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By Francis L. Sperry

Up to within a few years, the consumption of nickel has been more directly dependent upon the available supply than that of any of the other useful metals. The Gap mine, in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania,* has been, for the last quarter of a century, the only property in this country furnishing nickel in paying quantities. Its yearly output was about 300,000 pounds of metallic nickel, or nearly half the amount used annually in the United States. Foreign nickel from mines on the New Caledonia islands, in the South Pacific, found entrance into our markets as the production of the Gap mine fell off. The price of nickel was constantly maintained, and no special effort was made to extend its use. Over-production was cautiously guarded against, and all surplus metal was held by the banking-houses of the Rothschilds, who assumed the bonded indebtedness of the Sociètè le Nickel. The opening of the Ontario nickel-mines has, however, brought about a radical change; and nickel from the Sudbury district can be delivered in New York within four days, and in European markets within two weeks, as against two months consumed in transporting South Pacific ores. Former prices have been irretrievably smashed, and European trade-journals comment favorably on the influence which Canadian nickel has had in making lower prices, and breaking the backbone of the " nickel trust." Production and Costs. The quantity of nickel produced and the prices which it commanded may be briefly summarized as follows: The total production of the world from 1840 to 1860 was about 100 to 250 tons yearly of metallic nickel; from 1860 to

Jan 1, 1896

By David Cornell, Yusuf K. Sukkar

The fundamental differential equation for fluid flow has been rearranged, integrated numerically for natural gases, and the results presented in tabular and graphical form suitable for the direct calculation of vertical gas flow problems. The integration is rigorous except for the use of a constant average temperature. Both static and flowing bottom-hole pressures may be calculated by (his method without resort to trial and error procedures. INTRODUCTION Bottom-hole pressures can be determined either by direct measurement with a bottom-hole pressure gauge or by calculation. Since measurement with a bottom-hole pressure gauge is costly, calculation of bottom-hole pressures is to be preferred when possible. Calculation involves knowledge of the wellhead pressure, the properties of the gas, the depth of the well, the flow rate, the temperature of the gas, and the size of the flow line. These quantities must be combined in a suitable equation for vertical flow. Several equations have been developed for the purpose of calculating gas flow through both horizontal and vertical pipes1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9 These equations all have the basic differential equation for flow as their starting point. They differ only in the assumptions which are made in order to simplify the integration step. The bottom-hole pressures calculated using any of the better known equations are in good agreement with bottom-hole pressures calculated by a more rigorous but considerably more tedious stepwise integration method. All of these methods, however. require a trial and error solution for the calculation of flowing bottom-hole pressures. The purpose of this paper is to present a method which provides a direct solution of static and flowing bottom-hole pressures without use of a trial and error solution. At the same time the method involves fewer simplifying assumptions than any of the previous methods used, except lor the lengthy stepwise method. The derivation of any practical flow equation begins with the basic differential equation which is rigorous for almost all flow problems. The five terms in Equation 1 represent the potential energy, the potential energy of position, the kinetic energy, the shaft work done, and the energy losses due to motion of the fluid respectively. Equation 1 reduces to Bernoulli's theorem for the case of horizontal flow of an incompressible fluid, no work done, and no energy losses due to friction. In the present case, the term (v) (dv)/(g,.) can be shown to be quite negligible compared to the other terms, and is therefore neglected in the derivation. The term — dws includes work done by a pump or turbine in the system and is zero in this case. The frictional losses in the pipe are included in the term — d(lw) which is expressed in terms of the Moody friction factor as in Equation 2. (f) (v2) (dL) d(lW) = (f)(V2) (dl)/(2) (g) (d) The specific volume of a gas can be expressed in terms of the temperature, pressure, molecular weight, and compressibility factor. The velocity of the gas can be expressed in terms of the weight rate of flow, the specific volume, and the dimensions of the pipe.The reduced pressure Pr is to be used because z can be expressed as a function of Pr and Tr alone for most natural gases:

Jan 1, 1956

By V. H. Gottschalk

SEVERAL years ago a group in the metallurgical division of the U. S. Bureau of Mines began a study of the application of new developments in physics to metallurgical problems'. Among these developments were the extensions of what may be termed by analogy the "sound spectrum." Electromagnetic waves, from X-rays to radio waves, have been quite thoroughly explored for metallurgical use, but the sound spectrum, extending from low-frequency vibrations involved in certain types of metal failure by fatigue through the range of audible sound to inaudible vibrations having frequencies of many kilocycles, has had only meager consideration from metallurgists. Because of the general interest in the process recently demonstrated by St. Clair3 for flocculating smoke by means of sound waves, this article is written to point out possible applications of sound and supersonic (ultrasonic) waves in the metallurgical industry.

