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By Filippo Verlezza

The 3-roll technology is a recognized process applied to SBQ production. The main aim of this paper is to show the latest developments on this technology including other equipment´s that also contributes for a better performance on SBQ coils production.

Jul 30, 2018

By George Schipper, Peter Gelten, Pepijn Adriaen, Hugo Uijtdebroeks

Tata Steel IJmuiden Hot Strip Mill 2 (HSM2, 5.5 Mtonnes/yr) is currently being upgraded, resulting in an increased rolling force and motor power capacity. With the current conventional work roll spray cooling, a deterioration in work roll & strip surface quality performance is expected as a result of the increased mill capacities. In order to improve strip surface quality, HSM2 decided to do a full-scale production trial with High Turbulence Roll Cooling (HTRC) at stand FM2. HTRC is a novel way of roll cooling using a high turbulent flow regime. HTRC is positioned very close to the roll surface and gap exit, which is beneficial for the roll surface quality. It is operated at a high flow rate but at a low pressure. HTRC not only significantly improves the roll surface quality, in addition, it makes high pressure pumps, needed for the conventional spray cooling, redundant, leading to substantial savings on electricity costs and thus CO2 emissions. HTRC is in trial operation since 7 August 2018. Results show no operational issues, an excellent roll surface quality and an increased cooling efficiency. In summer 2020 stands FM1-FM2-FM3-FM4 of HSM2 will be equipped with HTRC.

Oct 1, 2019

By Alain Denis, Marcelo Curtes Martins, Jeferson Rocio de Oliveira

In this work we present a study of optimization of a new inhibitor for turbulence pickling line. The efficiency of inhibition was measured and the weight of loss was evaluated in four different materials to optimize the dosage of the inhibitor. In seven months we had 8.7% of reduction in pickling losses.

Oct 1, 2019

By Samuel Filgueiras Rodrigues, Clodualdo Aranas Jr., Gedeon Silva Reis, Eden Santos Silva, Fulvio Siciliano

When austenite is deformed above the Ae3 temperature, partial amount of it transforms dynamically into ferrite by a displacive mechanism. After unloading, it retransforms back into the stable austenite by a diffusional process. This influences the rolling load which decreases under isothermal condition or does not increase with decreasing temperature as rapidly as expected under cooling. Plate rolling simulations under isothermal and continuous cooling conditions were carried out on a 0.09 wt.% Nb X-70 steel. Pass strains of 0.2 were employed together with interpass times of 10 s, and 30 s for the cooling conditions and 0.3 with interval of 10 s at 900 °C for the isothermal experiments; strain rate of 1 s-1 was used during the simulations. The mean-flow-stress (MFS`s) behavior of both conditions indicates that dynamic transformation and dynamic recrystallization were taking place during straining. The critical strains for the initiation of dynamic transformation fell around 0.06 while the critical strain for DRX was 0.12. It has been shown that ferrite is formed due to the applied deformation of roughing passes and increases its volume fraction throughout the finishing rolling stage. Under cooling conditions, the ferrite formation is also favored as the temperature approaches the Ae3 line. Such ferrite forms when the driving force for dynamic transformation is higher than the total free energy barrier preventing its formation. This obstacle consists of the free energy difference between austenite and ferrite as well as the lattice dilatation work and shear accommodation work. The addition of Nb retards the retransformation of the ferrite into austenite. Moreover, holding times after rolling increases the amount of austenite available for microstructure control on subsequent stages. The dynamic transformation (DT) mechanism can be used to design improved rolling schedules

Oct 1, 2019

By André Tarcizo de Oliveira Vieira

A Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN) gera diversos resíduos metálicos de diferentes granulometrias que não podem ser utilizadas na rota natural da produção do aço. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever o pioneirismo do desenvolvimento e a implantação de melhorias no sistema de adição em carros torpedos que permitiram a utilização nobre de resíduos ricos em ferro, demonstrando a viabilidade técnica assim como a viabilidade econômica. A redução do consumo de energia é outro argumento para reciclagem de resíduos, neste contexto a CSN tem aumentado o interesse pela reciclagem devido a necessidade de diminuição de consumos energéticos e da consciência ambiental. O processo desenvolvido demonstrou a viabilidade da utilização de metálicos de pequena granulometria pela adição em carros torpedo, aumentando a oferta de ferro gusa líquido para os convertedores da CSN.

