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By M L. van Kampen

The Resource Management Act 1991 provides for activities to be classified as permitted, controlled, restricted discretionary, discretionary, non-complying or prohibited in district and regional plans. This paper looks at the use of the prohibited activity status to restrict, in particular, mining. Often the use of prohibited activity status for mining appears to have no basis other than the negative perceptions that the local community and/or the planner drafting the plan has toward mining and quarrying.   The paper will address the current appeal regarding the use of prohibited activity status now before the Court of Appeal, and the history to the litigation. The relevance of the outcome of the appeal to the minerals sector will also be explained.

Jan 1, 2007

By James Withers, Dongbo An, Jinhong Zhang

A micro-scale investigation was carried out by applying atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study in situ the adsorption of various collectors, i.e., oleic acid, octanohydroxamic acid (HA), and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA), on bastnaesite in aqueous solutions. The obtained AFM images show that the surface morphology of bastnaesite changes greatly after it comes into contact with the solutions of the collectors, suggesting that all these collectors can effectively adsorb onto bastnaesite. Increasing temperature can facilitate the adsorption of oleic acid onto bastnaesite. Results from attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR) also show that all of these collectors adsorb strongly onto bastnaesite, with strong absorbance spectra being detected. The ATR-FTIR results confirm those obtained by AFM. In general, hydroxamic acid collectors (HA and SHA) adsorb onto bastnaesite mainly in the form of insoluble metal hydroxamate. This specific adsorption mechanism explains that a high selectivity with a moderate collectivity will be achieved with a hydroxamic acid collector for the flotation of bastnaesite.

By Morabito J, Harrop D. W

Uranium exploration was commenced in 1973 and carried out at a regional scale over a wide area of the northern part of the Camarvon Basin of Western Australia by Minatome Australia Pty Limited and their joint-venture partners. As a result, pervasive uranium mineralization has been found in the Cretaceous sandstones near Manyingee Hills in the Onslow Region, which were probably deposited in a near-shore, fluvia deltaic palaeo-environment.Mineralization is generally found in poorly sorted argillaceous sandstones and siltstones near redox fronts formed by oxidizing waters circulating in reduced sediments. The principal minerals found in the two Manyingee deposits delineated so far are coffinite, uraninite with associated pyrite in the reduced zones, and phosphuranylite, siderite and limonite in the oxidized zones. The presence of dissolved uranium in the superficial aquifers, of secondary uranium minerals as coatings on granitic rocks, and of recent uranium-bearing calcrete sediments, suggest that the whole Cretaceous-Precambrian system has been subjected to the formation ofroll-front type uranium deposits since the Cretaceous. Continuing exploration is locating additional uranium occurrences. The deposits outlined so far are being evaluated for their amenability to in situ leaching tests planned for 1982-1983.

Jan 1, 1981

By Edward Keller

The work covered by this report was undertaken at the request of Dr. J. A. Holmes, late Director of the Bureau of Mines, to whom the writer had been recommended by C. W. Goodale and E. P. Mathewson, of Butte and Anaconda, Mont. The director's offer was accepted for the honor it conferred and for the useful results that might be promulgated by the work in the technical field covered. The investigation was facilitated by permission to visit various works and sometimes by contributions of important definite information on a given subject. It is therefore with pleasure that acknowledgment of courtesies is made to the following corporations and gentlemen: Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Raritan Copper Works, Baltimore Copper Smelting & Rolling Co., United States Refining Co., American Smelting &, Refining Co., B. B. Thayer, A. C. Clark, A. L. Walker, William H. Peirce, E. A. Cappelen Smith, H. H. Alexander, F. C. Newton, S. Rolle, R. W. Deacon, N. W. Pierce, O. C. Martin, C. N. Sappington, James K. Thomson, W. G. Derby, and the assistants of the writer, K. W. McComas and W. L. Raup. In this report considerable space has been devoted to general and theoretical principles on the ground that under modern conditions the best results in any field of activity can be attained only with the a. id of an adequate knowledge of the best theories underlying the practice. The diffusion of such knowledge in the field of sampling metallic metallurgical materials appears to have been quite insufficient, and it is felt that when the principles involved are once thoroughly comprehended their universal application will be appreciated, so that it will make no difference whether pig iron or gold bullion is offered for test. It may further be noted that a discussion of the theories underlying practical methods is placed under the caption "Practical Sampling," with the idea that no one can be a practical sampler unless he is capable of analyzing his methods. No attempt has been made to advocate any one method, but it is hoped that the analyses of all of the methods in use will show where each may be correctly and safely applied. The fact that it is possible to demonstrate the theoretical correctness of several methods indicates the invalidity of the claim that any single one of them is the standard.

