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By T. Narita

The diffusion barrier coating system (DBC system) was designed to suppress interdiffusion between alloy substrate and coatings in addition to ensuring slow oxide growth at high temperatures. In this report the concept of the DBC system will be introduced, and the results obtained for various heat-resistant alloys are presented. In this DBC system the s-phase of the Re-Cr-Ni system was selected as the barrier and is formed by electroplating Re-Ni and Ni films from aqueous solutions, followed by Cr and/or Al pack cementations. A typical DBC system consists of Ni-base superalloy / triple s-Re based alloy layer / ?’-Ni3Al and/or ß-NiAl (with or without Pt addition) / a-Al2O3. It was found that the DBC system maintained its structure for long time exposures because the s phase has tie-lines with the ? and ?’ alloy substrate and the ?’ and/or ß coating. The s-Re based alloy can suppress both the inward Al diffusion and the outward diffusion of alloying elements. The DBC system was successfully applied to various heat-resistant alloys such as Ni-Mo and Fe-Cr-Al based alloys, and these alloys with the DBC system were creep-deformed slowly under external applied stresses. A simultaneous diffusion coating process for Al and Hf was developed using Hf+NH4Cl+Al2O3 pack cementation. To obtain reliable and long-life coatings the combination of alloy substrate, coating, and external scale should be considered as a total system, to optimize oxidation resistance, structural stability, and mechanical properties.

Jan 1, 2010

By Ho-Sung Yoon, Jyothi Rajesh Kumar, Chul-Joo Kim, Sung-Don Kim

A recovery process for rare earths (REs) such as dysprosium and neodymium from the leach liquor of permanent magnet scrap (PMS) was developed. The two hydrometallurgical routes namely liquid-liquid extraction (solvent extraction) and selective stripping were implemented. The present study deals with the separation and recovery process development by using organo-phosphorous based extractant di-(2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as reagent for REs processing. Initial studies considered the influence of time on the extraction process, as well as pH and extractant concentration effects. This suggested the aqueous mechanism and separation factors played a role in process during development. McCabe-Thiele diagrams for extraction isotherms were developed. Counter current extraction (CCE) using various phase ratios influenced metals separation. Maximum loading capacity of the D2EHPA was determined. The loaded organic generated by the CCE process was water washed followed by a scrubbing process to remove the other metal ion from targeted metal. Finally, a stripping process was tested using various mineral acids.

Jan 1, 2015

By Roland B. Hoag, Roger G. Webber

Sulphate concentration in groundwater is a good measure of the extent of oxidation of sulphides, provided that sulphide minerals are the primary source of the sulphate. A study was conducted near the Eustis Mine in Quebec to determine where and how the sulphate in groundwaters originated. Atmospheric precipitation is the only source of sulphate other than oxidation of sulphides, and in this study area it is equal to 0.01,. millimole per litre. The oxidation of sulphides can be divided into subsurface oxidation (mainly inorganic processes) and surface oxidation (including both organic and inorganic processes) . The maximum sulphate concentration due to subsurface oxidation of sulphides depends on the solubility of 0 2 in water and is 0.25 millimole per litre. Surface oxidation is, therefore, responsible for any amount greater than atmospheric plus subsurface contributions (0.29 millimole per litre). Surface inorganic oxidation occurs in waters with a pH greater than 15 and is controlled by the kinetics of the oxidation processes. Organic (bacterial) surface oxidation is dominant only in acid (pH< 1.5) waters. The bacterial action accelerates the oxidation of sulphides, and large quanttties of sulphate may be introduced into solution.

