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By John R. Troxell

"INTRODUCTION The Ahles iron mine, also known as the Pequest mine, in Warren County, N. J., was operated continuously for 15 years and was still in ore when it closed in 1916.Tie property was examined by an engineer of the Bureau of Mines in March 1943. 3/ This examination led to an investigation of the deposits by the Bureau by diamond drilling two holes under the old workings to determine whether the extends downward.This report describes the work done at the Ahles mine by the Bureau and presents the data obtained.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program of investigation of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. The Mining Division, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, performs the actual investigative work, and prepares the final report.The Metallurgical Division, O. C. Ralston, chief, analyzes samples and performs beneficiation tests.The investigation was under the general supervision of J. B. Zadra, acting regional engineer, and under the immediate supervision of G. D. Jermain, district engineer for the States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware. The author was in direct charge of the project.The chemical analyses for the project were performed at the College, Park, Md., laboratories of the Bureau of Mines under the direction of M. S. Sheftel. The ore-dressing tests were conducted at College Park under the direction of Frank Lamb. Preston E. Hotz, of the Federal Geological Survey, logged and interpreted the drill cores."

Apr 1, 1948

By Peter N. Gabby

In 1992, the Bureau of Mines conducted a mineral resource investigation of the 27,034-hectare Steel Mountain/Yuba River study area and the 16,544-hectare Breadwinner study area. There were approximately 535 lode and placer claims in or partially in the Steel Mountain/Yuba River study area, and 84 lode and placer claims in or partially in the Breadwinner study area. In the Atlanta and Rocky Bar mining districts, both adjacent to and in the Steel Mountain/Yuba River study area, 30,232.4 kg (972,000 02) of gold and 62,838.3 kg (2,020,000 02) of silver had been produced. Most of this production came from outside the study area. Placer properties adjacent to (and a few in) the Breadwinner study area had production of 93.1 kg (2,992 oz) of gold and 20.0 kg (642 02) of silver. Twelve properties in the Steel Mountain/Yuba River study area have potential for resources; eleven have alteration and/or mineralization similar to that found at Atlanta with potential for gold, silver, and tungsten resources, and one has alteration and mineralization associated with polymetallic vein type deposits with potential for gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, and tungsten resources. Adjacent to the study area, large bars of gold-bearing gravel can be found along the Middle Fork Boise River. Four properties in the Breadwinner study area have potential for mineral resources; one has alteration and mineralization associated with skarn, polymetallic vein, and, possibly, copper-molybdenum and molybdenum porphyry types of deposits; two have alteration and metal assays associated with polymetallic vein, and possibly copper-molybdenum and molybdenum porphyry types of deposits; and one has alteration and mineralization similar to that found at Atlanta. These four have potential for gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, molybdenum, and tungsten resources Adjacent to and extending into the Breadwinner study area are large bars of gold-bearing gravel along North and Middle Forks Boise River.

Jan 1, 1993

By Lloyd A. Morley

This Bureau of Mines publication presents a comprehensive review of mine electrical power-system theory and practice. It discusses fundamental theory and the vital aspects to be considered in planning and designing mine electrical power systems. The report is divided into three major sections. The first presents the history of electricity in mining and the fundamentals of electrical phenomena and components. The second focuses on power-system components: motors, grounding systems, cables, and protective equipment and devices. The final section includes mine power-center equipment, switchhouses and substations, batteries, and mine maintenance.

Jan 1, 2003

By William Porter

Hand scaling is a physically demanding job and is responsible for numerous overexertion injuries in mining. This experiment studied rib scaling from an elevated bucket to examine force generation capabilities and electromyographic responses to a prying subtask. Subjects exerted force using two bars (steel and fiberglass) at five target heights. Work height significantly affected peak prying force during scaling activities with highest force capacity at the lowest level (p = 0.0188). Bar type did not affect force generation (p = 0.7843): However, use of the fiberglass bar required significantly more muscle activity to achieve the same force (p < 0.05). It was concluded that miners should scale points on the rock face that are below their knees, and reposition the bucket as often as necessary to do so. Additional research is needed to fully understand the impact of bar type on the physical demands of an entire scaling task.