Jan 1, 1916

By L. Yuan, J. H. Rowland, D. Bahrami, R. Thomas

Blasting is the main method of production in many non-coal underground mining operations and produces multiple toxic gases as a result. The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) requires mine operators to measure the level of toxic gases in mines as frequently as necessary to ensure they are below regulatory safety limits. The current practice uses portable gas monitors to check the concentrations of toxic gases after a fixed post-blast time. This paper studies the application of a gas monitoring system in the return entry of a limestone mine to determine a safe re-entry time. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted such a monitoring program in a limestone mine from September 2016 through May 2018. NIOSH/PMRD (Pittsburgh Mining Research Division) is endeavoring to develop workplace solutions to improve detection of and reduce the risk of hazardous conditions. This study showed that the use of gas monitoring in the return air can be a useful tool at the mine operator’s disposal to detect and reduce the risk of hazardous conditions and also to reliably estimate the re-entry time.

By Neil H. Brown

Outline ? Cameco - Cigar Lake ? Cigar Lake Mine Development ? MDS #1 ? MDS #1 Improvements ? MDS #2 ? MDS #2 Improvements Pending ? Acknowledgements Mine Development System ? Mining methods tested and developed over the years ? Construction began officially in 2005 ? Water inflow events in 2006 and 2008 ? Successful dewatering and re-entry in 2010 ? Remediation continues ? Production target is mid-2013

Oct 1, 2010

By C. Vipulanandan, M. Dawood, Dongmei Pan

"With the aging infrastructure, there is a need to maintain and extend the service life of steel structures in general and steel piles in particular. Steel piles support not only vertical loads but also dynamic horizontal loads in onshore and offshore applications. In order to select the appropriate methods to repair corroded steel piles used in onshore and offshore application, corrosion mechanisms were investigated with the rate of corrosion in various environments. The corrosion rate of steel in soil, water and soil-water interface varied from 2 to 500 µm/year. Based on literature review and analyses, the repair methods can be broadly characterized as protective coating, electro-chemical methods, wrapping and encasement and partial replacement of steel. Also, methods to evaluate the repair materials and the repair configuration have been documented.IntroductionOne of the biggest challenges facing the aging infrastructure is the materials loss and deterioration due to corrosion. Many studies indicate that in the US alone, costs due to corrosion loss is more than $276 billion annually (Michiel et al., 2010). Corrosion is the major cause of deterioration of steel structures and components (MNC, 2005). Load bearing steel piles are used as foundations for various types of structures and hence corrosion is very much influenced by the environment such as soil, water and soil-water interface. Corrosion of steel pile foundations may result in reduced capacity in the axial and lateral directions. Hence, understanding the rate of pile corrosion is essential to select the appropriate repair methods to avoid excessive deflection and failure (Decker et al. 2008).To prevent the deterioration mechanisms that attack a pile, it is fundamental both to identify and understand the deterioration mechanism that has been the cause of damage. Understanding the deterioration mechanism allows the engineer to design a repair that will combat this type of damage. It is widely recognized that the corrosion of carbon steel in soil, water and soil-water interface proceeds according to the following simplified anodic reaction and cathodic reactions in the presence of oxygen (Decker et al. 2008)."

