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By Douglas Bartley, Jay Elkin

The state of Pennsylvania was at one time one of the leading coal producing states in the east. However, legislation and industry trends over the last 10 years have adversely affected the amount of bituminous coal mined in Pennsylvania and the whole eastern United States. The application for and approval of a new mining permit is a very costly and arduous task. When a new mining operation is established it is crucial that nothing within the operator’s control causes the operation to stop producing. This paper discusses the action taken by a small mine in Pennsylvania when their blast induced vibrations rose to levels that typically would have resulted in a total mine shut down by the regulatory body governing such operations.

Jan 1, 2003

By Robert Lee, Jeff Corace, Rob Cyr

Blasting in the heart of the historic Byward Market District of Canada’s capital, Ottawa, presents a unique set of challenges. The obvious difficulties arising on projects requiring blasting within 3 m (10 ft) of 125 year old buildings in various states of disrepair have been encountered and successfully dealt with countless times before. The complexities increase exponentially when tenuous property boundaries, unknown structural details, litigious histories and the need for encroachment agreements lead to individuals with competing interests all able to impact the same operation. Blasting on three projects in the Market was started in early 2005 after months of negotiation. Ultimately, the potential for the projects to proceed hinged on the ability to successfully disseminate blast data to the various stakeholders. As part of the agreements drawn up, property owners demanded immediate notification of the measured vibration levels with contract provisions including clauses such that any exceedance of the USBM criteria immediately triggered project shut down and complete blasting program redesign, and approval by all parties. With stakeholders located in various cities and, in some instances, on various continents, a conventional attended monitoring strategy would not satisfy the requirements. In response to the critical reporting need, Explotech Engineering Ltd. installed unattended monitoring stations around the sites, all incorporating wireless telemetry. After each blast, data was automatically transferred from the monitoring stations to a web-linked server via the wireless network, where it was immediately available to project stakeholders through a password protected website. The solution required a unique blend of data acquisition, telemetry, database, and security technologies, all married to produce a reliable system that was easy to maintain and use. While these types of systems were originally developed for use as permanent monitoring networks in operating mines and quarries, monitoring professionals are increasingly benefiting from the technology on temporary building projects that have typically been the realm of attended monitoring strategies. Globally, this has emerged as a solution to provide more timely access to data for stakeholders, and to minimize the legal exposure from multiple violations of vibration limits. As this trend is likely to continue, the regulated vibration control industry is likely to see a continued shift in technology development to leverage wireless networks and the Internet to continue to improve data transfer, archiving and distribution.

Jan 1, 2006

By Troy Williams, Chris Preston, Ian Lipchak

"Underground blasting operations are challenging from the standpoint of the distribution of explosivesenergy representative of ring blasting. Energy from both shock and pressure regimes of commercialexplosives may appear concentrated in the collar region of a typical ring blast and diluted at the toes of holes due to the oblique geometries of blastholes. The non-homogenous nature of ore in whichexplosives are distributed via drillholes, adds to the complexities of generating particulate profiles from fragmented material with consistencies that are predictable from blast pattern to blast pattern - well suited for specific underground handling equipment and mill processing. In an ideal world, it would be the blasting operations themselves that represent the primary crushing mechanism, or at least mitigate mechanical crushing that can comprise a large component of the cost in generating suitable muck. This paper presents a dynamic break view in 3D that allows a planner to visualize the potential break zone around a blasthole generated by an explosive load using a Kleine field. Simple as it sounds, this methodology provides information that can be used in conjunction with cavity monitoring surveys (CMS) to potentially judge dilution due to overbreak as well as recovery for a typical blast. As examples, there are two break geometries that are examined regarding circular breaks and elliptical breaks around blastholes. Using a Kleine field to define break, a planner generated isosurface can be generated and compared to CMS data for calibration and prediction, using AEGIS 3D ring design software."

Jan 1, 2016

By Dale Preece, Steven Sobolik, Richard Jensen

Recent events demonstrate that civil and government facilities and structures face an ever-increasing need to be designed for protection against malevolent explosions. Modification of existing public structures and especially design of new ones increasingly includes provisions for explosive protection. ISEE members endorse and promote responsible application of explosives to benefit mankind and deplore any other use. However, our knowledge of explosive behavior and our ability to predict the results of explosive events puts us in a unique position to give guidance to designers of civil and public structures. Recent advances in computational methods have resulted in new computer codes with ALE (arbitrary lagrangian eulerian) simulation capabilities. Historically, lagrangian computational methods have been used for modeling solids because the mesh or discretization moves with the material. Rock breakage resulting from explosively induced shock-waves has been successfully modeled with lagrangian codes. Explosive detonation has traditionally been modeled with eulerian techniques. Eulerian methods have been used to model gases and fluids, tracking the material as it moves through the computational grid. ALE computational technology couples the two methods together in a manner never before possible. An ALE simulation can accurately treat the explosive detonation, interaction of explosive gases with air, and the impact of explosive event on nearby solid structures. ALEGRA (Budge et al. 1997 a & b) is an ALE code developed at Sandia National Laboratories. ALEGRA simulations accurately predict the explosively induced impulse on the structure to be protected. It has been applied to the analysis and design of blastwalls to protect structures and people from explosive events. The impulse calculated can be used by structural engineers to design a blastwall. ALEGRA has also been applied to predict the effect of a blastwall on explosion overpressure some distance behind the blastwall to assess the effect on people present during the event.