Jan 1, 1937

By R. F. Slack, J. C. Draper, J. A. Younkins

In 1959, the Duquesne Light Co. was faced with the problem of moving more than 40 million tons of bituminous coal in Greene County, Pa. The coal had to travel a distance of about 4 ½ miles from a new mine portal in Rocky Run Valley to the company preparation plant and loading facilities on the Monongahela River. After careful study of this immense transport problem, Duquesne decided that the belt conveyor system described in the following pages offered the best solution. This system, now in operation, is probably one of the four or five longest permanent overland conveyor systems in existence. The general layout of the entire system is shown in Fig. I. A detailed description of the salient features of the system is presented below. THE MINE The valley of Rocky Run where the system begins is very, very narrow and very steep. It was chosen as the site of Duquesne's new mine portal because it was the only place on this particular property where the Sewickley coal seam cropped out. The valley also had two other advantages. First, it fronted on a state road and, second, it offered a site where some 4 million gallons of water could be stored for use in dust-allaying sprays needed in the mine. The company elected to construct a drift mine in the valley because this would require neither the hoisting time of a shaft mine nor the walking time of a slope mine. As part of the mine construction project, the valley was leveled by relocating its stream and filling its center with material cut from each side.

Jan 11, 1966

By Frank R. Corwin, Selden S. Rodgers

PAGE I. Introduction,........... 383 11. Brief History of Present MacDoUgall Plant,.... 384 III. First Experimental Work on Increasing Capacity of Furnaces, 385 IV. Effect On MacDouRall Plant of IncreaBed Draft from New Smelter Stack,,.......... V. Increasing the Capacity of the MacDouGall FurnaceS,.. 391 (A). Test of Arthur Crowfoot on Increasing Capacity,.... (a). Description of Test,........ (6). Discussion of Results Obtained from Test,... 393 (B). Investigation Carried Out by John A. Church, Jr.,... 395 (a). Advantages of High Speed,......398 (C). Effect on Regular Operation of Department by Applying Results Obtained from Experimental Work ..... 399 (D). Fundamental Principles Involved in Increasing the Tonnage, . 400 VI. Treatment of an INcreased Amount of Ore Screenings,.. 401 VII. Maximum Percentage oF Ore Screenings in a MacDoUGall Feed, 403 VIII. Tests to Further Increase Capacity of Furnaces,... 406 IX. Tests to Decrease PercentaGe of Flue Dust made by MacDouGall Furnaces,............. (A). Repath-Marcy Furnace......... 408 (B). Modified Hepath-Marcy Furnace,....... (C). Crouse Furnace Designed for Dust Prevention,.... 413 (a). Tests on Crouse Furnace,....... X. Concrete Hearths,.......... 419 XI. Conclusion,............ I. Introduction. Since the first installation of MacDougall roasters at the Great Falls smelter of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., the capacity of the furnaces.has been more than doubled. During the first nine or ten years of the operation of the MacDougall department the tonnage treated by the furnaces remained practically unchanged. Experimental work carried out in 1906, however, showed that increasing the draft of the furnaces would bring about an increase in capacity. In 1909 the MacDougall department was connected to the new smelter stack and

Jan 1, 1914

The 114th (New York) Meeting of the Institute will be held in the third week of February, 1917. The Committee on Papers and Publica- tions has set Dec. 1,1916, as the closing date for the receipt of manuscripts intended for this meeting. Manuscripts must be received by the Secretary on or before this date. If they are sent through members of the technical committees they must be sent to those committees enough in advance of the time to be forwarded and in the hands of the Secretary by the time specified. While Dec. 1, 1916, is the final closing date, it is a great advantage to get papers in as much before that time as possible as it enables them to be submitted in proof form to their authors. Papers received on or before