Jan 1, 2017

By Kwang ‘Min’ Kim, Paul T. Behum

The Old Bevier Aerobic Wetland in Macon County, Missouri, was constructed between 1990 and 1991 by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources’ Land Reclamation Program for the purpose of treating acid mine drainage (AMD). The principal source of the AMD is from an underground mine that operated during the 1920's through 1950's, which was partially exposed during surface mining in the 1960’s. Limestone bedding of an AMD collection system provided alkalinity similar to an anoxic limestone drain (ALD). Because the original aerobic wetland failed when a critical dilution water supply became unavailable, the total acidity of the AMD overwhelmed the limited neutralization ability of the aerobic wetland. The aquatic vegetation deteriorated and treatment became ineffective. The Missouri Land Reclamation Program with the assistance of the Office of Surface Mining, Mid-Continent Regional Coordinating Center rehabilitated the Old Bevier Aerobic Wetland in 2001, incorporating newer technologies to improve the performance. The new system, Old Bevier II treatment facility, consists of a 2-stage vertical flow pond (VFP) with associated oxidation cells and aerobic wetlands. This paper discusses the performance of this passive AMD treatment system, updating an earlier report. The new treatment system has operated with nearly continuous net alkaline discharge and a high iron removal rate. Treatment improves during warm months when emergent vegetation is fully established and biologic activity is greater. Reduction in system efficiency is evident during winter months.

Jan 1, 2005

By Lifeng Zhang

The transport of fluid, heat ,and particles (bubbles and solid inclusions) in flowing molten steel is investigated in steel refining ladles, the continuous casting tundish, continuous casting mold and strand, and steel ingot casting processes. The two-equation k-?? model is used to simulate the turbulence. Multiphase fluid flow is numerically simulated with a Lagrangian-Eulerian approach, an Eularian-Eulerian approach and the Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method. The simulation can predict inclusion trajectories, inclusion removal fraction, free surface waves and other phenomena, which can be used to optimize these important metallurgical operations.

Jan 1, 2006

By J. D. Nye, I. A. Farr, W. J. D. Stone

"A unique deposit of barite exists near Brookfield, Nova Scotia. The crystals are extremely fine and the whole deposit virtually free of heavy metals. The deposit size was not large enough for conventional uses, such as the production of barium carbonate and drilling mud. In an effort to obtain maximum utilization, a program was begun to determine if U.S.P.-grade pharmaceutical barium sulphate for X-ray diagnosis could be produced. Early work was sufficiently encouraging to institute a development program under the federal Program for Advancement of Industrial Technology. This has been very successfully completed. Canadian and U.S. process patents have been issued, clinical trials have been successful, a production plant has been designed and the plant’s production sold. The processing plant will include magnetic separation for the removal of iron minerals, fine grinding by paddle milling to minus one micron and acid leaching. The process is unique in that at no time is the barium taken into solution.Information is given on the deposit, process, markets, use, plant capital and operating costs, and projected profits. The initial production plant will have an annual capacity of 2,000 tons per year of end product. Capital cost is $850,000 and annual turnover more than $1.5 million. As this capacity only represents approximately 15% of the North American market, rapid plant expansion is foreseen."

Jan 1, 1980

By Bern Klein, Malcolm Scoble, Justin Widdifield, Andrew Bamber

"It has been suggested that the pre-concentration of ore underground can bring positive economic and environmental benefits to underground mining, particularly at extreme depth. The integration of mineral processing systems for coarse waste rejection and disposal into the underground mining environment has a substantial impact on the economics and operation of the mine. A case study for the integration of underground pre-concentration at Falconbridge’s Thayer Lindsley and Fraser Copper operations in Sudbury, Ontario is discussed, with particular focus on ore evaluation, system design, integration, and impacts on the operation. Conclusions as to the overall feasibility and potential impacts of underground pre-concentration are presented.INTRODUCTIONObjectivesA scoping investigation has been conducted for Falconbridge Ltd on the Fraser Copper Zone and Thayer Lindsley mines in order to develop a better understanding of the operations, and to do a preliminary evaluation of the potential for pre-concentration of the ore underground. The objective was to develop a conceptual design and evaluation of a pre-concentration system for each site. The results are to be used as the basis for a more detailed future study.Underground Pre-ConcentrationThe pre-concentration of ore to reduce the quantity and improve the quality of material transported to the processing plant is not a new concept and has been in practise at several mines including the American Zinc Company in Mascot Tennessee (Munro et al, 1982), the Sullivan Mine in British Columbia and presently at Xstrata’s Mt Isa lead-zinc mine in Australia, as well as at several PGM mines operating in the South African Bushveld. For each of these mines, a high degree of waste rejection was achieved at a coarse particle size with good metallurgical recoveries. The benefits arising from the surface pre-concentration of ore are well documented in the literature (McCullough et al, 1999; Miller et al, 1978; Munro et al, 1982; Schena et al, 1990; Sivamohan & Forssberg, 1991)."