Jan 1, 2006

By S. R. Zimmerley

[In the course of a flotation investi£ation, a siliceous gold ore was ground in a&apos;ball mill to &apos;:1inns 300-meeh. It wa. found that the small amotIDt of _Ius 300-mesh material had a gole.. assay approximately twice that of the oriGinal ore, &~d that this overs.ize nroduct also contained much abrac..ed iron. .,Joreove I the gold assay of the abraded iron t which was !1epnrated ma§metically&apos;, ~iVFl.£ eight ti;nes that of the are. These facts suggested that some r31aticnship ex?...,ted between the abnorma11y high gold content an the prese:1ce of brA-cit)" iron. It was decided, therefore, to investigate furt~er th~ Fl.Gsociation of the bold ~ith the iron abraded from the balls during sri~Qing ]

Jan 1, 1937

By L. A. Eros

The U.S. Bureau of Mines and Western Fuels Utah, Inc. entered into an agreement to plan, install, and evaluate a micro-computer based monitoring and control system at Deserado Mine, an underground coal mine. The U.S. Bureau of Hines contracted the Colorado School of Mines (CSN) to independently evaluate the project. CSM evaluated and documented costs, benefits, problems, and management and labor perceptions in this report. Recommendations are provided for mine operators and monitoring system vendors considering future installations.

Jan 1, 1986

By Jim Ploger, Peter W. Johnson

Bus drivers represent a large segment of the US transportation industry and research has shown an association between exposure to Whole Body Vibration (WBV) and the high rates of low back disorders. Impulsive WBV exposures have been recognized as a risk factor for low back injury and new guidelines exist for their measurement and assessment (ISO 2631, Part 5). Methods to accurately and better characterize the impulsiveness of WBV along with the temporal patterns of the exposures are needed. The development of a hardware and software system to measure continuous TWA and raw, impulsive WBV exposures and the design of a subsequent study are presented. Methods Using two Larson Davis HVM 100 as accelerometer amplifiers, small external batteries, and a Pocket-PC (PDA) with 1 Gb of compact flash memory, we can collect up to 16 channels of data for a full day 600 Hz. Tri-axial WBV exposures will be measured and characterized at the frame of the bus and at the driver/seat interface (seatpad accelerometer). Using a repeated measures design, 20 bus drivers will drive on selected routes which include both city streets and highways, and within and between subject components of variability and exposure determinants related to the bus, bus seat, the bus driver, and the route will be identified. Global Positioning System (GPS) data will also be collected and integrated with the WBV exposure data to facilitate the identification of the location, velocity and type of road associated with high average TWA and impulsive WBV exposures. This system may be used to develop administrative (alter speed and/or route of bus, systematically vary type of routes) and/or engineering controls (identify and trigger the need for street repair) to reduce high WBV exposures. Results Our portable Pocket-PC based data acquisition system is up and running and we can collect seven channels of WBV data (seat pan tri-axial accelerometer, bus frame tri-axial accelerometer and GPS data) continuously for a full shift. The software analysis of the data is complex but nearing completion. We have incorporated the vibration dose calculations from ISO 5321, Part 5 and have obtained a Matlab-based routine to appropriately weight the continuous signals. Discussion In summary, the measurement of WBV is complex but new technologies open avenues of collecting and assessing WBV exposures that were previously not possible. The standardization of impulsive WBV exposure assessment methods is needed to further the discipline and better enable comparisons across studies.