Jan 1, 2000

By Joshua Taylor Drake

This report answers specific questions concerning underwater blasting considerations, and blasting safety. The blasting considerations discussed consist of basic blasting principles, and new variables to be accounted for. Blasting safety will include the safety of personnel and structures. The environmental considerations will also be discussed with mitigation methods. To be most effective, this document requires the reader to be familiar with key fundamentals of explosive engineering. In order for a blasting professional to benefit from this report, the following questions will be asked:

Jan 1, 2015

By Richard J. Mainiero, Michael J. Sapko, Marcia L. Harris

Since 1988, there have been thirteen documented incidents in the United States and Canada in which carbon monoxide (CO) is suspected to have migrated through near surface strata into structures or other enclosed spaces as a result of nearby trench blasting or surface mine blasting. From these incidents, there are thirty suspected or medically verified CO poisonings and one fatality associated with these incidents. To better understand the variables contributing to this hazard, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) carried out a small- scale field study to identify key factors that may contribute to the migration of CO through the ground. NIOSH conducted single- hole heavily confined experimental test shots to measure the radial pressure pulse as it propagated through surrounding monitoring holes to determine if a relationship existed between the pressure pulse and resulting CO measurements afterwards. NIOSH also monitored blasts at an airport construction site. Following the detonations, the concentrations of CO, nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were monitored for several days in the surrounding satellite holes. The peak CO measurements relative to distances from the shots were compared. Pressure histories and peak particle velocities (PPV) were measured at monitoring boreholes. It was found that the differential pressures recorded within the boreholes give some indication as to the likelihood of CO appearing, whereas the PPV measurements do not seem to be as good an indicator for potential CO migration. In this limited study, changes in barometric pressure had very little influence on removing the trapped detonation products, whereas applying a vacuum to the monitoring holes was effective in reducing the entrapped CO concentration.

Jan 1, 2005

By Ajoy K. Singh, B Mohanty, P K. Singh

A study was conducted to investigate the damage potential to underground multiseam openings caused due to vibration generated by open-pit coal mine blasting. The objective was to recommend optimal explosives weight per delay to be detonated in open-pit blasts to ensure the safety and stability of underground openings. Sixteen blasts with varying charge weights and initiation sequences were conducted at Samleshawari open-pit mine and eighty four blast vibration data were recorded in the Hingir Rampur underground colliery in India. Analysis of vibration data showed that roof of the underground openings vibrated with much higher amplitudes compared to those in pillars and floors. The amplifications of vibration in the roof at the junction were upto 4.3 times the pillar vibration. It was observed that coal chips detached from roof when the peak particle velocity reached 131 mm/s or higher. The vibration magnitude recorded was higher in upper-seam openings than in belowseam openings. Rapid attenuation of vibration was recorded in below-seam openings at similar locations. Appropriate particle velocity-charge weight-distance equations were established to calculate the safe explosive weight per delay to be detonated in open-pit mine for the safety of multi-seams workings of underground mine. The support for the galleries and junctions were further modified for the working seams to ensure greater safety.

Jan 1, 2011

By Deepak Vidyarthi

This paper deals with various measures adopted in protecting a conveyor duct (named after a Conveyor Belt that was numbered as ‘02’) housing a 1600 mm (63 inches) belt conveyor system in a large, heavily mechanized open cast iron ore mine, producing about 20.0 million tones of ore per annum.

Jan 1, 2008

By David S. Bowling

The ER-300 Series White Recorders were developed to provide on economical, yet invaluable instrument for those who desire permanent recordings of such data OS displacement, vibration, concussion (air borne effect) and velocity information. The precise monitoring of earth displacements and air blast magnitudes aids quarrymen and construction contractors in estimating safe blasting limits when operating in populated areas. A refraction model is available for recording velocities which permit the determination of weathered zone depths as well as the .depths to other subsurface formations. The dual purpose (Refroction- Displacement) systems ore utilized for velocity studies and displacement - oir blast measurements.

