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This report, authorized by a subcontract with the Crouse-Hinds Company per Section 1.1.3b of Contract Number H0220065 Amendment Number Six, and the consent of the Contracting Officer, documents the results of an investigation to develop solid state ballasts for Lucalox high pressure sodium lamps. The ballasts were to be used in the modified and new portable and machine-mounted lighting systems designed by the Crouse-Hinds Company, per Tasks I through IV of Contract No. H0220065.

Jan 1, 1976

By Matthew N. Rubin

This report summarizes the work performed under USBM Contract No. H0155155, "Demonstrating the Noise Control of a Coal Preparation Plant." A Consolidation Coal Company coal preparation plant (the Georgetown Plant) was selected for demonstration of various noise control techniques and materials in a commercially operating plant. At the start of the project, the 1650 tons per hour (tph) plant was surveyed to document the existing sound levels and worker noise exposures. On the basis of the survey, individual noise sources were characterized and assigned priorities for treatment. Four categories of noise control treatments were installed in this plant: ? Resilient impact pads ? Curtains ? Chute liners ? Resilient screen decks. Currently (1977) available resilient impact pads and curtains were found to be suit-able for general use in coal preparation plants; in the Georgetown Plant, they provided significant noise reduction [6 to 10 dB(A)]. The overall performance of the chute liners which also provided useful noise reduction, was strongly dependent on the specific installation. Although the resilient screen decks have the potential for 7 to 9 dB(A) of coal/screen impact noise reduction, blinding and delamination (in composite decks) en-countered at the Georgetown Plant represented major design problems for these products. This program achieved noise reductions of up to 10 dB in various areas of the Georgetown Plant (within the restrictions imposed by the plant's operation) resulting in significant reduction in worker noise exposures.

Jan 1, 1977

By G. B. Shea

"In 1928, there were 47 fatal accidents in the California petroleum industry, 14.6 per cent more than occurred in 1927 when 41 men lost their lives in the drilling, producing, manufacturing, and marketing divisions of the industry. This increase in the number of fatal accidents for 1928 has caused the first upward trend in the fatality curve of the California petroleum industry since 1923. In no other year during the 6-year period have the fatalities in any one year been greater than those for the preceding year. This fact should be given serious consideration and study by the petroleum industry, and an endeavor should be made to cause the number of fatalities again to decrease and conform to the previous gradual declining trend of the fatality curve.The following chart shows the trend of fatal accidents during the past six years:Of the 47 fatalities in 1928, 30 occurred in the drilling and producing division, 1 in the pipe line and transportation division, 14 in the refining division, and 2 in the sales and marketing division. A comparison of the number of fatalities in each division for 1927, and 1928, is given in the following table:3"

Sep 1, 1929

By C. E. Dobbin

The coal fields of Montana are widely distributed through the plains region in the eastern and northern parts of the State, and the mountain regions in the central, southern, and southwestern parts of the State. (See fig. 1.) SURFACE FEATURES The Fort Union region in eastern Montana is a broad plain of almost horizontal rocks, characterized by extensive "bad lands" along the larger streams and by red hills, benches, ridges, and buttes which represent shale and sandstone that have been fused by the burning of an underlying coal bed.

Jan 1, 1932

By William M. Knuth

The objectives of this study were the evaluation of the technical and economical feasibility of utilizing color and color infrared aerial photography to satisfy some informational needs for pre-mine planning, mine progress monitoring, and reclamation monitoring. Seven aerial data collection missions were conducted within a two year period over strip mine sites in Pennsylvania. Scales of 1:6,000; 1:12,000; 1:24,000; and 1:48,000 were flown on the first aerial mission. The 1:12,000 was chosen as the optimal scale for the remaining six flights. An extensive literature and legislative review and discussions with strip mine operators identified the informational parameters that could possibly be obtained from aerial photography. Interpretability accuracies were evaluated for parameters in the broad categories of land use, soils, water, vegetation, and geology. Seasonal interpretation characteristics were noted for infrared photography. Man hours for photointerpretation and costs of aerial data collection were monitored closely and incorporated into a cost benefit analysis. Those parameters that could be mapped, identified, or measured with accuracies =75 percent were incorporated into a photointerpretation training manual. An additional analysis was performed to determine the applicability of the interpretation methodologies and results developed for Eastern sites to Western surface coal mining sites. In addition, a separate aerial photographic interpretation manual was produced during this contract. It is intended to be utilized by eastern and midwestern surface mine operators and regulatory personnel.

Jan 1, 1978

By M. A. Mahtab

This report presents a new procedure for analyzing the orientations of rock fractures in an engineering site. This procedure, coded in a computer program, identifies clusters or groupings among the fracture orientations and calculates (1) the mean orientation of the fractures within each cluster and (2) the dispersion or scatter among these fracture orientations. Data points are represented by intersections of joint normals with the upper hemisphere, which is divided into 100 equal-area quadrilateral patches. The points in adjacent patches where the Poisson distribution test shows significant concentrations are assigned to a single cluster. For a cluster whose fracture orientations follow Arnold's hemispherical normal distribution, a confidence interval for the fracture orientation mean is calculated by applying Fisher's estimates. The technique is applied to the treatment of three examples.