Jan 1, 1976

By Al Goodier

"This paper discusses the experience of Noranda Mines Limited, Matagami Division, with the vertical crater retreat (VCR) method in the mining of narrow-vein stopes. Although limited to only one stope, the viability of this method at the Radiore No.2 Mine has proven that further use of VCR in narrow-vein mining will be made.IntroductionThe Radiore No.2 property is located east of the Bell River in the southeast quadrant of Isle-Dieu Township, approximately 4.5 km east of the town of Matagami. The new James Bay Highway is 2.5 km north of the property and access to the mine is by a 2.5-km logging road.The property was staked by Radiore Uranium Mines in March 1961 and the sulphide body was first indicated by an E.M. survey. Diamond drilling commenced in the fall of 1961 and was completed by the end of 1962. As per an agreement in 1970, the claims were sold and assigned to Orchan Mines Limited. Subsequently, the property was transferred to Bell Allard Mines Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Orchan Mines. Early in 1979, Noranda Mines Limited acquired the property and it is now part of Noranda&apos;s Matagami Division.Geology and MineralizationThe deposit is in a band of volcanic rocks north of the Bell River complex. The lens of massive sulphides dips almost vertically and strikes almost east-west. The north contact is essentially sharp against andesite material; the south contact is less well defined, as the massive sulphides tend to grade into more disseminated material.The orebody varies from 5 to 20 feet in width, by 350 feet long and 200 feet in height. The overburden is composed of sand, gravel and clay, varying from 0 to 26 feet in depth. The ore reserves were 153,340 tons grading 1.97% copper and 1.01% zinc including 10% of dilution at zero grade."

Jan 1, 1982

By C. R. Whittemore

IT can be truly stated that no branch of the engineering industry has progressed more rapidly in the last few years than that of welding. In spite of depressed economic conditions, this industry has continued to advance along scientific lines, replacing the old hit-and-miss method of welding. The development work is intensive, and increased activity is recorded in every sphere of the industry, new applications of existing methods, together with new processes, being added to those already proved in practice. The general acceptance of the welding processes can be measured by their utilization as a manufacturing tool in the metal-working industries. Many manufacturers have partially or wholly adopted welding. These concerns have on their staffs welding specialists, design engineers, and metallurgists, who are qualified to design and supervise the manufacture of welded parts, at a considerable saving to the purchaser. The steady, consistent, and sound growth of welding is based upon investigation of the fundamentals of the various processes, together with their proper application. The classification of welding processes varies in different countries. In Europe, they are divided into two main classes, namely, heterogenous and autogenous. In the former, the parts are joined, as a ruler without melting the edges, and by using as filler a metal different from that of the object welded. Such welding differs from soldering and brazing in that higher temperatures are required to effect the union of the parts. In autogenous welding, the parts are joined by melting of the edges, with or without the addition of a material similar to the parts being joined.

Jan 1, 1936

By Will S. Pettitt

Fracture Network Engineering (FNE) is the engineering design of rock mass disturbance through the use of advanced techniques to model fractured rock masses numerically, and then correlate field observations with simulated fractures generated within the models. Microseismic (MS) monitoring is a standard tool for evaluating the geometry and evolution of the fracture network induced during a hydraulic treatment, principally by source locating MS hypocenters and visualizing these with respect to the treatment volume and infrastructure (Figure 1). The integrated use of Synthetic Rock Mass (SRM) modeling of the hydrofracturing with Enhanced Microseismic Analysis (EMA) provides a feedback loop in which the SRM is constrained by the information provided by the MS data and the in-situ behavior of the fracture network is better understood, leading to informed decisions on future field operations. This paper discusses the technologies used in FNE and some of the developmental challenges we face in order to provide a more efficient and robust application of the approach. One particular challenge is the accurate representation of MS source data within the models (locations, magnitudes and mechanisms), and the ability to correlate these data effectively with field results. This challenge is being overcome by the development of more efficient numerical modeling algorithms, providing simulations in three dimensions at reservoir scale, combined with validation of these algorithms using laboratory and field case studies.

Jun 1, 2012

By J. E. Hawley

"The Aldermac copper deposit is in Beauchastel township, Abitibi county, Quebec. It lies about 11 miles west of Noranda. It has been described by Cooke, James, and Mawdsley(2) and by Bruce(3) and has been mapped in detail by W. Samuel and the late K. W. Fritzsche, former Mine Geologist, and by J . E. Gill and A. R. Byers, so that most of the particulars contained in the description that follows are largely the result of the work of others than the writer, whose connection with the deposit, in a consulting capacity, extended over the last 5 years of the life of the mine.According to A. V. Corlett, former Mine Manager, the property was staked during the early winter months of 1923 because of its location adjacent to the syenite intrusive that had been mapped by Cooke near the height-of-land in this township. An examination by Mr. Corlett in 1924 revealed mineralized zones to the north of MacKay lake, and in the vicinity of these K. W. Fritzsche, by dip needle and trenching, discovered the No. 1 and No. 2 deposits, which were both too small and too low grade for exploitation. During the winter of 1925, A. A. MacKay, with a dip needle, picked up a magnetic 'anomaly' in a drift-covered area about 600 feet to the north of previous workings. Trenching here revealed only a narrow zone of mineralization of little consequence, but, farther east, MacKay discovered a more pronounced 'anomaly' over what later drilling and underground work proved to be ore of commercial grade (No. 3 and No. 4 orebodies)."