Jan 10, 1916

By C. D. Michaelson

Bridging the gap between have and have-not nations is one of the necessities of the present era. The responsibility for accomplishing this must be assumed by the affluent industrial societies of the world, both through their governments and through private enterprise. Despite a discouraging number of instances where companies established in underdeveloped countries have been expropriated, U.S. industry must not abandon such ventures. Instead, it should tailor them to the needs and aspirations of the host nations. One way in which industry can minimize the danger of expropnation is to enter into partnership with the government of the host nation. Kennecott Copper has recently done this in Chile, becoming 49% owner of a company formed to expand and operate the El Teniente mine. So far, the partnership has produced marked benefits not only for Chile, but also for Kennecott. The memory of D.C. Jackling serves chiefly to remind us how much we owe to the pioneers of our industry. Jackling was one of the giants. Orphaned at the age of two, he made his way through sheer persistence and plain hard work. His brilliance gave rise to a vision, and his tenacity made his vision a reality. Foreseeing that economies of scale would make the handling of low-grade ore profitable, he introduced the revolutionary concept of open-pit copper mining. During World War I, the defense effort of the United States was irnrneasurably strengthened by the tremendous supplies of copper from the western mines that Jackling had made possible. Again in World War 11, the demands for copper were supplied, and the nation once more had profound reason to be grateful to this rugged, stubborn man who had long ago ventured into the mountains and unlocked their wealth. We are now embarked upon another great era of change, and we must devise new concepts to meet it. The task is not only to create new techniques of mining, but to forge better ties between men and institutions which will let us work in harmony with the techniques we have. We might recall that while Jackling was a man of towering pride and formidable will, he was also adept at getting others to share his vision and join his purpose. Today our reach for cooperative endeavor must go far beyond our own shores as we seek to develop the buried riches of distant lands. And we would do well to remember that Jackling's remarkable insight would have come to nothing had not British investors been willing to provide much of the initial capital. As was true of so many early enterprises in America, European capital was absolutely essential. CORPORATIONS ABROAD - AN EXPANDING ROLE Today the situation is quite different. The United States is now a capital-surpIus nation and looks abroad for opportunities to employ its capital profitably. On the other hand, we have become dependent on foreign sources for supplies of vital raw materials, while we seek

Jan 1, 1970

By M. H. Richman, E. S. Meieran

An analytical method is presented which enables the electron diffraction patterns from a twinned region to be indexed. The method has only been applied to (112) twins in bcc lattices, but can easily be adapted to other types of twinned lattices. Calculations of all twin spots, including those superimposed on matrix spots, is made possible by this method. SINCE the advent of transmission electron microscopy, the analysis of selected-area electron diffraction patterns has become very important in the interpretation of electron micrographs. Frequently, as in the case of some martensites, twinned areas are observed and give rise to complex diffraction patterns, which so far can be analyzed only for the simplest orientations of the thin foil specimen with respect to the electron beam. In order to simplify the analysis of twin patterns of more complex orientations, an analytical method was devised which is capable of predicting the positions of all reflections from both matrix and twin regions for all possible foil orientations. Although the method has only been applied to the case of bcc metals twinned about a (112) plane, it is equally applicable to other Bravais lattices. This method has been successfully applied to selected-area electron diffraction patterns of Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-C martensites and drawn tungsten wire. PROCEDURE Imagine the reciprocal lattice corresponding to a bcc material, with each point hkl representing the crystallographic plane (hkl). Since the extinction conditions require that for this lattice, only reflections where h + k + 1 = even integer are allowed, the three dimensional reciprocal lattice is actually fcc. Since in real space twinned regions and matrix regions are mirrored across a (112) plane, the twinned reciprocal lattice is derived from the matrix reciprocal lattice by a rotation of 180 deg about a (112) direction. While it is possible to calculate how a point hkl will shift under a twinning transformation to a new point htktlt using only the reciprocal lattice based on the orthonormal vectors [100], [010], and [001], the calculations are greatly simplified if a new orthonormal coordinate system containing the twin axis is introduced. The twinning operation then becomes a simple rotation of 180 deg about a principal coordinate axis (in this case the twinning axis), and a retransformation back to the original reciprocal space will give the position htktIt of the twinned reflection.