Jan 6, 2006

By J. Bruce Clemmer, M. F. Williams, B. H. Clemmons, Carl Rampacek, R. H. Stacy

"INTRODUCTION This report is the first of several dealing with the application of flotation methods for beneficiating the calcareous and siliceous red iron ores and ferruginous sandstones of the Birmingham district. The flotation study was part of a general investigation of the concentratability of various iron ores of Alabama and other Southeastern States undertaken by the Southern Experiment Station of the Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, in cooperation with the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Ala.Batch testing and pilot-plant flotation testing of the calcareous red ores of the Birmingham district have been in progress for several years, and although some phases of the study are not yet completed, enough data are available to indicate that many of the ores will yield marketable-grade concentrates with good recovery.The first flotation tests on the calcareous red ores employing conventional methods either the iron oxides or the siliceous gangue materials failed to give the desired results. The inferior separations obtained or prohibitive reagent requirements made the methods unattractive. Other more effective flotation methods were sought. A laboratory study of various reagents was undertaken. It resulted in the development of two attractive methods embracing anionic flotation of the activated siliceous gangue from the retarded iron oxides. The methods were similar in that fatty acid or soap-collecting agents were employed in strongly alkaline pulps to float the naturally activated quartz from the iron-ore pulps. The methods differed, however, in the addition agent employed to retard the hematite or hematite and calcite. By proper choice and quantity of the addition agent, the calcite could be floated with the quartz or retarded with the hematite as desired. Ability to recover or reject the calcite gives added flexibility to the separation. Although the methods have their limitations and cannot be considered ""cure-alls,"" they have given encouraging results on a number of calcareous red ores that heretofore proved difficult to concentrate by conventional flotation procedures."

Mar 1, 1945

By Irving Hartmann

Falls of roof in coal mines and means of preventing them have been subjects of study for many years, and ran extensive literature has resulted, Usually each individual paper has placed &apos;emphasis on one phase of the subject, such as fatalities, nature and extent of nonfatal injuries, methods of tembering (particularly in rooms or other wide places), safety along retreating rib lines, and methods of causing falls in abandoned areas. It is only in recent years that there has been persistent question as to why

Jan 1, 1941

By Irving Hartmann

Falls of roof in coal mines and means of preventing them have been subjects of study for many years, and an extensive literature has resulted. Usually each individual paper has placed emphasis on one phase of the subject, such as fatalities, nature and extent of nonfatal injuries, methods of tembering (particularly in rooms or other wide places), safety along retreating rib lines, and methods of causing falls in abandoned areas. It is only in recent years that there has been persistent question as to why

Jan 1, 1941

By Paul M. Ambrose

THE ABRASIVES INDUSTRY throughout the world enjoyed a profitable year. With the exception of tripoli, the quantity of each kind of abrasive produced in the United States was greater than for any of the past 5 years and value of each was greater than for many years. Production of silicon carbide both in the United States and in Canada was the largest since 1960. Abrasive machining, which offers great potential for the increased Use of aluminum oxide, contributed to increased industrial productivity. Diamonds from the sea off the coast of South-West Africa attracted wide interest. Much of the production from this source has been gem diamond, and there is little likelihood of significant quantities of industrial diamond from that source. Manufactured diamond from all free-world sources was sold in the United States in 1964.

Jan 1, 1965

By Jack Wasserman, Don Wasserman, Logan Mullinix, Shekhar Khanal, Kelly Neal

This paper presents current finding on truck driver average exposure to acceleration for several different manufacturer’s cab-over trucks on a variety of roads in different countries. The predominant time, for this aspect of the study has been spent in the area around London, England and Warsaw, Poland. The ECE directive 2002/44/EC has provided specific guidelines for vehicle operators 8 hour average acceleration exposure. The primary considerations have been on truck design including the air-ride driver’s seat. The truck manufacturers have produced truck cabs that have some separate suspension from the truck frame. The truck seat manufacturers have been producing air-ride suspension seats for the cab. Both of these designs have had the objective of meeting the ECE directive and providing the vehicle drivers with some degrees of comfort. This paper will provide some information on the ability of the vehicles to operate on a variety of roads and meet the objectives. Method The primary method for evaluation of the driver’s exposure has been the use of a seat pad attached to the driver’s seat. Although this sensor system provides the critical information for the driver, an understanding of the reasons for the values requires additional measurements. The initial study in England used both driver and passenger seat pads, as shown in Figure 1, as well as triaxial accelerometers mounted on the base of the seat. The latest studies used significantly more transducers to better understand the relative rotations and translations on the truck frame, the cab, and the driver. [ ]

