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By Lock PR

The Silver Swan nickel mine is located at the Black Swan Nickel Project, 53 kin north east of Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. The Silver Swan orebody is a massive sulphide nickel deposit dipping 70¦ east with an average in situ grade of 14 per cent. Mining of the massive orebody is by Mechanised Ramp Cut and Fill (MRCF). A mining recovery of 98 per cent and minimising dilution are primary goals in extracting the high-grade ore. Placing a distinguishable marker bed (working platform) on rock fill was identified as a key method to achieving these goals. Gravel from a pit located onsite was considered the most suitable material for the marker beds. Research undertaken to design the marker beds using the gravel revealed conventional methods used in mining would not suffice, but that road stabilisation methods could be a viable alternative. Trials used a road recycler to mix cement and gravel in situ and several test beds were constructed on the surface to determine the final design. The trials attempted to replicate a marker bed's life cycle of construction and placement and mucking of ore from the marker bed.

Jan 1, 1998

The Australian Mineral Industry's growth in the last two decades is directly related to the skill and experience of its consultants in mining, metallurgy, geology, finance, management, marketing, and engineering. The role of mining consultants needs to be re-examined, so that the quality of the service they deliver will continue to be adequate for the 1990's. One means of this evaluation is by examining Case Studies in the strategies and difficulties of developing contract and entrepreneurial research.

Jan 1, 1986

By C Mason, A Littleboy

This paper presents the results of a large scale survey of The Australasian Institute for Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM) membership. This survey aimed to understand and define the key issues and drivers that AusIMM members perceived would shape the development of the Australian minerals industry over the next 20 - 30 years. Nine hundred and fifty-nine participants rated the importance of 11 issues and six drivers (generated from interviews with AusIMM members), and 236 of these participants also provided qualitative descriptions of the future. Issues were defined as problems or opportunities for the minerals industry that may be controlled or influenced by the industry, while drivers were defined as those factors that will influence the direction of the industry that are not within the control of the industry. The quantitative data revealed that the top four issues, in order of their perceived importance to the Australian minerals industry, were: investment in exploration, workforce, health and safety, and innovation. The top three drivers in order of their perceived importance, were: economics of mining, global context and Australian society. While the top four issues were largely consistent across professional groups examined, metallurgy and mineral processing professionals rated water inputs and energy inputs significantly higher than the other professional groups. For the list of drivers, there was strong agreement regarding their ranked order of importance across the professional groups examined. Within the qualitative data, however, a single issue (technology) and a single driver (economics of mining) dominated participantsÆ descriptions of the future. These findings provide important input into a broader program of scenario development for the Australian minerals industry being undertaken by CSIRO and its partners. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of using a mixed methodology in generating these inputs to understand more fully how important stakeholders view the future and the factors that will shape it. The results of this study are also discussed with respect to the role that CSIRO may play in facilitating the exploration of uncertainty around the future of the Australian minerals industry.

Jan 1, 2009

By T Raynlyn, R J. Holmes, J R. Manuel, A Poliakov, L Lu

The prediction of sintering performance of iron ore fines and the possibility of targeted optimisation of specific sinter properties are very important for both the iron ore industry and related research organisations. Physical pilot-scale sinter runs require large amounts of raw materials and are expensive, so it is critical to target large test work programs with many different sintering parameters effectively. To predict values for sintering performance parameters such as tumble index (TI), low temperature reduction disintegration index (RDI) and productivity, a comprehensive database of pilot-scale sintering experimental results has been established and empirical modeling conducted. Similarly to earlier work, physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the iron ores have been considered. However, in contrast to the previous work where only one textural parameter was taken into account, namely the proportion of dense haematite ore texture, the current model includes the abundances of several different textures which were combined into different textural factors corresponding to different sinter properties. Coefficients for the variables within specific regression equations can provide a better understanding of the effect of the variables on the corresponding sintering performance. The modelling results have also been used for predicting the sintering performance of mixtures that were not part of the database used for establishing the models. Comparison of experimental and modeling results for the verification test data is also reported in this paper.

Jan 1, 2009

This paper presents an overview of the current status of mine water management in South Africa. The regulatory framework within which mine water management operates is set out, based on the principles and policies embodied in the relevant legislation. The status of the gold and coal mining industries, with regard to water management, is presented on the basis of studies that have been undertaken to develop water and salt balances for these industries. While the data is not available to quantify the status of ARD in South Africa, the range of typical mine water quality problems faced by South African gold and coal mines is presented. The status quo, problems and challenges relating to mine water management are presented and discussed. It is shown that, while there have been major strides in the last decade, and mine water management and treatment in South Africa has moved onto the forefront of mine environmental management, important problems still persist. There is still a significant amount of improvement required, particularly in the field of prediction of water quality deterioration and the application of such predictions to the identification of management actions that can be applied to prevent or minimise mine water pollution in the shortmedium- and long-term.

