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By T. H. Alden

BaCKOFEN, Avery, and Turner have shown"2 that the large tensile elongation in superplastic metals is correlated with a high strain-rate sensitivity of the flow stress. At present, the reported superplastic materials are complex eutectic or eutectoid systems with a large solubility range in at least one of the terminal phases. This note describes the behavior of a solid-solution alloy (at 22°C)5,= Sn-1 wt pct Bi, which has been processed in order to produce a fine grain size.2,3,6 The chill-cast, 1/2-in.-diam ingot was homogenized for 1 week at 130°C, extruded at O°C to 0.083 in. diam, quenched within 15 sec, and stored at -196°C. Samples were warmed to room temperature 16 hr prior to mechanical testing or metallography. During tension testing at room temperature, it was found that the flow stress reached a steady-state value which depended on the imposed elongation rate and was independent of strain to an error of about ±5 pct. In Fig. 1 is plotted log a vs log e where a is the measured steady-state flow stress and i the imposed strain rate. These quantities were calculated using "instantaneous" area and length to an accuracy in the sample diameter of ±5 x 10-4 in. The log a-log 1 curve is sigmoidal. The strain-rate sensitivity, which may be given by d log old log 6,' has a maximum value of about 0.48 between i = 5 x 10-4 and 5 x 10-3 per min. The value is well above frequently measured values for metals at creep temperatures (0.1 to 0.3) and comparable to the rate sensitivity for Pb-Sn solder: which has been shown to be superplastic.2,3 Note, however, that below or above the strain rate of 10-3 per min the rate sensitivity of Sn-1 pct Bi decreases and at high rates is more nearly like that of conventional metals. The grain size of this material is relatively uniform, Fig. 2, and may be specified by an average linear intercept i.' Grain growth occurs at room temperature but after 16 hr, L = 5. Tensile elongation was measured on finer-grain-size specimens, which had been at room temperature 15 min prior to testing. After 15 min, the samples are fully recrystallized. Three strain rates, 5 x 10-3, 10-2, and 2.5 x 10-2 per min, were employed for which the measured elongations varied from 425 to 500 pct. These results would seem to justify the term superplastic, applied to this alloy, although the ductility is inferior to that of the Sn-Bi eutectic.3 The Sn-1 pct Bi alloy, which is a single-phase material with equiaxed, fine grains, is an excellent one on which to make an estimate of the Nabarro-Herring9 creep rate. According to the model of Avery and Backofen2 a substantial part of the deformation must be accomplished by N-H creep in the strain rate-temperature regime in which d log a/d log 1 = 0.5. The maximum N-H creep rate is given by9 L2kT where v is the atomic volume and D the self-diffusion coefficient. For this test v = 3.O x 10-23 cu cm, D = 1.4 e-23,300/RT = 2.5 x 10-l7 sq cm per sec,7 L = 5x 10+4 cm, T = 295°K, and a = 2000 lb per sq in. = 1.38 x 10' dyne per sq cm. The calculated creep rate is E= 4 x 10-11 per sec which may be compared with the measured creep rate at this stress, Fig. 1, of 6.7 x 10-5 per sec. The N-H creep rate is seen to be negligible. Earlier consideration2 of this question was in error because incorrect diffusion coefficients were used. The assistance of R. R. Russell in metallography is acknowledged gratefully.

Jan 1, 1967

Jan 1, 1900

Jan 1, 1951

Jan 1, 1951

PRESIDENTS DAVID THOMAS 1871 R W RAYMOND 1872 R W RAYMOND 1873 R W RAYMOND 1874 A L HOLLEN 1875 ABRAM S HEWITT 1876 T STERRY HUNT 1877 ECKLEY B COXE 1878 ECKLEY B COXE 1879 WILLIAM P SHINN 1880 WILLIAM METCALF 1881 RICHARD P ROTHWELL 1882