Aug 2, 2018

By Kurt Herzog

State-of-the-art automation information technology and connectivity enables the digitalization of steel production that goes far beyond conventional automation of industrial production. Initiatives have been started around the globe to foster digitalization like IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) in the US, Industrie 4.0 in Germany or China 2025. Primetals Technologies is actively driving the digitalization shaping the future of steel production. Intelligent combination of sensor technology combined with digital models as well as quality and production planning and control systems leads to new dimensions in product quality and production cost reduction. New diagnostic ways allow intuitive fault tracing or processing to support faster maintenance. Digital assistants support both operation and maintenance using context-oriented or self-learned information.

Oct 30, 2017

By Mathias Woydt

The tribological and mechanical properties of binderless and metal-bonded niobium carbides (8 or 12 vol.-% of Cobalt, 12 vol.-% of Fe3Al) are presented. Rotating disks made of niobium carbide bearing hard metals were mated against alumina (99.7%) under unlubricated (dry) unidirectional sliding tests (0,1 m/s to 12,0 m/s; 22°C and 400°C) as well as in oscillation tests (f= 20 Hz, ?x= 0,2 mm, 2/50/98% rel. humidity, n= 105/106 cycles). Microstructure and phase compositions were determined as well. The tribological data obtained were benchmarked with different ceramics, cermets, hard metals and thermally sprayed coatings, where NbC bonded with 8% and 12% Co presented above 8 m/s the lowest wear rates so far in such a benchmark. Binderless NbC (HP-NbC1) and the metal bonded NbCs exhibited low wear rates under dry sliding associated with high P?V load carrying capacities. NbC-based hard metal bonded with 12 vol.-% of Fe3Al resulted in a higher hardness level than for 12 vol.-% cobalt. The tribological profile established revealed a strong position of NbC bearing materials under tribological considerations and for closed tribosystems against established reference tribo-couples.

Jul 31, 2018

By Mery Cecilia Gómez Marroquin

Um importante problema das indústrias de fabricação de aço, decorrentes do uso de sucata de aço, é o de recuperação dos metais contidos nos pós e lamas produzidos nos fornos elétricos a arco (FEA) e nos conversores LD/FOB. Cerca de 10 a 20 kg de pó por tonelada de aço são gerados nos Fornos Elétricos a Arco, considerados resíduos perigosos pelos órgãos fiscalizadores (classe ? - material perigoso/NBR). Vários processos, utilizando tecnologias distintas (pirometalúrgicas e hidrometalúrgicas), buscam a recuperação técnico-econômica principalmente do Fe e do Zn, contidos nesses resíduos. Neste contexto, estudos básicos sobre a redução carbotérmica dos constituintes dos pós de aciaria, permanecem sob estudo. O presente trabalho foca a redução de ferrita de zinco gerada em laboratório, principal composto de zinco presente nos pós de aciaria, por meio de CO puro e misturas CO-CO2. A fenomenologia da redução considera a decomposição prévia seguida de reduções simultâneas, bem como as significativas influencias da temperatura, do tempo e do teor de CO.

Aug 8, 2018

By Steven G. Jansto

Carbon content and continuous casting parameters affecting solidification behavior, such as super heat, mold level fluctuation, heat transfer, fine grain chill zone depth and other process solidification parameters directly influence the surface and internal quality of the steel strand. The carbon content, resultant fine grain chill zone depth, the equiaxed-columnar transition zone and the strain energy are the primary drivers that govern hot ductility behavior. These factors influence the propensity for crack formation during the unbending section in the continuous casting process. Elements such as microalloys exhibit secondary or tertiary root causes for crack formation and are not the primary crack formation root cause. This solidification research identifies that the traditional hot ductility as measured via the percent reduction in area (%RA) at elevated temperature grossly overstates the minimum ductility required to assure crack-free casting of microalloyed steels. The strain at the ultimate tensile strength exhibits a very high correlation coefficient with strain energy while an extremely low correlation coefficient is exhibited with %RA.

Oct 30, 2017

By Jaine Ana Ferreira

A GAL tem uma constante preocupação em desempenhar as atividades de embarque e faturamento de forma eficiente e ao mesmo tempo receber a produção cada vez melhor. Pensando nisso, a equipe buscou parâmetros que pudessem medir a eficiência do Entreposto13 e propor melhorias, visando eliminar as constantes paradas de equipamentos por falta de área de armazenagem no Entreposto. O desejo era reduzir a quantidade de bobinas removidas no momento do carregamento, pois quando se reduz esse o manuseio interno, reduz-se o tempo do embarque e consequentemente agiliza o recebimento de bobinas no entreposto. Várias outras melhorias de infraestruturas e gestão de pessoas e equipamentos foram necessárias para que o objetivo final fosse alcançado. Objetivo esse que se resume em reduzir paradas dos equipamentos de Preparação de Bobinas à Quente para aumentar a velocidade de embarque.