Jan 1, 1963

By Thomas W. Wälde

BACKGROUND Foreign investment has been a major factor in bringing about the substantial mining industries of Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, Brasil and Guyana. But economic nationalism and sentiment against foreiqn domination of vital national industries grew in the 1960s and most major mining projects were transferred into state owner ship. Among the state mining enterprises formed were CODELCO - Chile, MINERO-PERU/ CENTRCMIN - Peru, CCMIBOL - Bolivia (in 1952), Hierro-PERU, GUY-BAU/BIDCO - Guyana, etc. New investment during that time was discouraged because it was subject to the restrictive conditions of the investment regulations of the Andean-Pact, a grouping of Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela and Colombia. The philisophy was that mineral resources were to be developed exclusively by national enterprises. Essential foreign inputs had to be acquired "depackaged" as separate purchases of equipment and technical assistance services. As a result of the worldwide economic recession which hit the mining industries in 1980-1982, many projects that were viable in 1970 were not developed by the new state enterprises due to lack of capital, managerial and technical abilities and due to problems with marketing. As a consequence of the long-term decline of metal prices, governments experienced difficulty in getting investment organized through national or foreign enterprises and have had to face up to the trade-offs between national control and active mineral development. A change has since taken place in governmental policies. The 1981 Peruvian mining law, the 1982 mining law of Uruguay, the 1979/1980 mineral promotion laws of Argentina, all witness the gradual shifting of emphasis from restriction to promotion. The investment rules of the Andean Pact have been progressively softened through national regulation and today are more or less irrelevant. Nationalizations and forced renegotiations have not occurred in the last few years. Countries have gone to great lengths (without much success) to re-attract foreign investment on terms that accommodate the political sensitivities of the South American countries and the practical requirements of investors and financiers. For this analysis, three contracts have been selected which reflect this accommodation in three South American countries, where miner a1 production plays a major role in the national economy. These con tracts reflect both the attitudes and traditions of the individual countries, but also mark the shift in mineral investment policies that has taken place. EL INDIO AGREEMENT The 1977 investment agreement between Chile and St. Joe Minerals marked a dramatic relationship between Chile and foreign mining investor s. In Chile, mining of copper has played a major role in the country's history. Large scale copper mining was initiated and developed by Kennecott and Anaconda. The nationalization of these two companies under the Allende government in July 1971 started a wave of nationalizations of foreign-held mining and petroleum operations since then in many parts of the world. The military government supported the new Chilean state mining companies ((30DELCO and ENMI) , but it also attempted to accelerate mineral development by prom ting foreign private investment, thus reversing the nationalistic policies followed by the Allende and the preceding Frei government. The new policy by the military government is expressed in Decreto-Ley 600 (1974) which governs foreign investment in Chile. Decreto-Ley 600 is

Jan 1, 1985

By Mario L. Villa

During 1938, oil activities in the Argentine Republic showed a favorable balance due to the increase in crude-oil production, the incorpora- tion of new producing areas and the discovery of deeper productive horizons. Drilling was as follows:

Jan 1, 1939

By Mario L. Villa

During 1938, oil activities in the Argentine Republic showed a favorable balance due to the increase in crude-oil production, the incorpora- tion of new producing areas and the discovery of deeper productive horizons. Drilling was as follows:

