Search Documents

By Madgwick J. C

Leaching column techniques and microbiological methods have been described in detail in Madgwick and Ralph (1980) and Madgwick, Ralph and Sadler (1981).Sixty-nine kilograms of copper porphyry ore (0.4 per cent Cu, 2.7 per cent Fe) (particle size 2.4-11.2 mm; 60 The effect of sodium chloride (O.6M) irrigation on bacterial leaching of Bougainville copper porphyry ore was studied.Viability of suspended Thiobacillus ferrooxidants was reduced to less than 10 cells/ml in NaCI (O.6M) compared with 10' eells/ml in dilute II,SO, (0.01 M, pll 2). Salt irrigation had no significant effect on heterotrophic and sulphur oxidizing bacteria. Increascd short term recovery of copper (145 g/tonne/ 15 days) was followed by a marked decrease in tenors to less than 20 mg/litre/day compared with an acid leach, steady release, of 110 mg/litre/day. Resumption of acid leaching restored average solution copper to 46 mg/litre/day and the viability of suspended T Ierrooxidates to 10 cells/ml.Quantitative removal of sodium ehloride from ore particles was difficult and t races of NaCI remained for more than 200 days.

Jan 1, 1982

By AIME AIME

T HE Institute of Metals Division and the Iron and Steel Division will meet jointly at the Stevens Hotel, Chicago, during the week of the American Metals Congress, Sept. 22-26. The Iron and Steel Di- vision of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Society for Steel Treating and the American Welding Society meet at the same time. but the sessions have been arranged to conflict as little as possible. A rich program of papers and plant visits has been arranged for the members and guests of the two Institute Divisions. The annual dinner and a pro- gram of entertainment are being arranged by the Woman's Auxiliary of the Chicago Section. Members are urged to register immediately up011 arrival and to make dinner and plant visit reservations at the same time.

Jan 1, 1930

Organization Place Date 1917 American Electro-Chemical Society Detroit; Mich. May 2-5 American Waterworks Association Richmond, Va. May 7-11 American Institute of Electrical Engineers New York City May 18 America' Society of, Mechanical Engineers Cincinnati, Ohio May 22-25 American Iron and Steel Institute New York City May 25-26 ' Interstate Oil Mill Superintendents Association. Augusta, Ga. May (last wk.) Electric Power Club Hot Springs, Va. June 11-14 Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education .... Evansville, Ind. June 19-22. American Institute of Electrical Engineers Hot Springs, Va. June 25 American Society for Testing Materials Atlantic City, N. J. June 26-30

Jan 5, 1917

By N. Andersen

During the preliminary design phases and feasibility study of a proposed vertical shaft, a vertical diamond drill-hole is normally drilled on the site. This paper outlines how rock mass characteristics, in-situ rock stress, rock strength, hydrological characteristics, and structural parameters can be determined using wireline logging of this borehole. In addition, a rock mass classification scheme is developed, based on published work, and in particular the Q-factor is adapted to assess the stability of raise-bored shafts. The ‘stick plot’ is introduced, which combines all geotechnical parameters applicable to the stability of a vertical shaft into a colourcoded format where cross-correlations can readily be made on a day-today basis during the shaft-sinking process.