Jan 1, 1954

By Rosie Moore, Harvey Keats, Kerry Sparkes, A. J. Naldrett

"Abstract-The Voisey’s Bay Ni-Cu-Co deposit was discovered in late 1994 as the result of prospecting initiated in the summer of 1993. By July 1995, proven mineable reserves were 31.7 x 106 tonnes grading 2.83% Ni, 1.68% Cu and 0.12% Co, and current total resources in all categories are quoted to be in the order of 150 X 106 tonnes. The deposit is associated with a body of troctolite belonging to the Nain Anorthosite (1.35 Ga - 1.29 Ga) suite, which was emplaced across the boundary between the Proterozoic "Rae" Province to the west and Archean "Nain" Province to the east.The deposit can be described in terms of three geological settings. The "Ovoid" is a 600 m long by 350 m wide by 100 m deep lens of massive sulfide, covered by 10 m to 20 m of glacial overburden, and separated from the underlying country rock quartz-plagioclase-biotite gneiss by a breccia of gneissic fragments in troctolite known as the Basal Breccia Sequence. To the west of the Ovoid lies the "Western Extension", comprising disseminated and massive sulfides in a north-dipping sheet of troctolite which ranges from upper unmineralized troctolite down through troctolite with increasing amounts of sulfide (up to 50%), to massive sulfide (in some places only), and then to Basal Breccia Sequence. East of the Ovoid, the troctolite sheet broadens out into a troctolite intrusion, within which occurs the "Eastern Deeps", a zone of massive and disseminated sulfide up to 100 m thick that is currently being explored. The mineralization of the Eastern Deeps lies along the line of intersection of a feeder sheet with the base of the intrusion. The current interpretation is that the three geological environments represent different erosional levels through a single mineralized intrusion. In this model, the deepest erosional level lies to the west and exposes the feeder to surface, whereas the Ovoid represents the base of the intrusion at surface, and the Eastern Deeps the base of the intrusion overlain by 600 m to 900 m of troctolite. Sulfides and gneissic fragments were brought up by magma flowing quickly through the feeder, and settled out where the flow rate decreased as the sulfide-bearing magma mixed with magma already emplaced in the intrusive body."

Jan 1, 1996

By G. Ellie, D. F. Coates

"The mining of coal in thick and inclined seams is difficult, and there are only a few countries in the world that are really interested in the problems associated with their exploitation. In France a considerable amount of investment has been made in the mechanization of systems appropriate for such conditions.For seams inclined up to 50 degrees, of normal thickness, a new system was introduced in 1967. It consists of a longwall advancing to the rise with walking props, a shearer and hydraulic backfill. During the first two years the panel productivity was an average of 25 TN/MS, and they foresee the possibility of reaching an average of 30 TN/MS.A system for thick beds, both horizontal and inclined, is in p•rocess of being mechanized. In 1969 they started with a method consisting of a longwall in a footwall slice, or sub-level drifts with walking props, and caving and drawing up to a height of 20 m of coal. Recent experiments with a shearer have produced panel productivities between 9 and 11 TN /MS, and there is hope that with experience an average of 16 TN/MS will be obtained.In 1964 a method was initiated for beds inclined from 60 to 90 degrees, based on a mechanical cutter designed by the collieries in Lorraine. An overhand slice of 4.2 m in height is taken with a drum cutter mounted on the end of a boom. Hydraulic fill is placed at the completion of a slice. The face productivity, which has been from 13-20 TN /MS, can be perhaps increased to an average of 22 TN/MS. For those companies with important reserves in inclined and thick seams, these French systems may be worth the trouble of examining in some detail."

