ilmenite crystals about 50 - 175 ¦m long. Anatase is the dominant opaque mineral in some drill core samples where it is largely pseudomorphic after ilmenite crystals. Goethite accompanies malachite in unusual drill core refractory ores that have experienced intense hydrothermal alteration. Thus, ore microscopy and petrography showed that fine-grained chalcopyrite and bornite and pre-mine malachite were not the causes of the refractory nature of the ores studied. Electron microprobe revealed that most of the copper occurred in solid solution within micas. Application of automated SEM techniques has provided a detailed understanding of the distribution of copper in these refractory ores.

Jan 1, 2008

Up to the end of World War n, flat-back cut and fill stoping with or without square sets was the universal method of ore extraction. Rapid changes in practice occurred during the post-war years; first, ore extraction was fully mechanized; secondly, the stope design for new levels, notably No. 17 Level Zinc Corporation Ltd. and No. 19 Level New Broken Hill Consolidated Ltd., was modified to suit this mechanization; and thirdly, sub-level and shrinkage stopes were developed in orebodies where cut and fill methods would be uneconomical. The following is a brief survey of the changes that have occurred-most of which were inaugurated during the last five years.ROCK DRILLINGDuring 1951 open stoping was investigated in detail. In order to reduce steel handling problems, forged steel onepass detachable bits were introduced, but were soon superseded by the "Swedish method". Investigation showed that when using a bar and arm mounted 3-in. drifter the overall drilling time was approximately 6 min. per ft. compared with 4 min. per ft. using the light jackhammer-airleg combination with 1-in. hex. by 4-in. collared shank tungsten carbide-tipped steel.Although competitive with tipped steels on a cost per foot drilled basis (excluding miner's time), detachable steel bits proved most unsatisfactory for hard drilling conditions.Rapid blunting necessitated frequent bit changes and thus caused lost drilling time. This, together with rapid gauge...

Jan 1, 1957

Mining education has received almost continuous discussion since its inception and most people engaged in the mining industry and in mining education feel at some time the urge and necessity to express their views. This paper is not a comprehensive survey of past and present practices and accepted principles, but a personal opinion of the form mining education should take at university level. It is expressed because of a dissatisfaction with the existing courses offered to students. It is hoped to provoke discussionand bring forth guidance to those engaged in mining education. After all, students spend four or five years at a university and it is desirable that the graduate should be something more than just those many years older at the end of his course.POST GRADUATE EMPLOYMENTThe first problem confronting the university should, be to discover what the mining industry wants and expects or graduates. This must influence the university course and yet universities have done little to seek this information, and if suggestions have been offered by industry; universities appear to have made little use of them. University mining curricula are basically what they were 50, 100 and even 200 years ago. (See Appendix.) Whether this reflects the unchanging problems of mining the wisdom of early professors, the conservatism of subsequent professors or inability to apprectate necessity for changes, is debatable.Unfortunately there is no uniformity in the type of employment offered to new graduates: Some mining...

Jan 1, 1959

By B Orchard

New Zealand SteelÆs Waikato North Head mine, situated at the mouth of the Waikato River, supplies approximately 1.2 million tonnes per annum of titanomagnetite concentrate to the Glenbrook steel mill. The mine draws its fresh water supply from the Waikato River, abstracting approximately 38 000 cubic metres per day. During the concentration process of the ironsand, slimes are liberated into the plant wastewater. The plant wastewater, storm water and groundwater from the mining operation is treated and passed through settling ponds. Around 118 400 cubic metres per day of water are drawn from the recycle settling ponds for use in the concentration plant. Typically a daily average of up to 15 100 cubic metres of the treated water is discharged back to the Waikato River. Since the early 1990s significant improvements have been made to the water treatment at Waikato North Head mine and regularly the mine discharge water quality is similar or better than background river water quality.

Jan 1, 2002

By J Missen, P Currie, J Bohan, D Clark

AGL is one of Australia’s leading integrated energy companies and the largest ASX listed owner, operator and developer of renewable energy and thermal generation in the country. AGL owns and operates the 2210 MW Loy Yang A power station and adjacent 30 Mt/a brown coalmine in the Latrobe Valley, Victoria. It also supplies coal to the nearby 1050 MW Loy Yang B power station owned by the GDF Suez (Engie)/Mitsui partnership. The mine is currently nearly 5 km long, more than 2 km wide at the operating face and up to 200 m deep. AGL employs a large workforce at Loy Yang and a substantial amount of services are performed on-site by contractors and consultants.GHD provides mine planning, earth sciences, civil/geotechnical engineering, dam surveillance, plant engineering and environmental services to AGL Loy Yang through an alliance framework. GHD is one of the world’s leading professional services companies operating in the global markets of water; energy and resources; environment; property and buildings; and transportation. In addition to GHD’s global footprint, the company also has a significant Victorian presence, including a permanent, well-resourced regional office in Traralgon, approximately 10 km from Loy Yang, as well as a permanent site office.A joint paper on the Loy Yang mine professional services alliance model was written for the AusIMM International Mine Management Conference in 2006 by Woods and Wood. Now ten years on, this paper provides an overview of the present relationship and arrangements, including the continued transformation of the alliance model and maturing of the relationship contract.These are challenging times, with increasing cost and regulatory pressure driving change in the broader energy and resources industry, and locally including both the mining and power sectors at Loy Yang. Flexible models to achieve a balance between internal personnel and access to key external skills, whilst achieving value for money and transparency, is increasingly critical. The right drivers and performance measures are essential, particularly when confronted with potential major technical and environmental risks (considering significant ground failure and fire events that have occurred elsewhere within the Latrobe Valley over the last decade) within a sector that is reducing costs and optimising production.This case study discusses the alliance status and changes, reasons behind adjustments and what the future is likely to hold. The paper also explores the validity of the original objectives and the extent to which they have been achieved. The philosophy of the alliance is to continue closely aligning the objectives of the two companies in the best interests of the Loy Yang site and immediate surrounds/stakeholders. Quality of service, costs, timeliness, health and safety (H&S) and some operational activities (aquifer depressurisation) remain important aspects and are reflected in key indicators for which performance is measured.CITATION:Clark, D, Bohan, J, Currie, P and Missen, J, 2016. AGL energy, Loy Yang and GHD – a further case study in alliancing: ten years on, in Proceedings International Mine Management Conference, pp 321-330 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jun 22, 2016