Aug 8, 2018

By Armando Vazquez

Steel Dynamics Inc. (SDI) and Tenova Goodfellow Inc. (TGI) have successfully commissioned the first hybrid extractive/laser system for continuous and full spectrum analysis (CO, CO2, O2, H2 and H2O vapor) on two twin shell furnaces at Butler, Indiana. NextGen® technology using off-gas analysis as a main tool for EAF practice optimization is a proven effective method for improving plant productivity. Significant benefits attributed to the NextGen® system are operational cost reductions through the use of real-time dynamic control of chemical energy and improved environmental conditions through reduced GHG emissions. Additionally, the implementation of Tenova’s Water Leak Detection Technology® has shown results as an effective tool for operators to identify in real-time the presence of water during both reducing and oxidizing conditions. This paper will include project details, trials and results and will also outline the latest hardware developments and multipoint capabilities

Oct 30, 2017

By Tatiana Scarazzato

Neste trabalho, a cronopotenciometria foi utilizada para estudar o transporte de íons de um rejeito de um processo de deposição de cobre isento de cianeto através de membranas heterogêneas. Para tanto, utilizou-se um galvanostato e fez-se o registro da diferença de potencial através da membrana por meio de dois eletrodos de referência. Os resultados indicam que o transporte dos íons sofre interferências devido às reações de oxirredução da água. Além disso, a resistividade do ácido orgânico pode causar um aumento da resistência elétrica do sistema. Verificou-se, também, que o valor de densidade de corrente limite pode variar em função da espessura da camada limite de difusão.

Aug 16, 2017

By Verônica Scarpini Candido

O conhecimento das características microestruturais de materiais utilizados como constituintes mássicos de cerâmica vermelha é de grande importância para a compreensão das propriedades das peças queimadas. Assim, este estudo tem por objetivo caracterizar microestruturalmente a escória granulada de aciaria proveniente de uma siderúrgica do estado do Pará visando a sua incorporação em argilas para produção de peças de cerâmica vermelha. O resíduo passou pela etapa de beneficiamento e, depois, foi realizada a difração de raios-X (DRX) e fluorescência de raios-X (FRX). Além disso, realizou-se também a análise morfológica por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados mostraram que hematita, magnetita e wustita são as fases predominantes associadas aos óxidos de ferro. A análise química por FRX mostrou que o resíduo apresenta baixos teores de sílica (SiO2) e alumina (Al2O3), associados a elevados teores de óxidos de ferro e óxido de magnésio. Dessa forma, a caracterização da escória granulada de aciaria mostrou que esse resíduo apresenta-se como um potencial constituinte mássico cerâmico podendo contribuir para a formação de fase liquida durante o que acarretaria em melhoria das propriedades tecnológicas como absorção de água e resistência mecânica.

Oct 30, 2017

By Jorge Madias

Neste trabalho se leva a cabo uma revisão da literatura sobre defeitos em beam blanks. O foco é no mecanismo de formação e as soluções propostas para diminuir sua ocorrência. Os defeitos superficiais incluidos são as trincas longitudinais e transversais, bleeding, pinholes e escória. Os defeitos internos levados em conta são os blowholes, as trincas centrais e as trincas nas pontas das abas. A revisão incluie as técnicas utilizadas para pesquisar os defeitos: caracterização metalográfica, CFD, modelagem termodinâmica e termomecânica, etc. As medidas adotadas estãorelacionadas a mudanças no sistema de lingotamento (por exemplo o design da vâlvula submersa), design do molde, mudanças e regulação do resfriamento secundário, suporte dos veios.

Oct 30, 2017

By Thomas Höfler, Michael Auinger, Bernhard Linder

Gas-fired pusher furnaces are commonly used to heat steel slabs before hot rolling. Temperatures well above 1000 °C combined with an oxidizing atmosphere containing H2O, CO2 and O2 result in rapid oxidation of most steel grades. The resulting oxide scale and the chemistry of the metal-scale-interface are major determining factors for the occurrence of hot rolling defects. To better understand these phenomena, lab-scale trials were performed with two different steel grades in an electric tube furnace in the temperature range 1000-1250 °C, using an atmosphere of about 20 % H2O, 7 % CO2 and 3 % O2. Humidification of the gas was achieved by evaporation, using a custom thermostat with standard laboratory glassware. The resulting samples were prepared metallographically, using cold mounting under vacuum with taper section angles, and analyzed using light microscopy and SEM/EDS. The scale structure of the Si alloyed steel was highly dependent on the oxidation temperature due to the formation of eutectic liquid phases of FeO, Fe2SiO4 and FeAl2O4. Below the eutectic temperature, the scale of the Si steel appeared to be made up of three distinct areas: The external scale consisting solely of Fe oxides, the internal scale containing Fe2SiO4 and FeAl2O4, and an internal oxidation zone with SiO2 and Al2O3 in a mostly plain Fe matrix. Comparisons of the experimental results with simulations of the internal oxidation showed good qualitative agreement.