Jan 1, 1972

IDS: The Company IDS Ingegneria Dei Sistemi, founded in 1980, is a world leader as a high technology solution provider in selected niche defense and civil market sectors ? Private and Independent ? IDS?s Quality System is certified ISO 9001 Ed. 2000 ? IDS has the highest Military Clearance ? Continuously measure (24x7) mine wall movements with sub-millimetric accuracy at long distance (up to 4 Km) ? Provide reliable early warning for progressive slope movements potentially leading to mining wall failures ?Map the long term evolution of slow moving slopes to get a better knowledge of the rock mass strength

Aug 1, 2013

By A. Sokolov, E. Hasikova, V. Gostilo, V. Titov

Introducing online X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzers in the mining and processing industries can lower costs and improve the representativeness and speed of analysis. The applicability of the CON-XTM industrial conveyor XRF analyzer for continuous measurement of potassium content in process materials was demonstrated at various stages of potassium muriate (MOP) production. The CON-X analyzer produced reliable and accurate results for sylvinite ore (27–36% KCl), MOP cake after flotation (88–97% KCl), and NaCl residue (1.5–5% KCl). Tests of the analyzer at an MOP-producing plant showed a < 0.5% difference between online and laboratory results.

Jan 1, 2014

By G. M. Brownell

A DEPOSIT of hematite occurs on Black island, lake Winnipeg, at a point known locally as Red Rock, on the south shore of the island directly across from Clements point. The mail boat from the Canadian Pacific Railway terminus at Riverton, crossing the lake to Manigotogan twice weekly, passes near Red Rock and provides a convenient means of transportation to this part of Black island (Figure 1). HISTORICAL The occurrence of hematite on Black island has been known for a long time. Dowling&apos;s report of 1898 states(1): "An iron-ore deposit on the south side has been known&apos; for many years, and on Jeffrey&apos;s map of 1762, showing Canada and northern part of Louisiana, Iron island is shown a short distance south of the narrows, evidently the same as the Black island of today".

Jan 1, 1945

By Pedram Sahba

In today?s emerging economy, pooling resources is a growing trend to reduce overall system costs. Two important resources of every maintenance department are repair shops and spare parts. In this work, we consider a system consisting of mine drills at multiple areas in a mine. In each area, a number of identical drills are operational. When a failure occurs, the defective component should be repaired in a designated repair shop. The failed component can be replaced immediately if a spare part is available. Otherwise, the drill is down until a component is repaired and put back into service. In this paper, the effect of pooling resources is examined, and the conditions under which it is beneficial to pool the resources are investigated. In addition, determining the optimal number of stand-by units, equipment or spare parts, in each case is of interest.

May 1, 2013

By J. B. De Hart

This paper has been confined to the consideration of the working of thick seams, from six feet to sixteen feet, which are pitching at about thirty degrees to the horizontal. The discussion has been limited to these set conditions because they are the ones of commonest occurrence in the Southern Alberta bituminous coal district, because, from the point of view of safety, thin seams are more easily worked, and because a discussion of all the possible combinations of thick and thin seams pitching at angles varying from zero to ninety degrees with the horizontal would involve a task impossible in the time available. It has been assumed that the mine makes gas freely and that the coal is friable and tends to make inflammable dust which is highly explosive. Since the problem requires the taking into account means of maintaining a high proportion of lump coal, it is further assumed that lump coal commands a price considerably higher than the price which can be obtained for run-of-mine or for slack coal. Figure 1, tabulating the various factors which must be considered and their relation to each other, indicates diagrammatically the complexity of the problem. Any method of working becomes divided into two distinct components, the active workings of the mine and the old abandoned workings. While these are in a measure distinct, they are nevertheless inter-related, as shown in the diagram.

Jan 1, 1930

"The Cooperative Research Centre for Mining Technology and Equipment (CMTE) is funded by the Commonwealth Government, by its mining research members — the Universities of Queensland and Sydney and the CSIRO1, and by its industry members — BHP Coal, RioTinto R&TD, Hamersley Iron, Mining Technologies Australia, Pasminco, Shell Coal, WMC Resources, Advanced Mining Technologies, and Aberfoyle. The Centre conducts work aimed at improving the competitiveness of the Australian mining industry. The current work is focused in four areas: new mining and drilling systems, geological sensing, automation, and equipment maintenance and reliability. This paper describes much of the work in these program areas that relates to metalliferous mining. Mechanized Rock ExcavationThe disadvantages of the drill-and-blast excavation method are widely recognized and the last half of the 20th century has seen mining companies and mining research organizations aggressively pursue technology to excavate rock by other means. As discussed below, despite considerable effort and large amounts of funding, the quest for mining’s “Holy Grail” has been unsuccessful in all but the weakest rock types.COMRO (the Chamber of Mines Research Organisation) supported by the South African gold mining industry, spent three decades and (probably) tens of millions of dollars developing prototype drag bits and, later, impact breaking machines aimed at the mechanized stoping of narrow, tabular reefs. This work has not yet produced a commercially-attractive mining system. Work continues in South Africa to mechanize these stoping operations although now the emphasis is on the use of diamond-wire sawing techniques. This work remains in the experimental phase.Both British Coal and Germany’s Bergbau- Forschung spent many years developing techniques trying to extend the range of rock types which roadheaders could cut economically. Again, although new knowledge was produced, it is difficult to claim that any new commercial mining systems emerged from this work."