Jan 1, 2006

By C. Heath

US coal consumption reached new heights in 1985, but production was constrained by excess consumer inventories. Domestic consumption of coal reached a record 742 Mt (818 million st) during the year. This is a 3.4% gain over the previous consumption high 718 Mt (791 million st) in 1984. An additional 84 Mt (92.7 million st) of US coal were shipped abroad in 1985, up 13.7% from exports a year earlier. Coal production in 1985 totaled 804 Mt (886 million st), 1.1% below the record 813 Mt (896 million st) produced in 1984. The slight decline in coal output is attributed primarily to a 13% drawdown of large consumer stockpiles built up in 1984 in anticipation of a miners strike that never occurred. Coal demand, and hence production, were also restrained by slower economic growth in 1985 and additional gains in nuclear generation of electricity. Domestic market requirements for coal in 1985 were mixed. Electric utility consumption rose 4.4%; coke plants consumed 6.7% less coal; coal requirements in the other industrial sector expanded by 2.1% and consumption in the residential and commercial sector fell 14.8%. The 2.2% increase in electric power generation in 1985 resulted in a 4.4% rise in utility coal consumption, totaling 630 Mt (694 million st) for the year. Twenty-nine of 45 states where coal-fired electric power plants were operating shared in the 26.7 Mt (29.5 million st) increase in 1985. Coal receipts at utilities fell by 16 Mt (18 million st) as these facilities worked off 21 Mt (23.4 million st) from stockpiles during the year. Electricity generation at coal-fired power plants similarly climbed 4.4% to 1.4 trillion kWh in 1985. This gave coal a 56.8% share of electricity generated from all energy sources compared with 55.5% in 1984. The average price of coal delivered to these facilities remained essentially unchanged during the year. It declined on 1.5% from $38.26/t ($34.71 per st) during the fourth quarter of 1984 to $37.70/t ($34.20 per st) in the fourth quarter of 1985. Coal consumption at coke plants continue to reflect a depressed steel industry. After rebounding 18.9% in 1984 for the first time in five years, coal consumption at coke plants again declined 6.7% to 37 Mt (41.1 million st) in 1985. Coke consumption 26.5 Mt (29.3 million st) exceeded production, 26 Mt (28.7 million st), in 1985. This resulted in a 1-Mt (1.2-million st) decline in coke stocks at producer and distributor levels during the year. The average price of coal delivered to coke plants decreased 7.6% from $64.30/t ($58.34 per st) during the final quarter of 1984 to $59.42/t (53.91 per st) in the last quarter of 1985. Coal consumption in other industries, including all manufacturing and industrial consumers except coke plants, totaled 68.3 Mt (75.3 million st) in 1985. This was the highest level attained in more than a decade. But the lower percentage rise last year (2.1% compared to 11.8% in 1984) reflected slower growth in the nation's economy in 1985. The average price of coal delivered to industrial firms declined 4.5% from $42.32/t ($38.39 per st) in the fourth quarter of 1984 to $40.39/t ($36.65 per st) in the last quarter of 1985. Coal-producing states in Appalachia mined 9.8 Mt (10.8 million st) tons less in 1985 than in 1984 for a 2.4% loss. The largest contributors to the region's production decrease to 393 Mt (433 million st) were Pennsylvania, down 14.7% to 60 Mt (66 million st); Ohio, down 8.3% to 32.6 Mt (36 million st); and West Virginia, down 2.9% to 115 Mt (127 million st). Conversely, eastern Kentucky production was up 4.8% to 111 Mt (122.8 million st) in 1985, while production in Tennessee climbed 9.7% to 40 Mt (44 million st). No coal was mined in Georgia last year. Coal production in the interior region in 1985 declined 3.9% to 173 Mt (190.4 million st). Substantial production losses occurred in Indiana, down 8% to 31 Mt (34.5 million st); and in western Kentucky, down 7.9% to 36 Mt (40 million st). Coal production in Texas rose 5.7% to 39 Mt (43.5 million st) in 1985. Louisiana began mining lignite 140 kt (151,000 st) during the year. Production in the western region increased 3.4% to 238 Mt (262.5 million st) in 1985. Wyoming, up 5.3% to 125 Mt (140 million st); and North Dakota, up 16.5% to 23.5 Mt (26 million st) contributing the largest amounts. Production gains were also shown in Washington, Utah and, notably, in Alaska where coal output climbed 72.9% to 1.3 Mt (1.5 million st) in 1985. Most of the additional coal produced in Alaska last year was shipped abroad. Coal stocks held by consumers totaled 154 Mt (170 million st) at the end of the year. This was 27 Mt (30 million st), or 13.7% below the inventory level at the end of 1984. Stocks held by producers and distributors declined by 868 kt (957,000 st), or 2.8% in 1985 to 30 Mt (33 million st). A drawdown in stockpiles occurred in each consumer sector during 1985. Stocks held by electric utilities totaled 142 Mt (156 million st) at the year's end, 13% lower than stock levels at the end of 1984.