Jan 1, 1910

By Frank A. Herald

Through the generous cooperation of the authors of the papers in this chapter, a great wealth of fundamental data is being made available. The same plan of securing and submitting data will be carried forward next year, with the hope of making a nearer approach to complete presentation of the data contemplated in the plan. In order to conserve space, we are printing below such footnotes as have general application to Table 1 in the papers in this chapter: Footnotes to Column Headings Table I In areas where both oil and gas are produced, unless gas is marketed outside the field, such areas are included in column headed "Oil." Manufacture of casinghead gasoline and carbon black is interpreted as outside marketing of gas. Production per acre is determined by dividing into the number of barrels of oil the sum of the number of acres assigned to "Oil" plus such number of acres of the total assigned to "Oil and gas" as represents the portion thereof occupied by oil. Wells producing both oil and gas are classified as "Poducing oil only" unless gas from them is marketed off the lease. W. water; G. gas; A, air. Bottom-hole pressures are preceded by "e." All other figures represent pressures at casinghead with well closed. P, paraffin; A, asphalt; M, mixed. 0 Cam, Cambrian; Ord, Ordovician; Sil, Silurian; Dev, Devonian; Mis, Mississippian; MisL, Lower Mississippian; MisU, Upper Mississippian: Pen. Pennsylvanian; Per. Permian; Tri, Triassic; Jur. Jurassic; CreL, Lower Cretaceous; CreU. Upper Cretaceous; Eoc, Eocene; Olig, Oligocene; Mio. Miocene; Pli. Pliocene. 6, sandstone: SH, sandstone, shaly; Ss, soft sand; H, shale; L, limestone; LS, limestone. sandy; C, chalk; A, anhydrite; D, dolomite; Da. arkosic dolomite; GW, granite wash; P, serpentine. Figures are entered only for fields where the reservoir rock is of pore type. Figures represent, ratio of pore space to total volume of net reservoir rock expressed in per cent. "Par" indicates that the reservoir rock is of pore type but said ratio is not known by the author. "Cav" indicates that the reservoir rock is of cavernous type; "Fis," fissure type. A, anticline; AF, anticline with faulting as important feature; Af, anticline with faulting as minor feature; AM, accumulation due to both anticlinal and monoclinal structure; H, strata are horizontal or near horizontal; MF, monocline-fault; MU, monocline-unconformity; ML, monocline-lens; MC, monocline with accumulation due to change in character of stratum; MI, monocline with accumulation against igneous barrier; MUP, monocline with accumulation due to sealing at outcrop by asphalt; D, dome; Ds, salt dome; T, terrace; TF, terrace with faulting as important feature; N, nose; 9, syncline. Information will be found in text as indicated by symbols: A, name of author, other than above. who has compiled the data on the particular field; C, chemical treatment of wells; G, gas-oil ratios; P, proration; U, unit operation; R, references; W, water; 0. other information.

Jan 1, 1934

At the annual meeting of Southern California Section, held on May 28, the following officers were elected: Chairman, W. F. Staunton, vice-chairman, L. C. Mott, secretary-treasurer, A. B. Carpenter; executive committee, J. W. Neill, C. Colcock Jones, Mead Goodloe. ALVIN B. CARPENTER, Secretary-Treasurer.

Jan 8, 1919

Established as a Division March 24, 1922 R B Gilmore, '57, Chairman G L Yates, '56, Vice-Chairman Phil J Lehnhard, '56, Vice-Chairman John R McMillan, Past Chairman T A Pollard, Treasurer Joe B Alford, Executive Secretary 800 Fidelity Union Building Dallas 1, Texas

Jan 1, 1955

PRESIDENTS DAVID THOMAS 1871 R W RAYMOND 1872 R W RAYMOND 1873 R W RAYMOND 1874 A L HOLLEN 1875 ABRAM S HEWITT 1876 T STERRY HUNT 1877 ECKLEY B COXE 1878 ECKLEY B COXE 1879 WILLIAM P SHINN 1880 WILLIAM METCALF 1881 RICHARD P ROTHWELL 1882

Jan 1, 1910

PRESIDENTS DAVID THOMAS 1871 R W RAYMOND 1872 R W RAYMOND 1873 R W RAYMOND 1874 A L HOLLEN 1875 ABRAM S HEWITT 1876 T STERRY HUNT 1877 ECKLEY B COXE 1878 ECKLEY B COXE 1879 WILLIAM P SHINN 1880 WILLIAM METCALF 1881 RICHARD P ROTHWELL 1882

Jan 1, 1910

University of Alabama University, Alabama Mining and Metallurgical 'Society JOHN MADDOCK, President WAYNE WEST, Secretary J. R. CUDWORTH, Faculty Sponsor RICHARD L. BOWRON, Counselor University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona - Miners' Society CLYDE LOVING, President THEODORE BROOKs, Secretary A. J. THOMPSON, Faculty Sponsor E. D. GARDNER, Counselor,,