Jan 1, 2001

By P. Clinton Milne

Uranium mines in Washington State include the producing Midnite and Sherwood mines and several mined-out deposits, the most productive of which was the Daybreak mine. The Midnite mine is generally classified as a hydrothermal deposit consisting of tabular orebodies in Precambrian pelitic and calcareous metasedimentary host rocks. The host rocks occur as roof pendants in a Cretaceous porphyritic quartz monzonite intrusive; the quartz monzonite averages 12 ppm U308 The uranium deposit appears to have undergone a complex genesis, involving a series of depositional and enrichment stages. The Sherwood uranium deposit, approximately 4 miles south of the Midnite mine, occurs near the bottom of a basal Late Cretaceous to Paleocene arkosic conglomerate. The conglomerate lies nonconformably on the porphyritic quartz monzonite that is associated with the Midnite deposit. The Sherwood and Midnite uranium deposits may have had a similar genetic history linked by a common uraniferous pluton source, ground-water action, and/or leaching of uranium-rich ash flows from now-eroded, overlying, Eocene volcanics. The Daybreak deposit, in northeastern Spokane County, consists entirely of secondary uranium mineralization (metaautunite) in a quartz monzonite pluton. Mineralization is confined to a low-angle fault zone and is most highly concentrated at the intersection of primary and secondary shears. Both hydrothermal and ground-water origins are feasible. Besides the Midnite-Sherwood area, 14 other areas in the western Okanogan Highlands physiographic province and Cascades region have favourable characteristics for uranium potential. Criteria include the existence of uranium occurrences, Tertiary basin sediments with intercalated volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, favourable geochemical data, alkaline plutons associated with uranium occurrences or borders of Tertiary basins, and structural controls.

Jan 1, 1979

By W. Jomaa, V. Songmene, O. Mechri, Laval Université, P. Bocher, J. Levesque

"A 2D finite element modelling (FEM), based on pure Lagrangian approach, is developed for studying the serrated chip formation during high speed machining (HSM) of 7075-T651 alloy. The solution was achieved using a commercial software package, ABAQUS/Explicit v6.13. The Johnson-Cooke (JC) constitutive equation is used to describe the work material behaviour. Moreover, the JC damage equation is implemented into the FEM to take into account for the shear localization during the serrated chip formation. Modified Coulomb friction model has been used to characterize the sliding/sticking effects on the tool-chip interface with the friction coefficient and shear flow stress determined by force calibration and machining data, respectively. The proposed FEM is validated using experimental data obtained in HSM of 7075-T651. The FEM was able to predict accurately serrated chip morphology. The intensity of chip segmentation was found to increase with cutting speed.INTRODUCTIONHigh speed machining (HSM) is one of the most used processes for manufacturing aircraft parts with aluminum alloys. For aluminum alloys, the use of HSM increases metal removal rate and reduces the formation of built up edges and burrs. However, it was found that serrated (also named segmented or sawtooth chip) and discontinuous chips can be produced during HSM of some high strength aluminum alloys, such as 7075-T6 alloy (Rao & Shin, 2001). Many parameters were found to affect the segmented/discontinuous chip formation during the machining of aluminum alloys.There are two cases in which the serrated chip can forms: the first is when machining hardened materials (Morehead, Huang, & Luo, 2007), and the second, when machining ductile materials with a cutting speed higher than a critical value (Barry & Byrne, 2002). Different theories and models were developed in order to explain the formation mechanism of such kind of chips. According to Astakhov (2006), the segmented chip formation is attributed to variations in stress and plastic deformation states, and resulting temperatures on the cutting zone. Liyao et al. (2013) stated that the segmented chip formation was mainly attributable to adiabatic shear instability/catastrophic strain localization. Others (Vyas & Shaw, 1999) suggest that the fracture/crack propagation mechanism is at the root of chip generation."