Large GDP increases in the Pacific Rim countries have been accompanied by similarly large increases in demand for oil products. In the case of residual fuels, this demand has been tempered by the substitution of other energy products such as coal or gas. In the region's developing and newly industrialised nations, it has not been possible to make the very large investments in infrastructure which allow other energy sources to be used for transportation. As a result, GDP growth has been mirrored in the demand growth for automotive fuels. Other non-substitutable products such as lubricants have also benefitted by the region's GDP growth.   The combination of a number of years of sustained growth, coupled with increasing quality requirements is now stretching the upgrading capacity of the region's refineries. IT, as seems likely, the region continues to enjoy a high GDP growth rate, then this will be accompanied by increasing reliance on finished products coming out of the Middle East.   The owners of the most simple form of refinery in which crude is simply distilled and the naphtha reformed into petrol will face major capital investments. If they decide not to bear this cost, they will face increasing problems in selling their surplus residual fuel oil at an economic price. Quality will become an increasingly important issue. Not only in the well publicised areas such as unleaded petrol, but also for products such as lubricants which play a major role in the efficiency of modem equipment. Quality of service such as hours of opening, ease of access, and service station facilities will also become increasingly important as the oil companies use these to attract customers and gain brand differentiation.

Jan 1, 1990

By L O. Filippov, C H. Veloso de Melo, A Correa De Araujo

Froth flotation of iron ores is one of the most widely used methods to upgrade iron ore into high-grade concentrates. In recent years, reverse cationic flotation of iron ores has been specifically the subject of several studies. Since quartz is the most common gangue mineral in iron ores, understanding the behaviour of this mineral was the main target of the majority of such studies. However, with the depletion of mineral deposits considered rich and easy to process, it has become more common to find iron ores with complex gangue minerals, which are composed not only of quartz but by a variety of silicates. The mineralogical composition of the ore is an important factor for determining reagents and mineral processing parameters. The mineralogical suite of an ore also presents a paramount role for operational optimisation of any given flotation process. Some studies were performed with different types of amphiboles and other Fe-bearing silicates, for example, but the influence of the mineralogical nature of these silicates in reverse cationic flotation has not been fully explored and will be discussed here. Changes in the traditionally used reagent scheme for reverse cationic flotation, generally including alkaline pH values, polysaccharides as depressant (mainly starches) and primary ether amines and diamines, are expected when dealing with iron ores with complex silicate gangue composition.CITATION:Veloso de Melo, C H, Correa de Araujo, A and Filippov, L O, 2017. Reverse cationic flotation of iron ores with complex silicate gangue minerals, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2017, pp 241–244 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 24, 2017

The following brief observations on the mineral composition of the Mt. Oxide copper ore are intended to supplement the geological description of that ore-body recently published by Blanchard (2).'" The Mt. Oxide copper mine is situated about 45 miles W.N.W. of Dobbyn, in the Cloncurry district of Queensland (Fig. 1). A representative suite of specimens from the mine was obtained through the kindness of Mr. P. B. Nye, Executive Officer of the Aerial, Geological and Geophysical Survey of Northern Australia, and Mr. Jack Hall, the tributor of the Mt. Oxide mine. The specimens, as shown in Fig. 2, were nearly all from the sulphide zone, between the l04-ft. level and the 300-ft. level. Several additional specimens, together with information which will be referred to later were kindly sent to me by Mr. Roland Blanchard.MINERAL COMPOSITION OF THE COPPER OREThe mineral composition of the ore is relatively simple. It consists essentially of chalcocite, with varying, but minor figures...

Jan 1, 1940

The Mahakipawa gold deposit is located 21 km northwest of Blenheim. It became the site of a small hardrock gold rush in 1889 following nearby alluvial gold discoveries in 1888. The study investigates the geology of the area of hard rock mining in the vicinity between Cullens and Waikakaho Creeks. The Marlborough Schist which hosts the gold depos, it consists of polydeformed greenschist facies quartzofeldspathic psammitic, pelitic and volcanigenic schist.

Jan 1, 1993