Jan 5, 1986

A major highlight of Fiscal Year 1993 is the completion of a new research facility dedicated to the advancement of robotics research and development. This new facility brings to the U.S. Bureau of Mines one of the largest and most unique facilities of its kind in the world. Located at the Bureau's Pittsburgh Research Center, the facility consolidates under one roof, all of the resource requirements of a first class automation and robotics research program. The Mining Robotics Development Center (MRDC) is the result of a major renovation of a large under-utilized warehouse-type structure and brings together the laboratories and offices previously housed in five separate buildings scattered throughout the Pittsburgh Research Center's 238-acre site. This new facility will support the computer-assisted mining research program, a high priority, multi-million dollar program that is expected to have a high impact on the health and safety of miners and coal productivity.

Jan 1, 1993

By John E. Leitch

The cost of corrosion as measured by such cost components as the renovation or replacement of coated steel, or the use of expensive coating systems on steel, is considerable. Extrapolating from figures for the USA would place the overall cost of corrosion for South Africa as a figure of the order of magnitude of something over 1% of the GNP. This is a sizeable amount, of which costs associated with atmospheric corrosion would be a significant proportion. The corrosivity of an atmosphere can be defined as the ability of the atmosphere to cause corrosion in a given metal or alloy (International Standards Organization [1]). The ISO Standard 9223 specifies the key factors in the atmospheric corrosion of metals and alloys, and defines categories of corrosivity on the basis of these factors. Prior to the publication of that ISO standard, Callaghan published the results of his twenty-year exposure programme and his excellent corrosivity map of Southern Africa [2]. The present author published updates of the corrosivity map in 1999 [3] and again in 2003 [4]. The summary of the individual areas of corrosivity around Southern Africa was published in the latter paper, and is reproduced here as the following TABLE 1. Of significance in TABLE 1 are the numerous regions of very high corrosivity (C5 or beyond), particularly the rural West Coast shoreline, the North East Coast (KZN) shoreline, and the coastal cities Cape Town, Durban and Richards Bay. The corrosivity map as published is obviously based on much extrapolation as only a small number of points have been measured. During the past three years further measurements have been made, mostly however at the same sites in order to give greater reliability and to monitor long-term trends with changes in pollution. These two aspects are incorporated in this update. There has become available a greater amount of air pollution data for centres in South Africa than was the case some years ago. In this present paper the pollution data are used to extrapolate the corrosivity over areas where little or no direct corrosivity measurement has been made. This methodology is described in ISO 9223.

Jan 1, 2006

By F. Schlosser

The extension of Montparnasse Station in Paris required the construction of supports of very high unit capacity to support a particularly rigid super-structure. The majority of the site is characterized by the existence of old limestone quarries at a depth of approximately 20 metres. These workings have been backfilled in some places, have collapsed in some places and have given rise to local subsidences in the marne layers above them. This paper addresses the steps taken by the group of companies and their consultants to evaluate the equivalent stiffnesses of the supports necessary for the design of the superstructure, and gives details of the construction techniques chosen by the foundations specialist to adapt to the particular conditions encountered on this site.