Jan 1, 2015

By K. K. Murray, D. G. Gelderland

"The pressure oxidation autoclave at the Goldcorp’s Red Lake Gold Mines (RLGM) was commissioned in 1991. Since commissioning, the circuit has been well maintained and its capacity increased to mechanical and gaseous oxygen limitations. With advances in available technology, opportunities to produce more sulphide concentrate and a changing business environment, an optimization project has been initiated at RLGM. A multi-phase approach has been developed to optimize both the operations and economics of the circuit. This paper describes the history and future of the autoclave circuit at RLGM.AcknowledmentsWe would like to thank the operations and maintenance staff at Red Lake Gold Mines for their support and openness of mind to enact changes to enhance the operation. We would also like to acknowledge the members of the integrated team from Red Lake maintence, metallurgy, operations and corporate technical services that did the hard work to push past the status quo in order to advance productivity.OpportunityThe Red Lake Gold Mines (RLGM) pressure oxidation (POx) circuit has been in operation for over 25 years processing the high sulphide content gold bearing minerals. Increased sulphide concentrate production from improved flotation recovery and increasing gold sulphide association at depth has led to the POx circuit becoming a throughput bottleneck. The opportunity exists to process increased tonnages of sulphide concentrates and increase gold production. In order to realize this value, it will be necessary to increase the throughput capacity of the POx circuit.BackgroundThe POx autoclave at the RLGM, commissioned in 1991, was Canada’s first gold autoclave. It was installed to replace the two-stage fluid bed roaster that was built when the Campbell mine and mill were constructed in the late Forties. The circuit was originally designed to process 12.5 t/d sulphide sulphur in about 50 t/d of Campbell flotation concentrate. Following the merger of the Campbell and Red Lake Mines in 2006, the POx circuit started processing flotation concentrate from both Campbell and Red Lake Mills. In recent years, the circuit has been processing about 18 t/d sulphide sulphur in 75-85 t/d flotation concentrate."

Jan 1, 2017

By Jorj O. Osterberg

Until ten years ago, the largest load tests on drilled shafts (bored piles) were about 3,000 tons (27MN). These tests were made with kentledge (large weights, usually concrete blocks) stacked up as a reaction to the applied downward load of a hydraulic jack. In some cases, the jack load is resisted by a load frame held down by piles or anchors connected to the frame. When the test loads exceed 3,000 tons (27MN), these methods become cumbersome expensive and time consuming. The Osterberg (O-cell) test method does not require any reaction load. It has become the only cost effective method for static load testing of high capacity shafts. Over 650 load tests have been performed with this method, 86 of which were over 3,000 tons (27 MN) and 40 over 5,000 tons (44 MN), and the largest test load was 17,000 tons (150 MN). Tests have been made on sands below the water table, shafts ending in rock sockets, and cemented sands and gravels. Test results and details for selected load tests are discussed.

Jan 1, 2002

By Å. Kruukka, H. F. Broicher

The iron ores of the Kiruna mine in Sweden are of exceptional quality except for the phosphorus content in certain zones of the orebody. The prevention of mixing ores high in phosphorus with those low in phosphorus has always been of significant economic importance. The ongoing introduction of tele-mining and automatic haulage by LHDs requires new means in the field of quality control underground, as the experienced miner as well as the underground laboratory assistant no longer are involved in the process. As of 1998, LKAB has been testing prototypes of LIF (laser-induced fluorescence) analyzers for non-contact and real-time measurement of the phosphorus content of ore being transported by LHDs from the stopes to the respective ore pass assigned to a certain ore quality. The principles of the analysis of laser-induced fluorescence, the different test phases and results are described and conclusions made. With bulk sorting of ore underground, the mining engineer supports the efforts of the metallurgist in the processing plant.

Jan 1, 2002

By Sahoo K. C

Traditionally, the blast furnace (BF) has maintained a dominant position as the primary source of iron units. Notwithstanding the efficient nature of the process in respect of its material and energy consumption, the conventional blast furnace route is faced with limitations such as stringent quality metallurgical coke, high capital investment, etc. While BF will continue to retain its predominant position as the foremost ironmaking technology, the alternate processes may also have a role to play. Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) or sponge iron industry is all set to take a firm root in India as one important solution to the problems of shortage of metallurgical coal and ferrous scrap and high investment costs faced by the country's steel industry. The commercial proven DR processes coupled with electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking have also offered a viable alternative to the blast furnace - basic oxygen furnace (BF - BOF) route for the installation of integrated plants under specific local conditions. The performance and efficiency of DRI processes mainly depend upon the chemical and physical behaviour of the raw materials especially the iron bearing materials. Iron oxide pellet and sized lump ore constitute the oxide feed stock, while pellets form an ideal feed stock for direct reduction, use of lump ore is economically advantageous because of its lower price. National Mineral Development Corporation Limited (NMDC), being one of the major producer of iron ore in the country since last four decades, has established technology and developed process flowsheets for production of suitable calibrated lump ore for DRI production, besides supplying the natural lump ore for conventional blast furnace requirements. In addition to the above, extensive pilot plant tests have been carried out at the R&D Centre of NMDC for preparation of iron ore concentrates suitable both for direct reduction and blast furnace grade pellet feed using the iron ore fines from its own mines and as well as from the other iron ore mines in the country. For utilisation of the huge quantity of slimes generated in its ore processing plants, NMDC has planned to set up the first commercial plant adopting the smelt reduction process (ROMELT Process) for production of pig iron from Bailadila slimes. The paper mainly deals with various beneficiation techniques adopted for production of DRBF grade pellet feed from iron ore fines. Also presented in the paper, the extensive work carried out at R&D Centre on preparation and evaluation of calibrated lump ore (Natural Pellets), based on which, suitable modifications are incorporated in the ore processing plants of NMDC for production and supply of the same to sponge iron industries.