Jan 1, 1972

By Franklin H. Persse

To meet escalating energy requirements, substantial increases in production from the strippable coal and lignite deposits in eastern Montana, western North Dakota, and northeastern Wyoming already have occurred, and further expansions are expected at least until the year 2000. Such production, attributable largely to rising demand for low-sulfur coal, must be accomplished with a minimum of adverse effects on the environment. Information on geology, climate, and current land use in the Upper Missouri River basin is presented in the Bureau of Mines review as a guideline to what operators may expect during and after mining. Proven methods of protecting the air and water from pollution and of restoring mined land for other uses are described, and untried methods of land reclamation, some with equipment yet to be manufactured, are discussed as possible means of maintaining aesthetic values in the basin. Costs incurred to protect the environment are part of the production cost and thus are borne by the ultimate consumer. Unit production costs are less for the thick coal and lignite deposits of the basin than for the thinner but higher Btu coal deposits of the Eastern and Midwestern United States. Precise comparisons of environmental protection costs between mines in such disparate areas cannot be made, because of differences in physical conditions, accounting procedures, and other variables.

Jan 1, 1975

By Ralph H. Whaite

The Bureau of Mines program for microfilming maps of abandoned mines in the Pennsylvania anthracite region is described. A catalog of the maps that have been microfilmed in the Eastern Middle anthracite field--the first area to be covered in the program--is presented. Additional catalogs will be published as significant mining areas are completed.

Dec 1, 1964

By Ralph H. Whaite

The Bureau of Mines program for microfilming maps of abandoned mines in the Pennsylvania anthracite region is described. A catalog of the maps that have been microfilmed in the Eastern Middle anthracite field--the first area to be covered in the program--is presented. Additional catalogs will be published as significant mining areas are completed.

Jan 1, 1965

By Ralph H. Whaite

The Bureau of Mines program for microfilming maps of abandoned mines in the Pennsylvania anthracite region is described. A catalog of the maps that have been microfilmed in the Eastern Middle anthracite field--the first area to be covered in the program--is presented. Additional catalogs will be published as significant mining areas are completed.

Jan 1, 1965

By E. A. Anundsen

The prevention of accidents is considered a necessity at all branches and divisions of the Phelps Dodge Corporation copper-producing operations, and since there is a continual exchange of data on safety accomplishments between the various units, their safety programs are fundamentally similar. Variations in accident-prevention methods result from a difference in emphasis rather than from a difference in the elements themselves. The main copper-producing operations of the corporation ore conducted in Arizona and distributed as follows: Copper Queen Branch, mines division, Fisbee, and smelter division, Douglas, Aria.; Morenci Branch, mines division, Morenci, and smelter division, Clifton, Ariz.; New Cornelia Branch, Ajo, Ariz.; and United Verde Branch, mines division, Jerome, and smelter division, Clarkdale Ariz. As it is not feasible to describe here the safety programs of all branches and divisions, the program at the Clarkdale smelter has been selected for discussion. The United Verde Brach includes the mine and smelter purchased by the Phelps Dodge Corporation in February 1935 from the United Verde Copper Co. The mine at Jerome and the reduction works at Clarkdale are designated, respectively, as the mine and smelter divisions.

Jan 1, 1939

By K. E. Stanfield

One of the initial projects under the oil-shale research and development phase of the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act, Public- Law 290, 78th Congress, approved April 5, 1944, was a survey of oil shales of the United States for the selection of a site for an oil-shale demonstration plant. The oil shales were assayed by the conventional Bureau of Mines retort method proposed by Karrick and described by Guthrie in a more recent publication. From previous experience and that had in making these assays, it became evident that the assay method should be modified or replaced by a more satisfactory one. There are several outstanding objections to the Bureau of Mines oil-shale assay method: (1) the oil yields are frequently smaller than those obtained by other types of assay equipment and by commercial retorts; (2) the assayed oil yield represents only a portion of the organic matter in the shale, which under more favorable conditions, may, Jae converted, more completely into oil; (3) the retorting procedure is controlled mainly by trial-and-error methods; and (4) the assay requires approximately 6 hours for completion.

Jan 1, 1949

The Pittsburgh (Pa.) and Spokane (Wash.) Research Laboratories are among the world?s foremost mining research establishments. Once a part of the former U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM), which was abolished by the U.S. Congress in fiscal year 96, health and safety research at these laboratories was transferred to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). NIOSH is the Federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related illness and injury. The Institute is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Over the past two decades, the Pittsburgh and Spokane Research Laboratories have produced sustained technological achievements in mining health and safety, including? ? Development of novel respirable coal dust control technologies and more effective monitoring techniques to reduce worker exposure to hazardous mine dusts. ? Improved ground control technologies to warn and protect miners from the dangers of coal mine roof collapses and other hazardous strata conditions. ? Improved ergonomic design criteria and training methods to protect mine workers from injuries and fatalities associated with equipment and manual tasks. ? Development of enabling technologies that allow miners to control their mining equipment from a physically safe, protected work area away from respirable dust, harmful noise levels, and roof collapses. ? Improved mine fire detection and extinguishment techniques. ? Development of smaller, lighter, and safer emergency breathing devices.