Jan 1, 1989

By G. Bellefleur, K. Stevens, E. Adam, D. Synder, G. Perron, C. Müller

The Downhole Seismic Imaging consortium was initiated by the Geological Survey of Canada and three Canadian mining companies to assess the usefulness of borehole seismic techniques for the exploration of massive sulphide deposits within areas of steeply dipping stratigraphy. Field tests were conducted over two sub-economic massive sulphide deposits located in Norman West, Ontario, and Halfmile Lake, New Brunswick, using various shot configurations and a three-component borehole receiver array. The Norman West deposit, or structures associated with the deposit, produce detectable seismic reflections as far away as 1500 m. However, these reflections are difficult to distinguish from fault reflections and lithological contacts near the base of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. At Halfmile Lake, the rock properties are favourable for direct orebody detection. The Halfmile Lake deposit has a clear but relatively complex seismic signature on the downhole data, showing not only P-wave reflections, but also strong reflected S-waves and modeconverted waves. Such prominent S-waves and converted waves have not been recognized previously in borehole or surface seismic data acquired over massive sulphide deposits. These waves add complexity to the interpretation but provide additional imaging capabilities. Reflected S-waves and converted waves should be considered when designing seismic surveys for mineral exploration.

Jan 1, 2004

Implementation of Fine-Screening in Preparation of KGHM PM SA Sandstone-Carbonate Copper Ore for Flotation

Sep 13, 2010

By F F. Pitard

The comparison between J Visman and C O Ingamells’ works with P M Gy’s works has been the object of intense debates in the past. Such negative debates inevitably resulted in a loss of many good opportunities. The author’s long experience in applying works of these three authors led to the pragmatic conclusion that it is relatively easy to integrate everything Visman and Ingamells created into the Theory of Sampling; therefore, it is suggested that the compatibility has been vastly overlooked, and a correction for such anomaly is recommended. It is important to emphasise that Visman and Ingamells works may be beneficial and provide relevant, harmonious additions in some areas, and ultimately offer attractive possibilities to sampling practitioners. Such additions may enhance our capabilities to predict sampling difficulties by using a stronger strategy and to design better sampling experiments that would allow us to further understand the heterogeneity of minor constituents, and especially trace constituents. Basically, the suggested integration is essential for sampling trace constituents in the environment, in food, in chemicals and in the pharmaceutical industries.CITATION:Pitard, F F, 2017. Integration of Visman and Ingamells’ works into the Theory of Sampling – a necessity to expand possibilities in sampling practices, in Proceedings Eighth World Conference on Sampling and Blending , pp 55–62 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2017

By Tom C. Palangio

The mining industry has come to rely on imaging devices to monitor and record all kinds of activities. We use them to measure, improve the process, ensure security, increase production and automate machinery. Cameras can be installed in locations most people wouldn?t want to live and be our ?eyes? to record the events at that location. This paper discusses digital imaging, the equipment, methods, techniques and information that can be learned from digital devices used in mining operations. The guy who said ?a picture is worth a thousand words? probably understated it. Images are the perfect way to document conditions before, after and even during mining activities. Today?s wide choice of cameras, camcorders and other digital devices allow us to record most activities and events. The technology is advancing at a high rate. Digital cameras and camcorders are marvels of technology with high resolution optics, compact size, automatic time and date stamp, great battery life, shutters to freeze motion and computers to auto focus and eliminate jitter (image stabilization). Add to this the economical price and ease of use and everyone in this industry should be aware of the possibilities.

Oct 1, 2010

By R Cunningham

The E26 Lift 1 North Project took 37 months from the approval on 1st January 2019 to the commencement of production on 1st March 2022. This was five months ahead of the feasibility plan. When compared to the previous E48 Block Cave construction 12 years prior, which was of a similar size and design with ten extraction drives, crusher and conveyors, the E26 Lift 1 North project has been delivered at 29 per cent less capital cost. Key metrics achieved by the project include 12.7 km of development, 240 km of production drilling for drawbells and undercut blasting, 107 drawbells fired ready for production as well as only three Lost Time Injuries compared to 16 during E48 construction. The Lift 1 North Project Team has established a significant point of difference with the delivery being completed by the ‘Owners Team Model’ not Lump Sum or Turn-key. E26 Lift 1 North is now supplying the Northparkes processing plant for the next eight years. This paper discusses major milestones achieved throughout the process, modifications to processes from previous block cave construction at Northparkes as well as novel approaches to work to achieve the successful delivery of the project.

Mar 29, 2023