Jan 1, 1990

By Larry Schneider

I n the simplest application of a shock tube initiation system, the tubing acts as a “relay line” which passes a detonation signal from borehole to borehole. When the signal arrives at each borehole, it causes the detonator attached to it to fire. Such a single path constitutes a progressive series where each unit must function properly in order to activate the following units. Any application error, malfunction, or mistake in connecting any surface unit will stop the progression of the detonation signal through the system and result in a “cutoff” or misfire of the following charges.

Jan 1, 1995

By Neal Lee, Braden T. Lusk, Jhon Silva-Castro, Patrick J. Jenks

"Timing and charge sequence are very important for optimized blast design. Traditional nonelectricinitiation systems have moved the industry toward a system of delays consisting of hole-to-hole androw-to-row timing sequences that mimic the application of nonelectric surface delays or dual delayinitiator systems that have been prevalent in the blasting industry for many years. The increasedutilization of electronic detonators allows for the use of Regular Rhythmic Timing (RRT) utilizing onlyone delay between charges and a selected charge firing sequence. The hole to hole and row to row (HHRR) timing method has been utilized for blasting optimization and allows for simplistic changes to the tie in phase of the blasting sequence. When using this traditional timing methodology, for some specific cases related to the number holes and rows, crowding occurs in the delay between charges with subsequent increase in the peak particle velocity (PPV) produced by the blast. This is in contrast to RRT where the timing between the delays remains constant."

Jan 1, 2016

By Kurt Oakes, Paul Worsey, Braden Lusk, Tony Brasier, Jerry Chambers, Scott Crabtree, Randy Wheeler

Destructive wave interference has been studied in theory for many years. In application however, limited information can be found. Recently, circumstances have enabled a multidisciplinary team to utilize electronic detonators and seismograph analysis to create destructive wave interference in an underground production blasting application. Springfield Underground, located in Springfield, MO, in conjunction with Orica, ETI, White Industrial Seismology, and the University of Missouri – Rolla has shown the ability to use destructive wave interference in underground blasting to reduce ground vibrations directly above.

Jan 1, 2006

By Ed Billington, Mike Shields

The trail blaster is faced with a wide range of workrelated challenges, not the least being the work setting itself. It is usually remote, being anywhere from 5 to 30 or more miles (8 to 50 km) from any road. It may be in mountains, high rock desert, or coastal rain forest, and can range from sea level to over 12,000 feet (3700 m) in elevation. The blaster may be part of a 2-person clearing crew, a 4-person maintenance crew, or a 10-person construction crew. The crew will usually be mobile, moving and working up to 10 miles (16 km) or more per day, relying mostly on their own backpacks to move camp, tools and supplies from site to site. Periodic resupply may be by helicopter, aird rop, or even “sherpa” groups, but most often will be by packstrings of horses and mules. The crew goes into the backcountry a n y w h e re from two weeks to three months at a time, and while there, its members “live the job” 24 hours a day, enjoying baking heat, torrential rain or mid-July s n o w s t o rms along with the truly glorious weather that c o m p e n s a t e s . So who is this blaster? Well, “he” may be she, since some of the top trail blasters are women. He/she will also be more than a blaster: Crews are small, so experienced members must be capable of handling the full range of trail work. Thus this blaster is also a driller, and usually also a bucker, snag faller, rigger, dry-stone mason, log and timber carpenter, bridge builder, mule p a c k e r, small-engine mechanic and, not least, camp cook capable of putting out a hot meal from a campfire , in a downpour, in the dark. Being in remote locations, often without reliable communication to the outside world, trail crews enjoy a remarkable degree of independence from “supervision.” With that comes the responsibility to make sound decisions which expedite the work, while promoting crew safety and welfare .

Jan 1, 2004

By Francisco Sena Leite, Pedro Brito, Auã Kiahla, Raquel Carvalhinha, Tomi Kouvonen, Vinicius Miranda

Shockwaves that generate vibration in the surrounding environment of a blast, are one of the most important factors to control drill & blasting works near delicate buildings as well as in sensitive structures (wall control). On top of the damage to the buildings themselves, sensitive equipment such as computers, measurement apparatus and medical devices can be also compromised. The most commonly measured values from vibration are PPV (peak particle velocity), acceleration and displacement. Some devices and techniques have been developed in the last decades to measure the impacts of these vibratory phenomena. This information can be used to predict levels of vibration for future blasts and improve their quality of design using the attenuation law. From traditional studies to modern seismographs, a range of solutions are used for this propose. The main problem of applying this kind of technology is the high cost associated with each measurement device. In order to measure the ground vibration using new technologies while lowering the cost, a device has been developed using a microcontroller and electronic sensors commonly found on the market. This new equipment was tested side by side with traditional seismographs and the results were sent to a server for analysis. After several blasts, the necessary data was generated for the validation of the prototype. Through numerical mathematical processing (Taylor’s approach and numerical derivation) the original data supplied by the accelerometer’s sensors was transformed into velocity and, after the data mining, a statistics residue analysis was applied in order to evaluate if the data from the prototype and from the traditional seismographs were similar. The data from each system was used to estimate the attenuation law and the results are shown in this paper.