Jan 1, 2007

By d&apos, Kathleen J. Amico

THIS SUMMARY is identical to the summary given in volume III of this series of mineral production in the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii), its island possessions, the Canal Zone, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and of the principal minerals imported into and exported from the United States. For further details on production see commodity and area chapters. A summary table comparing world and United States mineral production also is included. Mineral production may be measured at any of several stages of extraction and processing. The stage of measurement used in the chapter is normally what is termed "mine output." It usually refers [ ]

Jan 1, 1958

By IRENE AITKENS

The emerald is the most costly of all gems , due to the scarcity of flawless stones . This fact gave rise to the ancient axiom , " As rare as an emerald without a flaw . The finer gems not only command the highest prices at all times , but when flawless are considered the most highly prized of all gem stones . George F. Kunz divides emeralds into two distinct classes : " Exceptional specimens , " which bring as much as $ 6,000 a carat ; and " fine- quality specimens , " which bring about $ 1,000 a carat .

Jul 1, 1931

[1.1. The provisions of this code are minimum provisions and are designed to minimize hazards to life and property in and about underground coal mines where electrical equipment and circuits installed used. They indicate the Steps necessary in the selection, installation, operation, inspection, and maintenance of electrical equipment and circuits to obtain proper safeguards in reducing electric shock, fire, explosion and other hazards. Surface as well as underground installations were considered in formulating the code and, unless otherwise stated, each provision applies equal to both underground and surface installations. This code does not apply to buildings and installations not directly connected with mining operations, nor does apply to strip-mining operations.]

Jan 1, 1952

By R. A. V. Raff

Although falls of roof, face and rib (or side) of coal mines were the third ranking cause of disabling accidents in 1966, the accidents from these falls resulted in the most serious injuries and accounted for approximately 50 percent of the total fatalities (I). Further breakdown of these statistics shows that 88 percent of the fatal accidents occurred within 100 feet of the working face and that 96 percent of the deaths were in bituminous mines, with only four percent taking place in anthracite workings. These figures demonstrated the need for improved reinforcement procedures in operational coal mines, and they provided ample justification for research in the area of accident prevention. The purpose of this project was to investigate the use of polymers and of related techniques to achieve rock bonding and reinforcement of coal mine structures, in order to obtain better or permanent ground support (e.g., drifts, entrees, coal and ore passes, galleries, tunnels and shafts) by the fill ing of fissures in the rock, thereby preventing or delaying the onset of serious rock degradation processes.

Jan 1, 1973

A preliminary research and development program dated April 25, 1974, was prepared for Development Engineering, Inc. (DEI) for laboratory, field and other engineering studies on the disposal of retorted oil shale. This program was revised and published as a final document dated December 17, 1974. The document included discussions on the peculiarities of retorted shale materials to be investigated and discussions of the various laboratory and field tests which would need to be conducted to define their physical and chemical properties. The proposed research and development program was divided into eight work phases as follows: I Program Development. II Exploratory Laboratory Tests on Old U.S.B.M. Retorted Shale. III Laboratory Tests on Pilot Plant Retorted Shales. IV Laboratory Tests on Retorted Shales from the Semi-Works Plant.

Jan 1, 1976

By Philip C. Tully

This bibliography contains 2,072 citations to technical and scientific literature about helium and alpha-particles abstracted by 12 abstract service publications during 1962. Citations are listed by 16 major subject classifications with several subclassifications to minimize areas of literature search. Automatic data processing was used to reduce the time and labor required to compile the bibliography.

Jan 1, 1969

By D. Bienstock

The use of alkalized alumina in removing sulfur dioxide from a coal-combustion flue gas at 625° F was investigated on a pilot plant scale. The absorber was 26 feet long and 1.6 inches ED. Counter-current gas-solids flow at gas velocities of 8 to 15 ft/sec in the presence and absence of baffles, as well as solids entrainment at gas velocities of 20 to 23 ft/sec with solids recycle, were employed. The spent absorbent as regenerated as fixed bed with the reducing gases--reformed natural .7.7d hydrogen. Of absorption-regeneration were successful completed using the alkalized alumina rolled into spherical granules 10 to 16 mesh. There was no loss in activity of absorbent toward SO2 with a modest attrition equivalent to 0.l percent of the solids feed. Supporting studies were conducted on the effect of the sodium content in the absorbent, the composition of the reducing gas, thermal treatment to increase absorbent hardness, and removal of absorbed chlorine from the absorbent. A mathematical model was formulated to describe the removal of SO2 by alkalized aluminum from fixed and falling beds.

Jan 1, 1967