Jan 6, 2006

By W. A. Calhoun

This investigation of low-grade bauxites as potential sources of aluminum by caustic desilication and alumina extraction was undertaken by the Bureau of Mines to develop extractive methods for winning alumina from domestic deposits of low-grade bauxites. This report is the second of a series covering the work by the Bureau of Mines&apos; Rolla, Mo., and Bauxite, Ark., laboratories. The first report published in the Journal of Metals, December 1951,3/ and dealt with kaolin and halloysite. The present investigation is concerned with low-grade bauxites only. The purpose of these investigations is to increase the domestic supply of aluminum ores. With eventual depletion of high-grade deposits, aluminous materials, such as low-grade bauxite, clays, shales, and high-iron laterites, will become our principal domestic sources of aluminum. The development of extractive processes for winning alumina from these low-grade materials is one of the many national security measures undertaken by the Bureau of Mines. A method has-been developed in the laboratory for successfully treating high-silica bauxites from domestic deposits. In this process the bauxite was calcined at 980° C. to form amorphous silica and alumina. The calcine was then leached by percolation with 15-percent sodium hydroxide solution at 940 to 96° C., removing 67 to 77 percent of the silica with a loss of 4.1 to 5.0 percent of the alumina. The sodium hydroxide in the spent liquor used in desilication was 95 percent recoverable, and comparable desilication results were obtained with 100-percent reclaimed liquor, The indicated cost of reagents, for sodium hydroxide and lime used in the desilication and regenera¬tion of spent liquor, was about $4.00 per ton of calcine treated.

Jan 1, 1954

By David J. Hoadley

This report describes the development and underground operation of a semi-automatic, raise climber, Man and Supply Hoist System designed for stope access in underground metal and nonmetal mines. Demonstrated capabilities of the system include a 4000-lb payload capacity, control from the traveling cage and from up to five remote stations, operating in vertical or inclined raises 5 ft in diameter and up to 300 ft in length and a travel speed of 50 ft/min. The &apos;system has the capability of operating in crooked raises because the conveyance climbs two stationary wire ropes suspended down the raise. The drive unit is electrically powered with power and control signals supplied to the drive unit through an armored cable also suspended down the raise. The system has been designed for portability, ease of installation and minimum raise development. The system can be installed by two men in five shifts. The hoist has been demonstrated successfully in two underground applications. The first demonstration was in a 5-ft diam, 60 deg inclined raise over a 2-month period. The second demonstration utilized a vertical 5-ft diam borehole to access a blast-hole stoping area. The system successfully provided two shift-a-day service over a 7-month duration demonstration. This report provides a detailed description of the hoist design and its demonstrated performance in two mine applications.

Jan 1, 1981

By G. H. West, R. L. Sebastian, W. A. Darror

"This bibliography was compiled in the course of research work by the Bureau of Mines on the utilization of magnesites in the West. The results of the research will appear as a bulletin of the Bureau.1. ANALYTICAL METHODS. 11 Knight, X. and Wheeler, W.H. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 13, 1907, 167 (C.A.1, 1370). Describes experience in analysing calcite and dolomite. Reports great excess of oxalate unnecessary and separation of sulphates by alcohol is best.2 Meyerhofer, J. Zeit, Angew. Chem., 21, 1908, 592. Direct determination of Mg as phosphate after removal of SiC2, by keeping R203 in solution with ammonium citrate.3 Merckschen Guano Phosphat Werke. Chem. Ztg., 33, 1909, 545 (C.A. 3, 2281). volumetric analytical methods.4 Popel, M. Zeit. Angew. Chem., 21, 1908. 2082 (C.A, 6, 412). Determination of CaO in presence of CaC03.5 Blasdale, W.C. Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., 31, 1909, 91? (C.A. 3, 2658). Studies of separation of Ca from Mg.6 Hundeshrgen, F. Zeit. Offent. Chem., 15, 1909, 85 (C.A. 3, 1853). Valua¬tion of caustic magnesia by analysis. Volumetric methods.7 Frerichs, H. and Krosberg, W. Apoth. Zeit., 24, 1909. 679 (C.A. 3, 2996). Tecting magnesia alba for Fe.8 Schoorl, N. Zeit. Anal, Chem., 48, 1009, 593 (C.A. 4, 5E9). Microchemical tests for Mg, Li, K. and Na.9 Heyer. Chew. 2Ag., 33, 1009, 1157 (C.A. 4, 1588). Determination of CaO in presence of CaCO3. CaCO3 in soluble in cold neutral solution of NH3 salts. Solubility Is diminished by free NH4OH."