Jan 1, 2016

By T. P. Weldum, W. Conger

"These studies address the relationship between mill media sizing and its grinding efficiency. Starting with the results from a review of the literature, the issues of initial media sizing for a new ball milling circuit, and then optimal media sizing for an existing milling operation, were studied. The Functional Performance parameters “Mill Grinding Efficiency” and cumulative “Mill Grinding Rates” from both plant and test-scale equipment were used, and provide valuable new insight into this topic. A plant media sizing diagnostic tool is presented, as are newly developed testing equipment and evaluation methods, and recent case studies.REVIEW OF MEDIA SIZING LITERATURE For a plant metallurgist to answer the question “How can I maximize plant profit by manipulating this grinding circuit variable?” she must know what effect the variable has on grinding circuit efficiency. Despite the significant cost of grinding media and its potential effect on production capacity, the ‘best’ media sizing remains ill-defined for any given ball mill circuit in the industry today. The underlying reasons for this will be discussed. But the importance of this issue drove Metcom and its industrial partners to take on the challenge of how to engineer the ball charge for an existing grinding circuit. In the absence of any proven method, the first step was a review of the literature. Sponsored by Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc., a broad review of the literature was undertaken, producing “The Effect of Media Sizing on Ball Milling Efficiency” (McIvor, 1997). Among hundreds of publications that were reviewed that discuss the topics of media sizing or wear, forty-five were studied in detail. These were grouped into: plant experiences; laboratory and pilot plant investigations; media wear studies; population balance modeling studies; and general papers on ball milling which included the topic of media sizing. The reader is encouraged to refer to that review. The findings remain unchanged, although some relevant papers have been written since (e.g. Staples et al, 1997; Banasi et al, 1999; Orford et al, 2006; LaMarsh, 2015). The main findings of the review were as follows:"

Jan 1, 2018

CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS (CWs) ?Human-Constructed ?Built Specifically to Remove Contaminants ?Can Treat a Wide Variety of Wastewaters Including Stormwater(SW) ?Three Major Kinds ?Pond Wetlands ?Free Water Surface Wetlands (FWS) ?Sub-Surface Flow Wetlands (SSF) ?HSSF & VSSF

May 1, 2009

By J. Poplawski

In mineral processing plants, cyclones typically perform the classification duty prior to the downstream recovery process. Particle size distribution of the cyclone overflow is an important parameter and can be viewed as the product of the comminution process. Too coarse of a product will likely have poorly liberated valuable minerals and make recovery difficult. Too fine of a product may represent a missed opportunity to increase plant throughput and/or also result in low recovery due to poor kinetics. “Near-line” particle size measurement instrumentation has been in place for several decades, its availability and low measurement frequency have typically been inadequate for reliable use in automatic control. CiDRA Minerals Processing has developed a novel and robust technology that provides a highly reliable and low maintenance system for “on-line” measurement of the particle size in the overflow of individual cyclones. The system is based around a wetted sensor design with no moving parts and provides a real-time trend of the desired target grind size parameter. The system does not require sampling and associated sample transfer piping that is prone to plugging, thus avoiding high maintenance requirements. Plant data and benefits realized from the latest installations of the CYCLONEtrac PST will be presented. INTRODUCTION Impact-based real-time hydrocyclone particle size measurement Acoustic impact-based particle size tracking is a unique method for measuring and controlling the particle size in cyclone overflow streams. The implementation of this technology is centered upon a sensor probe that is inserted into the overflow slurry stream via a two-inch (50 mm) hole in the overflow pipe (Figure 1). Particles within the slurry stream impact the surface of the probe generating travelling stress waves within the probe. A sensor converts these travelling stress waves into an electrical signal and proprietary signal processing techniques convert these signals into a particle size measurement that is output every four seconds. The sensor is constantly in contact with many particles in the slurry stream, thus obtaining information from orders of magnitude more particles than traditional sample-based technologies. The sensor has no impact on cyclone performance because it is located downstream of the hydrocyclone and the presence of an air core ensures there is no change in the back pressure seen by the hydrocyclone.

Jan 1, 2019