Jan 1, 1939

A Page Adam. H. F. and Ruggles! G. H., Results with Xanthate at Inspiration............. 337 Adnic proertiea of....................... 474 Africa; Gold Coast, manganese...........abs.474 191 mining districts......................... 254 Aid, H., biography........................ 154 Air compressors. In flotation................ 45 Air-gas lift: gae-oil ratios relation of......abs. 475 Gulf Coast. mechanical installations... .abs. 475 Seminole field........................abs. 476 Air-sand process. cleaning coal............abs. 89 Alabema, Birmingham district. drainage. . abs. 86 " Alclad." aluminum alloy................. 395 Alexander. W. Homer. biomaphy .......... 37 Allen. Andrews. Preparing Coal after Mechanical Loaders......:....T................. 181 Allison. F. H., Comparison of the Effect of Nickel and Cobalt in Steel.............aha. 151 Alloys: See Metals named. Aluminum: heat treatment...............abs. 444 machining...........................abs. 443 Norway............................... *465 Aluminum alloys: " Alclad "................ 395 application of........................abs. 443 deformation..........................abs. 150 Aluminum Bronze Manufacturers Institute. organized.............................. 188 "Alumnum. The Metal and Its Alloys." B.R. 42 Aluminum-iron-silicon alloys, equilibrium relations.............................aba. 444 Aluminum-manganese alloys, equilibrium relations in..........................aba. 87 Aluminum-silicon alloys. heat treatment. .abs. 398 American Association of Petroleum Geologists. annual meeting................... 81 American engineers. war memorial.......... 499 American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers: Committees: Douglas. James, medal...... 324 Geophysical Prospecting............. E. 204 Mining Medal........................ 324 Nominating: Election................. 235 report............................. 479 Constitution. votes for.................E. 494 Constitution and By-laws. draft of....... 374 Directors: Minutes of meeting.....110. 235. 323 publications.......................... 523 Directors adopt badge................... 324 Dues. increasing........................ 111 Dues are Due.......................... 236 Institute of Metals Division: annual lecture............................ 187 data sheets.......................... 187 Detroit meeting, (September). . .307. 353, 440 lecturer C. H. Desch................. 15 Local Section Committee. members..... 187 New York meeting (February)......... 115 Research Committee.................. 187 research problems..................... 6 Local Sections: Arizona............................. 365 Boston, meetings................40, 197. 486 Page American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers—Continued Chicago, meetings...40, 94, 156, 196,240,417 Chicago and St. Louis, joint meeting, Danville....................... 486, 527 Colorado, annual meeting.............. 285 Columbia, meetings 39, 93, 156, 196, 238, 286, 327, 365, 486, 527 El Paso, organized.................... 238 Fort Worth, organization meeting...... 485 Joplin-Miami Zinc, meeting.......... 286 Lehigh Valley: annual meeting......... 197 meetings...................... 239, 527 Los Angeles, meeting.................. 285 Mid-Continent, meeting............... 156 Minnesota, annual meeting............ 326 Montana, meeting.................... 40 New York, meetings................240, 284 North Pacific: meetings.... 39, 157, 197, 527 Fieldner, A. C, speaker............. 486 resolution.......................... 439 Oregon, officers....................... 196 Pittsburgh: meetings........... 156, 327, 526 mine transportation conference....... 485 St. Louis and Chicago, joint meeting, Danville........................... 486 San Francisco, meetings............... 92, 197, 239, 285, 439, 486, 527 Southern California, meetings 40, 157,197,283 Upper Peninsula, meeting.............. 486 Utah, meetings..........40, 93, 156, 239, 365 Washington, D. C, meetings 40, 93, 365, 528 Medals: Douglas, James................34, *84 Fritz, John, award, 1928.............. 480 Johnson, J. E., awarded T. L. Joseph... 83 Saunders, William Lawrence........... 34 meetings: Cleveland, April, 1927.......166, 207 Detroit, Sept., 1927............307, 353, 440 Fort Worth, Oct., 1927.........307, 353, 471 • future............................. E. 102 Knoxville, Nov., 1927.............. 480, 500 New York, Feb., 1927, announcements, programs, etc.................33, 50, *106 Salt Lake City, Aug...............306, *422 Members and jobs...................... 477 Membership, benefits.................8, E. 2 Officers and directors.................... *122 Open-hearth Conference................. 282 Petroleum Division: activities............ 186 annual meeting...................... . Fort Worth meeting............307. 353 471 luncheon............................ 91 New York Petroleum Club, officers..... 110 nominations........................23. 519 officers.............................. 117 President's trip. May.................281. 398 Publications: Directors discuss............ 523 Institute of Metals Division Volume... . 178 Petroleum Volume.................... 192 Technical Publications...........E. 294 323 Transactions. Vol. LXXIV. LXXV....00. 524 Review of the year.........:........... ...E. 104 Stockholders. report to..............E. 49