Jan 1, 2003

By M A. Jardine, J A. Miller, M Becker, M Harris

"Although the role of texture has been increasingly recognised as a geometallurgical indicator of ore characteristics and their variability, the ability to appropriately quantify and correlate it with metallurgical performance remains an ongoing challenge. In this study, we propose the 3D characterisation and quantification of ore textures from drill core using X-ray computed tomography (XCT) with an appropriate image analysis methodology (grey level co-occurrence matrices, GLCM). This methodology has been specially customised for application of 3D XCT grey-scale volumes. This approach has potential as an online mine site analysis tool providing detailed 3D information on both quantitative texture and simple mineralogy.The approach is illustrated in this paper using drill core samples that were manually extracted from various rock types and textures representing the Nkomati Main Mineralized Zone (MMZ) sulfide nickel ore deposit. A preliminary classification of the samples was performed based on their particle size distribution after laboratory scale rod milling. Accompanying QEMSCAN analyses were also used to guide the interpretation of the grey-scale mineralogy and texture in the 3D XCT volumes. The resultant GLCM produced from quantitative 3D image analysis of the XCT volumes indicated sensitivity to ore variability and was able to capture a simple mineralogy and grain size distribution. The approach holds many possibilities for geometallurgy, of which the potential for automation is promising.CITATION:Becker, M, Jardine, M A, Miller, J A and Harris, M, 2016. X-ray Computed Tomography – a Geometallurgical Tool for 3D Textural Analysis of Drill Core?, in Proceedings The Third AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2016, pp 231–240 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jun 15, 2016

By A K. B Opitz, M Becker, J L. Broadhurst

"One of the key drivers of geometallurgy is to define the ore characteristics and their variability to build a geometallurgical model. The inclusion of waste rock properties and their variability is just as important, given that the generation of acid rock drainage (ARD) poses one of the most significant environmental challenges facing the mining industry. Formed through the oxidation of sulfide minerals in the presence of oxygen and water, ARD generation is exacerbated through the regeneration of lixiviates by naturally occurring iron- and sulfur-oxidising micro-organisms. In order to manage the potential risk of ARD pollution, timely, accurate, reliable and robust characterisation and prediction of the ARD potential of waste material is critical from an early stage in the mining process.This study demonstrates the use of the biokinetic-accelerated weathering test developed at the University of Cape Town to characterise the ARD potentials of gold waste rock samples under microbial conditions. These tests are performed in conjunction with standard characterisation tests to provide an indication of the potential for ARD generation under both chemical and biological conditions. Results provided information regarding the relative rates of acid neutralisation and acid generation, with the contribution of specific minerals to the observed behaviour considered through use of a detailed mineralogical assessment. Overall, the addition of the biokinetic test to the current geometallurgical characterisation and prediction toolbox will allow for relatively rapid assessment of the bulk kinetics of ARD generation.CITATION:Opitz, A K B, Becker, M, Broadhurst, J L, Bradshaw, D J and Harrison, S T L, 2016. The Biokinetic Test as a Geometallurgical Indicator for Acid Rock Drainage Potentials, in Proceedings The Third AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2016, pp 183–192 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jun 15, 2016

By L Kormos, V Lawson, G Hill, G Marrs

"In sulfide nickel deposits throughout the world, pentlandite and pyrrhotite are commonly found together along with varying amounts of chalcopyrite and platinum group minerals (PGMs). The mafic or ultramafic host silicates associated with the sulfide mineralisation commonly exhibit a complex assemblage of magnesium bearing silicates, many of which themselves contain significant nickel. Four types of ore are proposed, each presenting their own processing challenges. These are: economic grades of Ni, Cu and PGE (platinum group element) in a pyrrhotite-bearing sulfide deposit, with low pyrrhotite to pentlandite ratios  economic grades of Ni, Cu and PGE in a pyrrhotite-bearing sulfide deposit, with moderate to high pyrrhotite to pentlandite ratios uneconomic high pyrrhotite: low tenor deposits low-grade low sulfide, high MgO ± PGE deposits that can sometimes be economically mined and processed.The grades and recoveries of nickel concentrates produced from sulfide ores can be significantly impacted by the ore mineral texture, the nickel tenor of the sulfides, and the polytype of pyrrhotite which may be either hexagonal (non-magnetic) or monoclinic (magnetic). The mineralogy of the silicates is also of great importance, especially the magnesium silicates and those which tend to produce particles which are asbestiform or which affect slurry viscosity. Other magnesium silicates such as serpentine carry nickel in solid solution, limiting the recovery entitlement of nickel by flotation because serpentine is not amenable to sulfide flotation mechanisms. Differences in plant flow sheets and reagent assemblages are required to effectively separate these minerals.Experience from a variety of plant operations and from extensive flow sheet development programs are discussed. Examples are given of where significant improvements in nickel circuit performance can be made by adjusting plant physical processing conditions or process chemistry to compensate for measurable ore properties and characteristics.CITATION:Lawson, V, Hill, G, Kormos, L and Marrs, G, 2014. The separation of pentlandite from chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and gangue in nickel projects throughout the world, in Proceedings 12th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2014, pp 153–162 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Sep 1, 2014