Jan 1, 1999

By Helmut Westermayr, Michael Tergl

DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT Geographic Setting The Kops II plant is a pumped storage scheme of the hydroelectric power producer ‘Vorarlberger Illwerke AG’ which is currently under construction in the Austrian Province of Vorarlberg. The plant is located at the end of the Montafon valley and will be fed with water coming from the Silvretta mountain range (Figure 1) Description of Plant The Kops II plant shall be operated as a pumped storage plant with three highly flexible and quickly controllable power generating units. Each unit shall have a capacity of 150 MW and shall be equipped for both turbine operation and pump operation. The Kops II plant uses the existing Kops Lake as upper storage reservoir and the existing Rifa balancing reservoir as lower storage reservoir. All major plant components of the Kops II scheme are located below ground. Total investment costs areapprox. 360 million Euro. Construction Lots The construction works for the Kops II plant, which were subdivided into three lots, were launched in September 2004. It is planned that the first power generating unit shall go on line in the year 2007. The completion of the overall project and the operation start-up of the second and third unit are envisaged for the year 2008. Lot 1—Pressure Tunnel. The 5.5-km-long pressure tunnel forms the connection between the Kops Lake and the beginning of the pressure shaft. The tunnel was excavated by the use of a double-shield TBM. Lot 2—Pressure Shaft and Surge Chamber. The approx. 1.1-km-long pressure shaft was excavated by TBM, advancing from bottom to top. Featuring an inclination of80%, the pressure shaft overcomes a difference in height of approx. 700 m. Lot 3—Power House Cavern and Tailrace Structure. The power house cavern, which is being built approx. 150 m inside the mountain, forms the core of this plant. The power house is designed to accommodate three power generating units, and the transformer cavern is forseen to accommodate three transformer units. The tailrace structure serves the purpose of conveying the water to the lower storage reservoir during turbine operation and as water intake during pump operation (Figure 2).

Jan 1, 2007

By David L. Hill

Newmont Gold Company's Mill No. 4 is located along the Carlin trend, about 25 miles North of Carlin, Nevada. The plant consists of a primary grinding circuit using a 7.2 m (22 ft) diameter by 2.6 m (8 ft) long semi-autogenous mill along with a 2.3 m (7 ft) diameter cone crusher. Secondary grinding is performed in a 4.8 m (14.5 ft) diameter by 9.2 m (28 ft) long overflow ball mill in closed circuit with a set of 66 cm (26 in) diameter cyclones. The ground product is fed to a typical carbon-in-leach gold leach circuit. The grinding/crushing circuit operation and control scheme are the topics of this paper.

Jan 1, 1993

By G. W. Luxbacher

This volume describes the use of the Penn State Mine Ventilation Simulator (PSU/MVS) to model existing mine ventilation systems and, in addition, to evaluate the effect of system modifications. Ventilation survey methods designed to insure computer input data of sufficient accuracy for simulation purposes are covered in comprehensive detail, including quantity and pressure measurement and fan performance testing. The development of input data from ventilation survey results is discussed and illustrated by the use of an actual field survey. Two programs, written in FORTRAN IV with WATFIV, are presented to calculate airway head losses from altimeter pressure measurements. An existing coal mine ventilation system is analyzed and modifications to the system are simulated and evaluated. In addition the application of the PSU/MVS to non-coal mines is briefly discussed. An extensive bibliography on ventilation surveying and simulation is included.