Jan 1, 1927

By P. Ramachandraraa, T. R. Anantharaman

THE technique developed by Duwez, Willens and Kle-ment' for rapid solidification of molten alloys in small quantities by ejecting them on to a highly conducting substrate with the aid of a shock wave has come to be known as "liquid quenching" or "splat cooling" in literature and has already been applied to alloys of many binary systems.' The very high cooling rates of the order of l060 to 1080 per sec obtained in this technique and the consequent drastic undercooling of the melt have led to such striking results as formation of new amorphous and crystalline metastable phases and extension of solid-solubility limits in many alloy systems. The cooling rates in these experiments can, however, be neither accurately measured nor effectively controlled and hence the occurrence of either more than one metastable phase or appreciable differences in constitution in splat-cooled alloys of the same composition cannot be ruled out.3 In fact, workers in two laboratories have reported formation of two different cubic metastable phases in liquid-quenched Au-Si alloys containing 17 to 20 at. pct si.4,5 The present note deals with some new and interesting results obtained in a Ag-21 at. pct Ge alloy and a Au-27 at. pct Ge alloy subjected to the liquid-quenching treatment at different cooling rates. Two alloys of nearly the same composition had earlier been rapidly solidified by the standard "gun technique" in the same laboratory and shown to solidify in nonequilibrium structures, viz., an hcp phase (a = 2.987Å;c =4.718Å) in the Ag-Ge system6,7 and both hcp (a = 2.885Å; c = 4.754Å) and tetragonal (a = 11.627A; c = 22.491Å) phases in the Au-Ge system.3 Apart from different substrates (copper and stainless steel), different melt temperatures (50º to 500°C above the liquidus), and different capillary sizes (0.4 to 1.5 mm diam) in the "gun technique", slower cooling rates of the order of l050C per sec were also obtained in the present work by replacing the substrate by water at room temperature in a modification of the technique due to Olsen and Hultgren.8 No attempt was made to measure the cooling rate in any experiment. The products varied from fine powder (>40 pct by wt—200 mesh) obtained by quenching in water to thin flakes and foils (11.0 sq mm to 4.0 sq cm) produced by splat cooling. They were subjected to the Debye-Scherrer method of X-ray examination in each case. In case of the Ag-Ge alloy, in addition to the expected metastable hcp phase,6 a coexistent tetragonal phase (a = 5.093,Å; c = 7.009Å) was detected in some experiments. Eight weak X-ray reflections from this phase could be identified, two of them being the same as reported earlier.7 With increase in the cooling rate, the dominant hcp phase seems to be first accompanied by traces of silver or germanium and then either homogeneous or mixed with traces of this new tetragonal phase. The splat-cooled Au-Ge alloy showed generally the expected hcp and tetragonal phases,3 but sometimes traces of germanium were also present. Further, two new tetragonal phases with the following lattice param ters could be clearly identified in samples quenched

Jan 1, 1970

By E. C. Reed

Ninety wells were completed in Nebraska during 1941, of which 42 were producers. One of them was the discovery well of a new field. All of the production to date is in Richardson County. At the close of the year 14 wells were drilling and three more were shut down for orders, hoping for future development of production. Most of the drilling activity was in Richardson County, which had 68 operations; 10 wells were drilled in Nemaha County, 5 drilled or drilling in Gage County, 3 each in Otoe and Furnas Counties, 2 each in Cass, Harlan, Johnson and Sarpy Counties, and 10 wells were completed or drilling over the remainder of the state. The most important development of the year was the discovery in October of the Barada field, sec. 36, T. 3 N., R. 16 E.,

Jan 1, 1942

By Kenneth N. Weaver

Portland cement can be made from relatively abundant industrial minerals and rocks, and this may explain why cement producers placed little emphasis on geology during the early days of the industry. After World War II, however, the industry began to recognize the need for geological exploration, and some of the larger companies began to build a permanent geological staff. This development had its roots in the following factors: Rapid expansion of the industry; closing of many cement plants due to inadequate raw materials; necessity for upgrading the quality of portland cement; and the increasingly large capital investment required to build new cement plants, which in turn, required a higher degree of accuracy in reserve calculations. Whereas the geologist's function during the active expansion of capacity was primarily in exploration, one of his major functions today is the development of existing reserves.