By David Miller, James Santoro

Blasting is often required in urbanized areas to allow for economical execution of construction, demolition, and mining. Several examples of operations that require blasting in built up areas include: rock blasting for foundation and utility excavations; surface and underground mining for mineral extraction; and explosives demolition. Although explosives demolition is an engineering discipline, not at all like rock blasting, it still uses explosives for the felling of structures that have outlived their usefulness. Through the use of modem technology and implementation of extra safety precautions, explosives are used safely in congested areas to make the performance of critical work economical and feasible. This paper discusses several precautions required when undertaking various types of rock blasting and explosives demolition in congested areas. It also presents the adverse effects that must be considered when blasting in congested areas. The effects identified include flyrock, vibration and airblast, fumes, and non-elastic (permanent) ground deformations/overbreak. Measures for mitigating and controlling these adverse effects to provide on-site and public safety are presented.

Jan 1, 2000

By Sam Kangwa, Thomson Sinkala

Th e re are three basic types of hole deviations in long hole d ri l l i n g , n a m e l y collar i n g , alignment and tr a j e c t o r y dev i a t i o n s . In mining, the accur a cy in drilling has a significant effect on the effi c a c y and economy of mining oper a t i o n s . This ar t i cl e d e s c ribes the types, s o u r ces and effects of hole deviations in mining oper a t i o n s . The art i cle further demonstrates the economic consequences due to hole dev i a t i o n s .

Jan 1, 2004

By P D. Kasbanis, Lyall Workman

"The energy output of an explosive is typically calculated using an equation of state and computerapplications. Results are reported as weight and bulk strength, either in absolute terms or relative toANFO. The effect of the equation of state selected and the assumptions regarding the energy calculation are considered and interpreted for the purpose of blast design. It appears that variations in the heat of detonation which result from the selection of the equation of state and parameters associated with it are not sufficient to significantly affect blast patterns, explosive consumption and costs. However variations stemming from the use of “available energy” associated with a cut-off pressure are significant, suggesting in many cases large pattern expansions. The validity of the various approaches is discussed and blast design results based on the energy calculated by the different approaches are presented and evaluated."

Jan 1, 1996

By Jessie L. Bonner, W. Stephen Blomberg, Mark Leidig, Heather Hooper

Understanding the effects of the bench on ground motion can improve the design of cast blasts and achieve improved blast efficiency while remaining below vibration requirements. A new dataset recorded in September 2003 from a coal mine in Arizona has allowed us to examine the excitation of short-period Rayleigh-type surface waves from four simultaneously-detonated explosions in and below a topographic bench of a mine. The explosions were recorded on a network of over 150 seismic sensors, providing an extensive understanding of the ground motion radiation patterns from these explosions. We detonated two separate explosions (~3 tons and ~1.5 tons ANFO) in the deepest pit of the mine, thus the explosions were shot to solid rock. Within 25 meters of these two explosions, we detonated two additional explosions of similar explosive yields in a bench, thus these explosions were shot to the free face. Radiation patterns and spectral ratios from the explosions show increased amplitudes (by a factor of 1.5 to 2) at azimuths behind the bench relative to the amplitudes in front of the bench. We compared these findings to seismic observations from two ~1.5 million pound cast blasts at the same mine and found similar radiation patterns. Modeling of these blasts shows that the variations in ground motion are caused by the topographic bench as a result of 1) horizontal spalling of the rock falling into the pit and 2) non- linear scattering near the free- face. We also note that shooting to a buffer (previously blasted rock) causes the azimuthal variations to be significantly reduced.

Jan 1, 2005

By Jackson R. Pressley, M L. Hopkins, R E. Danell, N T. Moxon, Andrew Bowman

Efficient and cost effective blasting is achieved by closely matching the explosive energy to the strength of the material in which it is being used. Although there are many empirical relationships wich approximate this situation complete the blast optimization can only be achieved by quantitatively assessing explosive/rock interactions and explosive performance. The performance of an explosive is essentially governed by its velocity of detonation or the rate at which the detonation wave travels through the explosive column.

Jan 1, 1991

By Jonathan Peck, Doug Pollitt, Malcolm Scoble

Over the past 5 years the Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, McGill University, has been involved in the performance monitoring of both percussive and rotary drills. Studies conducted in open pit coal and iron ore mines using microprocessor-based research and commercially available instrumentation resulted in the monitoring of at least 6 performance parameters while drilling vertical production blastholes.

Jan 1, 1991