Jan 1, 1977

By Juan Garcia de Blas

O presente trabalho aborda o desenvolvimento de liga titânio-nióbio obtida por metalurgia do pó no qual foi introduzida uma operação de extrusão angular em canal (Equal Channel Angular Pressing - ECAP) com o propósito de promover uma consolidação que favorecesse a homogeneização na etapa posterior de sinterização. Após o processamento o material foi caracterizado por microscopia ótica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV/EDS). Os resultados preliminares indicaram a importância da redução do tamanho das partículas de nióbio.

Aug 17, 2017

By Xinxian Zhai

Jining No. 3 Coal Mine, a subsidiary of Yanzhou Coal Company Limited. China, is a super-large modern mine. The coal mine is not only the first one constructed with five-million tons of designed production capacity in China, but also a modern underground coal mine with coal transportation systems by trains and ships, and with a power plant. Based on the hard roof conditions of the sublevel caving coal face in the fault-affected zone, the authors designed rebar and cable bolts for supporting the tailgate that is separated from the gob by a narrow pillar. With extensometers and borescope, strata behavior was systematically studied during tailgate development: (1). Roof convergence is much smaller as well as roof strata separation between inside and outside the anchored zone. (2). The affected zone during tailgate development is approximately 50 m. (3). Because of serious floor heave and obvious rib convergence, the tailgate finally turned into a reversed-trapezoid from the original rectangular shape. (4). There being many joints and fractures in the pillar, coal is crushed from the elastic bedded structure into loose blocky materials. But the tailgate met the service requirements during longwall retreat mining, and demonstrated that the method of roof support was a success. Since then, roof bolting has been widely used for the tailgate of longwall panels at Jining No. 3 Coal Mine. Keywords: coal mine; bolt supporting; tailgate; convergence of surrounding rock; ground control; strata behaviors.

Jan 1, 2007

By S. Merjan

Three papers were presented for discussion at the conference: 1) Instrumented driven steel tube piles at Canary Wharf; author: A. R. Gaba, United Kingdom. The author described the Canary Wharf development in the London Docklands, and in particular, the decision to build over the water by driving open-ended steel piles 25m in length into the sands below the soft estuarine deposits. The tubes were then filled with concrete above the sand plug (usually 17m below pile head). Three trial piles were instrumented with: a) resistance strain guages on the inside of the tubes; b) vibrating wire guages on the re­inforcement of the concrete. The trial piles showed elastic behaviour in five cycles of lateral loading, while the verticle load tests showed a definite bi-linear load-settlement behaviour. The initial stiff portion was a result of frictional staff resistance, both inside and outside the tube, with the soil at the base contributing at higher settlements. Loads were taken to three times working load, with no imminent signs of failure.

Jan 1, 1991

By Phillip J. Mackey, Gerardo R. F. Alvear F.

It is now 38 years since the publication of the first edition of "Extractive Metallurgy of Copper" by Professor W.G. Davenport and the late Professor A.K. Biswas. The text book would be issued in a total of five editions, soon became the standard for students and those in industry. Interestingly it was published at the onset of great change in the industry. This was a time when sulphur dioxide controls in the USA were introduced, and almost simultaneously, world oil shocks caused significant increases in the cost of fuel - all leading to efforts to adopt new technology and move away from the reverberatory furnace, which had no potential for sulfur capture and required large amounts of fuel. At the time of publication of the book, new processes such as the Noranda Process and the Mitsubishi Process were in their infancy, while flash smelting (which was first commercialized in 1949 at Harjavalta, Finland) had made significant in-roads in boosting copper output, with some 22 new flash smelters licensed by 1976. Computer technology and associated process control techniques were rudimentary compared to systems today, available physico-chemical data remained largely in tabulated format and needed to be manually entered into the main frame computers of the era, while modeling techniques common today had not yet been developed. The copper industry has therefore seen immense changes since the time of this textbook: world tonnage of smelted copper has risen from 7.34 million tonnes/year in 1976 to 16.7 million tonnes/year in 2012, over a two times increase. Technologies such as the El Teniente Process, or Top Submerged Lance technologies, typified by the ISASMELTTM, not commercialized at the time, now treat large tonnages of copper concentrate in a single furnace. Advanced heat and mass balance software and thermochemical modeling are now used extensively to examine chemical and physical characteristics for process design and to support process optimization. These changes in the industry have been chronicled in subsequent editions of the book. This paper looks at the issues and problems seen in 1976 and over the intervening years, and compares this with the challenges facing the industry with the available tools and technologies today. Some ideas looking into the future are also discussed in the paper.