Jan 1, 1965

By E. C. Reed

Ninety wells were completed in Nebraska during 1941, of which 42 were producers. One of them was the discovery well of a new field. All of the production to date is in Richardson County. At the close of the year 14 wells were drilling and three more were shut down for orders, hoping for future development of production. Most of the drilling activity was in Richardson County, which had 68 operations; 10 wells were drilled in Nemaha County, 5 drilled or drilling in Gage County, 3 each in Otoe and Furnas Counties, 2 each in Cass, Harlan, Johnson and Sarpy Counties, and 10 wells were completed or drilling over the remainder of the state. The most important development of the year was the discovery in October of the Barada field, sec. 36, T. 3 N., R. 16 E.,

Jan 1, 1942

By Robert W. Coughlin

Pulverized coal has been introduced at the anode where it is oxidized during the electrowinning of metals from their aqueous solutions This substitutes an electrochemical reaction between coal and water for the usual oxygen-evolving half-cell reaction at the anode, with the result that overall cell potential is significantly lowered and the consumption of electrical energy is correspondingly reduced. Experimental results are reported for electrowinning copper as an example of this novel modification of the electrowinning process in this example, the use of coal lowered the consumption of electricity by two-thirds of the requirement of the conventional process When the potential electrical energy of the coal consumed is considered the new, coal-assisted process consumes about 45% less energy, and the energy costs (combined costs of coal and electricity) are reduced by about 50%.

Jan 1, 1981

Despite the uncertain political situation in Katanga, copper and cobalt mining and metallurgical operations of Union Miniere du Haut-Katanga were normal at the time of this writing. In fact operations continued normal after Congo independence on June 30, 1960, with copper and zinc production for that year being slightly higher than in 1959. United Nations military operations from September to December 1961 resulted in death, shutdowns and damage to company persons and installations. Nevertheless, results for that year were only slightly off normal production. Moise Tshombe delared Katanga a separate state after Congo independence. Although there has been tribal unrest, the new State has enjoyed relative calm and normal industry by comparison with other parts of the Congo as a result of the firm hand of Moise Tshombe's government and the continued presence of Belgian officials and technicians.

Jan 12, 1962

By R. F. Lee, G. Purcell

Tests carried out in the Department of Mining and Metallurgy at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology indicate that high density rigid foams may, with the addition of suitable fillers, have structural properties comparable with concrete. Since polyurethanes have other useful properties that are unique to the foams, they have great potential value for both mining and civil engineering applications. Polyurethane, a generic term for a wide variety of closely related foam compounds, suggests rather misleadingly that foams are simple polymers of the urethane monomer ethyl carbamate (H,NCOOC,H,) . Polyurethane foams certainly do contain urethane groups, but these need not necessarily preponderate. Other reactive groups may be, and usually are, present so that the final polyurethane product will most likely contain, in addition to urethane groups, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon, ester, ether, amide and urea groups.

Jan 9, 1963

By T. G. Chapman

THE writer has carried on experimental work for several years with respect to the simultaneous dissolution of gold by cyanide and the adsorption of the dissolved gold on activated charcoal in ore pulps, fol-lowed by the recovery of the charcoal by flotation. The results of this experimental work have been sufficiently encour-aging to suggest a new process based on the principle of simultaneous dissolution and adsorption of gold, applicable to certain ores and tailings that cannot be treated to advantage by countercurrent decantation or filtration. Applications for patents have been filed and The Dorr Company, Inc. has the exclusive right to license the use of the process. The purpose of this paper is to describe such a process, state its pos-sible advantages and immediate field, and give some results obtained on a laboratory scale.

Jan 1, 1939