Jan 1, 1941

By Edgar M. Dunn

Part I. Determination oF Gases in Smelter Flues. General considerations. Regular methods for carbon monoxide, oxygen, nitrogen, moisture. Sulphur oxides-—Methods of Lunge and Hempel tried, and either modified or discarded, with reasons therefor. Gravimetric method developed at Anaconda. Description of apparatus used. Brief notes on Richter and Hawley methods for the direct cietermination of sulphur trioxide. Carbon dioxide, with complete notes on same. Arsenic trioxide. Table of percentages of flue gas constituents found at a Western smelter. Some final notations as to the value of flue gas analysis, in connection with an intelligent log of furnace operations. Part II. Notes on the Determination oF Dust Losses at the Washoe Reduction Works, Anaconda, Mont. Discussion of problem, with description of flue system. Various places and methods for determinations of velocity. Instruments used. Procedure in making determinations for velocity. Soundings of cross-section for depths of dust. Calculation of velocities and areas. Daily volume of gas, and plant operations during tests. Place for dust determinations. Apparatus and methods of 'sampling. Results obtained, with table of daily amount of dust losses. Analysis of dusts for values, from various sampling stations. Complete analysis of composite sample of stack emanation. Last analysis totaled to show form in which present. Discussion of recovery as a commercial proposition. References on Pitot tube and calculations.

Jan 1, 1914

By Otto Henry

THE purpose of this investigation was to determine the equilibrium diagram of the lithium-magnesium pair as a first step in studying the possible usefulness of these alloys as ultra-light structural materials. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE The behavior of lithium towards magnesium was first investigated by Masing and Tammann.(I)? In order to prevent oxidation the alloys were made in iron tubes under an atmosphere of hydrogen; temperatures were measured with a glass-protected thermocouple. These investigators found that lithium and magnesium form two series of solid solutions separated by a miscibility gap between 85 and 95 per cent magnesium; that the alloys with 81 and 95 per cent magnesium showed a homogeneous structure under microscopic examination, while the alloy with 89 per cent magnesium contained two distinguishable crystallites; that the curve indicating the beginning of crystallization rises from the melting point of lithium to that of magnesium; and that no compounds of lithium and magnesium are formed. The equilibrium diagram was not plotted because no definite data were obtained for determining the solidus and the posi-tion of the miscibility gap in the solid state. The difficulties encountered in this investigation were: (1) that it was necessary to heat them as high as the melting point of magnesium in order to obtain homogeneous melts; at such temperatures the alloys attacked the glass protecting the thermo-couple; and (2) that at temperatures above 400° C. the lithium united

Jan 1, 1934

By Alfred R. Powell

LATE in 1944 a group of petroleum and coal technologists was organized in Wash¬ington under the sponsorship of the Petroleum Administration for War and the U. S. Bureau of Mines. This group, known as the Technical Oil Mission, was placed under the authority of the Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which was then promoting the organization of other missions to be sent to Germany to obtain technical information regarding various industries in that country. The objective of the Technical Oil Mission was to obtain technical data on German production of synthetic oil from coal and all other commercial practices and research projects connected with the oil industry. The primary purpose was to obtain such data as were immediately essential to assist the war against Germany and Japan, with secondary emphasis on technical information that would assist American industry after the end of the war. Since oil-production facilities in Ger¬many and the occupied countries con¬trolled by Germany were the top targets for strategic bombing, the Technical Oil Mission was the first group under the Technical Industrial Intelligence Com¬mittee to enter Germany. A few members of the group flew to London in February 1945 and the majority of the remainder followed in March. In London they were joined by an equal number of British investigators and the combined, mission was then sent into Germany under the authority of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee (CIOS). A sum¬mary of the more important information gained by this combined British and American mission is presented below. GERMAN OIL PRODUCTION The oil available to Germany, both natural and synthetic, and including pro¬duction from occupied countries, reached a peak in late 1943 and early 1944. Pro¬duction at this time was at the rate of 1,200,000 metric tons per month, equiva¬lent to i00,000,000 bbl. per year, or about 7 per cent of the wartime production in the United States. Of this production, 50 per cent was crude oil from Romania and Hungary, 12 per cent was crude oil from Germany itself, including Austria, 9 per cent com¬prised coal-carbonization products, that is, tar and light oil, and only the remaining 29 per cent was synthetic liquid fuel made from coal or tar. Synthetic liquid fuel made in Germany was equivalent therefore to less than 2 per cent of war¬time production of crude oil in the United States. The success of the strategic bombing campaign against German oil-production facilities is demonstrated by the fact that by September 1944 the Ploesti fields of Romania and much of the syn¬thetic oil production had been eliminated, so that the amount of oil available to the German war machine was only 25 per cent of the peak quantity mentioned above. By early 1945, when the combined British and American oil mission was entering