Jan 1, 2014

By Taylor G. H

The Triassic Ipswich (SE. Queensland) coals are of bituminous rank. The more exact rank of individual samples was determined by measuring the reflectance of the vitrinite. While in general the rank of the coals increases with stratigraphic depth, minor reversals, probably related to igneous intrusions, occur.The Ipswich coals form a coherent group so far as petrographic type is concerned. All are comparatively rich in vitrite and clarite, cutinite being the common maceral of the exinite group. The mineral contents of all the coals are comparatively high, clay and quartz being most abundant. The coals appear to be of essentially autochthonous origin, and to have been formed under conditions of fairly rapid subsidence.While the use of the coals is at present restricted to combustion, most have pronounced coking properties, as would be predicted from their petrographic composition and reflectance. However, the high mineral content of the coals would be a limiting factor in their use for coke-making.INTRODUCTIONDuring the last ten years, the Division of Coal Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization has carried out an extensive investigation of Australian coals, providing a wide range of analyses of most of the important of them. Special attention has been given in recent years to Queensland coals.Most seams were sampled as a number of subsections, enabling the internal variations, as well as the overall properties, to be assessed. The lenticularity of many of the mineralrich layers may tend to limit the significance of the samples, particularly in respect of ash yield, but although the vertical distribution of mineral matter may vary considerably from one sampling position to another, the lateral variation of the total mineral matter in the whole seam may not be great.Apart from extensive chemical analyses and utilization...

Jan 1, 1963

By J. E. Johnson

Discussion of the paper of Prof. Henry M. Howe, presented in abstract by Bradley Stoughton at the Cleveland meeting, October, 1912, and printed in Bulletin No. 71, November, 1912, pp. 1181 to 1227. J. E. JOHNSON, JR., Ashland, Wis. :-This material is largely beyond the understanding of most of us practical men, but there are certain portions of that diagram that are of enormous importance. We have been conducting a, very extensive investigation of the quality of charcoal-iron and of all iron, and we have found that this eutectic point here (indicating on chart) is a sort of balance point between the good irons and the bad ones, and I have some slides to show what practical results we have found depending on this point here on the d diagram; and it would be a mistake for men who were -concerned with operation and were getting practical results, to think that these things are of no importance. They are exceedingly hard to understand, and I confess that a great deal of them is beyond me, but there is no doubt that the quality of iron depends to an enormous extent on the location of the carbon content of the iron to the right and left of this point, and the position of that point is dependent upon the silicon, and I wish to make a plea to the practical and operating members of the Institute not to disregard this material on account of its being highly scientific, because I hope to show later that there are matters of the highest practical importance that depend directly upon certain portions of this diagram. HENRY D. HIBBARD, Plainfield, N. J. :-T understand that washed metal, which, is practically pure iron and carbon, does not solidify at one instant, is cast-iron does, but passes through a mushy stage. That has been an enigma as to how and why it did so, and possibly some light might be thrown on it in this connection. BRADLEY STOUGHTON, New York, N. Y.:-If Wittorff's propositions are accepted, washed metal containing more than 4.1 per cent. of carbon would begin to solidify as liquid plus Fe4C

Dec 1, 1912

By Patrick Pelletier, Pierre-Alexandre Bossé, Julie Fournier, Gianni Bartolacci, Jayson Tessier, Ahmed Bouajila, Carl Duchesne