Oct 1, 1923

By O. P. Hood, G. St. J. Perott, S. P. Kinney

"FOREWORD (By O. P. Hood, Chief mechanical engineer).During the war certain suggestions concerning power production were made by Mr. Walter E. Trent to the War Inventions Board, and at the request of the War Department facilities for experimental work were provided on the grounds of the. Bureau of Standards.The experiments were along the line of controlling the conditions of combustion in a closed space. In order to reduce slag troubles, experiments were carried out for removing ash from powdered coal. After the war, work along this line was continued, resulting in the Trent Process, which agitates or beats together powdered coal, water and oil.A new technology had previously been given to ore preparation by the use of small quantities of oil in water with froth flotation, and although the methods, results and mixtures of the Trent Process were quite different, yet the same physical phenomena of differential wetting used, and the possibility of there being interesting results in fuel technologic was evident. A cooperative agreement was entered into, whereby the Bureau of Mines was to investigate the underlying physical and chemical facts and make them public, and the Trent Corporation was to pay the cost of the investigation.The several reports as made have been available to any one interested, and are now to be published. While the Bureau of Mines felt justified in investigating the physical phenomena so far as might be done in a laboratory, and so far as public interest might reach, no attempt was made to discover the commercial possibilities which development might bring. The question of commercial possibilities must be left for commercial enterprise to answer."

Jul 1, 1921

By R. E. Chaney

This report summarizes the research on the Strategic and Critical Materials Program tasks conducted at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) between Mdy 1983 and April 1984. The work is divided into two areas: 1. Production Technologies - Tasks directed at developing advanced extraction technologies ? Biologically-Assisted Minerals Processing ? Metal/Gas Reactions and Thermal Plasmas ? Dehydration of Aluminum Chloride Hexahydrate. 2. Conservation/Substitution Technologies - Tasks directed toward establishing the technical processing base which will permit the use of advanced materials ? Joining of Rapidly Solidified Alloys (RSA) ? Joining of Silicon Nitride-Based Ceramics ? Nondestructive Evaluation of Ceramic and RSA Joints and Materials.

Jan 1, 1984

By Ronald B. Hollenbeck

The value of mineral production in Alabama continued to increase and reached a new high of $260 million, 3 percent above the previous high established in 1967. Record high values were reported for bentonite, crushed marble, lime, miscellaneous clay, portland cement, salt, sand and gravel, and scrap mica. The value of coal, total cement, petroleum, and stone accounted for 87 percent of the State&apos;s total value of mineral production. Alabama ranked second among the States in the production of bauxite and scrap mica and third in kaolin, masonry cement, and native asphalt.

Jan 1, 1970

By Erle C. Donaldson

Subsurface injection of liquid and slurry-type industrial waste is being used as a means of waste disposal. This survey conducted by the Bureau of Mines shows that the method can be economically and environmentally attractive if the proper precautions are taken, especially when the alternative is cursory treatment and discharge at the surface. Attention is called to petroleum technology and experience that can be applied to subsurface waste injection. Part 1 of this report is a discussion of the general aspects of subsurface waste-injection systems. Part 2 is a general discussion and review of the literature concerning the geologic formations available for injection in the United States. Part 3 is a discussion if 15 case histories including information on the source and nature of the waste and the geology, surface equipment, well completion, and operation of the systems.

Jan 1, 1974

By R. S. Handy

This paper describing the milling practices at tae concentrators of the Bunker Hill and Sullivan Mining and Concentrating Co. is one of a series being prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines on milling methods and costs in the United States. The possibility of useful comparisons has prompted the description of all five of the mills operated by the Bunker Hill and Sullivan Company in northern Idaho. The general features of these mills are tabulated below: [ ]

Jan 1, 1930