Jan 1, 1946

By AIME AIME

WEDNESDAY night, by long tradition, is al- ways set aside for the annual dinner, even when, as it was this year, it is Ash Wednesday. Whether the somewhat smaller attendance than last year is attributable to that cause, the unexpectedly long persistence of business depression, or whatever may have been the reason, it was a joyous occasion, and the grand ball-room of the Commodore Hotel was as completely filled With diners as * was consistent with com- fort. In the half hour before the dinner was actually served the guests assembled in an adjoining room and not only exchanged greetings but proceeded along the receiving line to greet the guests of honor. The number present was so large that hardly more than half of them had been able to do this before the summons to the dining room sounded and a hearty and immediate response was made to it. Toy balloons at each plate, inflated and directed at the heads of companions or nearby friends, but which were just as likely to carom from the nose of a hurrying waiter, successfully broke the ice as well as not a few plates. It would be interesting to know whether the pleasure the guests derive from these de- vices is in part based on the all-too evident annoyance of the waiters, and what the relative quantitative relationships are.

Jan 1, 1931

By F. R. Hensel

Up to the present time few attempts have been made to produce hard nonmagnetic materials by heat treatment of austenitic steels. The usual result has been to cause them to pass into the martensitic stage, thus destroying to a great extent the typical austenitic properties, since this involves a transition of a portion of the iron from a face-centered to a body-centered type of atomic arrangement. High-strength nonmagnetic materials such as might be provided by properly hardening austenite are required in the electrical industry for different machine parts. In Europe nonmagnetic retainer rings for restraining the end-turns of the rotor windings in turbo-alternators have been developed as a special application of high-strength austenite. In testing1 a 28,000-kva. three-phase Siemens turbo generator running at 3000 r.p.m. at full load current, the losses in the short-circuit test were 450 kw. for the magnetic ring and 286 kw. for the nonmagnetic, and the difference should be attributable to the magnetic ring. The differences in temperatures during the same test are given in Table 1 and these show the advantage of a nonmagnetic over a magnetic retainer ring.

Jan 1, 1931

The Sub-committee on Safety of the Industrial Organization Com-mittee of the Institute has been asked to cooperate with the National Safety Council, and has made certain recommendations to the Board of Directors of the Institute regarding ways and means of bringing about this cooperation. The National Safety Council has been in existence seven years. Its inception was at a meeting of the American Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers held in Milwaukee in 1912. The first annual congress was held in New York City in October, 1913, at which time the Council was definitely organized. Its membership now consists of nearly four thousand members, representing industrial plants, railroads, public utility companies, insurance companies, state labor commissions, Chambers of Commerce, manufacturers' organizations, etc. These members are in all states of the Union and in eleven foreign countries, and through them the National Safety Council reaches more than six million workers.

Jan 7, 1919

By David M. Parkes, Junie Lindsay

A review of the movement of coal in water is undertaken from a practical rather than a theoretical view point. Installations are described in which coal is transported on gradients down to 2.5' and others which move coal at a water-coal ratio of 1:l by weight. The water cycle of the hydraulic mining system is discussed. In many applications this can be a closed circuit. The coal dewatering system is illustrated, making particular reference to the problems of storage of coal-water mixtures between the mine and the plant. Water treatment is done in thickeners down to 100 ppm which is normally sufficient for re-circulating through high pressure pumps and monitors.

Jan 1, 1978

By J. Wyn Prior

The seismic refraction technique is probably the most popular geophysical method of bedrock profiling in geotechnical site investigations but is somewhat restricted by the inherent assumptions in the method. This paper describes how Hales' method of profile interpretation is modified to overcome the assumptions of increasing velocity and layer thickness with depth when only first arrival data is available. A further expansion of Hales' method enables presentation of refraction data in a form whereby bedrock features, such as changes in velocity, relief and dip in particular, are more readily recognized. Characteristic curves of the more common bedrock features are presented as an aid to bedrock feature recognition.