"This paper summarizes research into the study of the control of flotation processes based on froth images. The use of numerical image analysis techniques for the extraction of significant patterns (froth structure and colour) from industrial flotation froths is discussed.First, the froth was analysed by the use of the Multivariate Image Analysis (MIA) method to extract the spectral variation contained in a RBG image. The Partial Least Squares (PLS) was applied to develop the empirical model for the prediction of froth grade. The results of this application are illustrated using one industrial case study.Second, the froth was also analysed by Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and Wavelet Transform Analysis (WTA) to extract features related more to morphological aspects. Since there is useful information hidden in froth texture, these methods are used as texture descriptor to classify different types of froths.Third, a control strategy based on a froth structure indicator was developed and implemented on an industrial zinc flotation circuit. The feedback controller uses a reagent flow-rate in order to maintain the froth structure at its set point. Process improvements obtained with the implemented control strategy are highlighted.Finally, the feasibility to implement a hybrid control strategy consisting in a froth structure supervision controller based on the froth concentrate grade estimated by MIA and recovery inferred by image analysis is discussed.INTRODUCTIONThe development of control strategies to achieve satisfactory control performance has always been a great challenge for engineers and the need for improved process diagnosis, control and optimization has become more and more evident for the mineral processing industry in the last decades. That is why new process variables need to be measured particularly in highly multivariable processes such as flotation. This industrial process is subject to a wide variety of disturbances mainly generated by frequent and sometimes abrupt changes in physical and/or chemical ore characteristics and also, due to some irregularities in manual process operating procedures. A flotation circuit scheme is always a complex network of more than two dozens slurry streams. Information about those streams (% solid, metal content analysis and flow rates) is important for process diagnosis performance evaluation and control. Also, because of the grade decrease and increasing complexity of the new processed ores, more instrumentation outputs and more powerful and significant pr"

Jan 1, 2005

By H. David Swain

On Bougainville Island in Papua New Guinea, Bougainville Copper Ltd. (BCL) has successfully applied electronic data processing (EDP) techniques to pit operations and mine planning. Though the EDP program is not complete, BCL has realized significant improvements in short and long range mine planning, and equipment and manpower utilization. About 80% of BCL's 4000 employees are Papua New Guinea nationals, and most have little education or training. The operational characteristics of the computer equipment, however, have been quickly adapted by users with low educational standards.

Jan 3, 1979

During the drilling campaign conducted between October, 1942; and May, 1943, to prove the extent of the scheelite deposit worked by King Island Scheelite N.L. at Grassy, King Island, Tasmania, 35 holes were drilled and 606 samples recovered and assayed for their content. Of these, 238 came from outside the limits of the orebody and were for the most part barren, although a few contained some scheelite. The present statistical analysis is made only of the 368 samples taken from diamond-drill cores of the orebody itself.Drilling Pattern and Sampling MethodsFrom the purely statistical viewpoint, it is realised that methods employed in selecting sites for diamong.-drilling, and of collecting samples from drill cores, do not give a completely unbiassed set of data for analysis. Fig. 1 is a sketch plan showing the relativepositions of the drillholes, which were inclined at an angle of depression of 50 deg. The pattern does not conform to a properly randomized and' regularly-spaced grid, the positions of the later holes being determined by the results obtained from previous holes.Statistically, the bias is, therefore, favourable. The unequal spacing of the drill holes and the lack of uniformity in direction of the lines along which the holes were drilled are unsatisfactory from the mathematical viewpoint; but it is realised that these irregularitiesare difficult to avoid in determining by the most economical methods the extent of such an orebody, and are dictated by geological rather than mathematical necessity.Sampling, also, is lacking in complete uniformity. Each sample is approximately 10ft. in length. However, owing to the fact that 100% recovery of core is rarely achieved, and actual lengths of samples taken are ,primarily governed by the length of the drill runs,and secondarily by lithological changes, there is a considerable amount of variation in the sample length.AssayingWith the exception of 28 samples from three drill holes all samples dealt with in this paper were assayed in the Melbourne University Ore-Dressing Laboratory of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. These assays were given to the nearest 0.05% WOg as it was considered that more accurate determination was not possible. This fact has been taken into consideration in the frequency analysis below. The 28 assays determined by the Tasmanian Mines Department were given to the nearest 0.01%.

Jan 1, 1950