Oct 1, 2019

By Hiroshi Ichikawa

In 2013, Nippon Steel & Sumikin Engineering Co., Ltd. (hereafter referred to as NSENGI), Tenova HYL and Danieli have entered into an agreement to combine ENERGION DR technology into blast furnace technology and/or with syngas technologies. This new alliance will allow the three companies to combine research and development activities with their respective expertise in ENERGIRON DR technology, Blast Furnace technology and Syngas (by-pro gas and coal gasification) technology, with the ultimate objective to develop breakthrough iron making technologies and create such EPC projects. This paper introduces the concepts and the features of our breakthrough technologies of combining of ENERGIRON DR technology, Blast Furnace technology and Syngas technology.

Aug 16, 2017

By Francisco Morganti

This report gives in the first part the metallurgical basics for the production of AHSS grades in integrated steel plants starting at the melt shop and ending at the annealing lines of the cold mill. The corresponding process and plant technologies in each production step with its specifics and rules are explained. In the second part by way of example the practical requirements for TRIP 780 steel grade are highlighted like a recipe for process control in the steel plant, hot and cold rolling mill, annealing line and finally skin pass mill. Measuring of mechanical technological properties on samples shows that the specifications according to DIN EN 10268 are fulfilled.

Oct 30, 2017

By Edgar Ivan Castro Cedeño

En la producción de aceros limpios el control inclusionario es crítico para la obtención de un producto que cumpla con los requerimientos de calidad. El análisis de la distribución de tamaño de inclusión mediante modelos estadísticos permite estimar la incidencia de inclusiones en el producto solidificado a partir de mediciones tomadas en muestras relativamente pequeñas. En seis coladas de acero bajo carbono desoxidado con aluminio se tomaron muestras de acero a lo largo del procesamiento en horno olla y colada continua. Las muestras se prepararon para estimar mediante análisis metalográfico los tamaños de inclusión. Los datos de tamaño de inclusión se analizaron mediante modelos estadísticos de valores extremos, se hace una comparativa entre la distribución Gumbel (que forma parte de la norma ASTM E-2283) y la distribución Generalizada de Valores Extremos (GEV). Mediante una prueba de hipótesis con el estadístico Anderson-Darling, análisis de cuantiles y con la función de supervivencia se demuestra que la población inclusionaria se describe de una mejor manera con la distribución GEV. Finalmente se da un estimado de la incidencia probable de inclusiones en el producto solidificado.

Aug 16, 2017

By Carlos Alberto Mourão, Robson Martins, Letícia Madureira Moreira, Hélio Braz Loss, Joilson Moreira Ferreira da Silva, Edilson Simões Cavalieri, Mauricio Ferreira Coelho

O conversor AOD-L é de uso exclusivo para a produção de aços inoxidáveis na Aperam South America. Entre janeiro a julho de 2018, o consumo de FeSi estava acima do orçado, acarretando em perda de gestão para a Aciaria. O aço inoxidável AISI 304 representa 50% da produção da Aciaria na rota duplex (sem uso do VOD), portanto, esse projeto teve como objetivo a redução do consumo da liga de FeSi no AOD-L para o aço AISI 304. Essa redução foi possível através da utilização da metodologia Lean Six Sigma na qual a causa raiz foi identificada e as ações implementadas o que permitiu uma maior estabilidade operacional, além de aumentar a competitividade da Aperam South America frente aos demais produtores mundiais.

Oct 1, 2019

By Vitor Guarnier Domiciano

The need to adjust the monolithic refractories to increasingly severe and unstable Blast Furnace casthouse operating conditions has been a major challenge for refractory suppliers in order to guarantee the runner’s safety and its availability for operation. This paper presents the properties of a new robust single line Al2O3-SiC-C refractory castable developed to endure the severe operating conditions that main runners are facing in today's Blast Furnace casthouse scenario. Practical results during almost one year of testing revealed a significant lower wear speed of the new refractory lining when compared to a standard product.

Aug 1, 2018