Jan 1, 1979

By A. L. Baxley

An Untapped Energy Resource As much as 20 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day are flared from remote oil fields for lack of a commercially viable means of capturing, transporting, and marketing such gas. The magnitude of these gas flares can be put into perspective from an early satellite photograph (Fig. 1) which shows lights from the major cities of Russia and Eastern Europe dwarfed by the natural gas being flared in the Persian Gulf. Together, these wasted resources contain the energy equivalent of about one-half of the gasoline consumption in the United States today (Fig. 2). Additional trillions of cubic feet of natural gas are "shut-in" because of no economically viable means of commercial recovery. Methanol and liquified natural gas (LNG) are the only two practical fuel products which can be produced economically from these gas supplies. Many of these gas supplies are less than 500 million cubic feet of gas per day, making an LNG facility uneconomic. In contrast, barge-mounted methanol plants can economically convert billions of cubic feet of gas per day into safe, clean-burning methanol. The methanol approach offers the only economical route to transform vast, known reserves of natural gas into a highly versatile primary liquid fuel. Methanol Barges: An Innovative Solution The barges will be towed to suitable offshore and upriver locations such as Alaska, South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and the South Pacific Islands, as well as fields in the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea. At the offshore production site, a barge will be anchored by a single point mooring buoy that will also serve as an entry point for natural gas feedstock and an offloading point for methanol (Fig. 3). At some sites the barge would be beached. Each barge will produce methanol and store it in internal tanks with a capacity of 18 million gallons. The methanol will be offloaded into conventional tankers and safely transported directly to market. Unlike LNG, methanol requires neither specially built carriers nor specially built receiving terminals. Once a particular gas field has been exhausted, the barge will be towed to another location to continue production. Each barge will measure 320 by 500 ft, approximately the size of four football fields, and will have the capacity to produce 1 million gallons or 2800 metric tons of methanol per day, from approximately 100 million cubic feet of natural gas per day (Fig. 4). The barges will use the highly successful "low- pressure" design developed by the Lurgi Company of Germany, a process proven in land-based methanol plants throughout the world during the last ten years. The decision to use Lurgi technology for "sea-trans- portable" methanol plants was based on the higher efficiency and greater operability of the technology compared to other commercially proven processes. The conversion plant will be designed to accept a wide variety of feed gas compositions, and will produce chemical-grade methanol for the broadest market base (Fig. 5). To minimize costs and construction time, the barge-mounted plants will be built in the high technology environment of a domestic or foreign shipyard. Selection of the construction site for each barge will be dictated by the location of the production site and by the relative construction costs. A number of shipyards have the capacity to build several barges per year. The detailed marine engineering to integrate the design of the processing plant with the floating platform can be performed by numerous major engineering companies around the world. Production Economics The barge-mounted plant concept not only assures large volumes of methanol, but it also keeps the overall production cost low by minimizing construction cost and providing access to low cost natural gas feedstock with no alternative or a negative value. Together, these advantages make the barge-mounted methanol plants economical today. The cost structure of a new barge-mounted methanol plant differs from that of existing methanol producers around the world (Fig. 6). For example, if a U.S. Gulf Coast producer is paying $4.70/MMBtu in 1985 for natural gas, the barge plant could afford to pay about $1.6O/MMBtu for gas and be able to deliver methanol to the Gulf Coast at the same price. At some future date such as 1990, a gas cost of $6.70/MMBtu for a domestic producer would have cost parity with about $3.60/MMBtu gas cost for the barge plant. In many foreign markets, feedstocks other than natural gas are used for methanol production (Fig. 7). For example, most of Japan's capacity is based on LNG while Western Europe uses residual oil or naptha. Because these feedstocks are substantially more ex- pensive than natural gas used by U.S. producers, the barge plants will compete even more favorably in these foreign markets. As crude oil prices rise, the value of methanol in each of these markets will increase. However, the hierarchy of methanol values in these markets should remain unchanged. Furthermore, the cost advantage for using methanol in these markets will improve as world energy costs increase since the value of remote gas should not escalate significantly.

Jan 1, 1982