By D-J Min

Strategies and achievements in the Asian steel industry to construct industrial ecological chain are reviewed largely in the case of Japan, Korea and China. Emphasis is placed on the development of resource circulatory system for the minimisation of various wastes and emissions of green house gases (GHG), toxic gases and polluting particulates. The minimisation includes:Rationalisation of iron and steelmaking processes; Implementation of available relevant measures/technologies; Life cycle assessment in designing steel from semis to assembled products; Reduction, reuse and recycling of materials and energies; and Utilisation of core competence technologies to process domestic and industrial wastes. In view of global nature of the above wastes- and emission-issues, inter-industrial linkage and international cooperation across the borders in the Asian countries have become more important. Inter-industrial linkage definitely serves to cut back the wastes and emissions. Examples of such linkage and factors influencing the sustainability of the linkage are described with expectation for further development of the linkage. Importance of international cooperation cannot be overstressed under the circumstances where steel production in China exceeded 220 Mt and world production exceeded 945 Mt in 2003 and is still increasing. Practical measures are discussed to enhance the linkage and cooperation for effectively promoting the reduction, reuse and recycling, including implications for the nonferrous industry.

Jan 1, 2004

By Nilmani M, Malone J, Taylor RN, Floyd JM, Gray NB, Fountain CR

CSIRO staff and University of Melbourne staff and students collaborated in an intense programme of investigation on the CSIRO 50 kg Sirosmelt pilot plant.In two days of operation copper matte converting and zinc slag fuming trials were performed, whilst investigation of the process dynamics and process chemistry was carried out. This exercise is an example of the techniques available for process evaluation, which can rapidly advance the understanding of pyrometallurgical operations by use of a team approach covering a wide range of experiments.

Jan 1, 1985

By A McEwan, J Masters, C A. Jackson, A Catanzano, V Sharp, M Millen, S Rainey, S J. Spencer, G Roberts

A passive acoustic emission (AE) monitoring system has been developed and trialled on two M10000 IsaMillsTM. The analyser detects AE stress waves generated by grinding media impacts with the mill liner during mill operation. Locally propagating stress waves can be detected on the exterior liner surface using strategically mounted broadband accelerometers.The analyser has been developed into a robust commercial prototype system, and has been designed, installed and commissioned with Xstrata Technology at two mineral processing plants.A six-month field trial showed large-scale variation in AE power signature with process conditions. Analysis of the enveloped AE power output demonstrated a strong correlation with mill process conditions – more specifically grinding media relative loading, feed pulp density, feed volumetric flow rate and feed type.Placement of accelerometers along the length of the mill body provided key information on the grinding media relative deportment. The enveloped AE power detected by the mill body, discharge pipe and bearing housing sensors all captured information strongly correlated with mill operating parameters and process state.The prototype analyser demonstrates suitability as a long-term online tool for stirred mill performance monitoring, and potentially for optimisation and control, in beneficiation plants.CITATION:Jackson, C A, Spencer, S J, Masters, J, Sharp, V, McEwan, A, Rainey, S, Catanzano, A, Roberts, G and Millen, M, 2014. Monitoring of M10000 IsaMill™ process performance by passive acoustic emissions, in Proceedings 12th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2014 , pp 241–254 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 1, 2014

By L Dzinza, K C. Corin, M Tadie

The recycling of process water comes with increased electrolyte concentrations that affect water quality, which may in turn affect the flotation performance of valuable minerals (Hirajima et al, 2016). Electrolytes such as Ca2+, SO4 2- , Mg2+ and S2O3 2- have been surmised to have an impact on the action of flotation reagents such as collectors (Ikumapayi et al, 2012). Xanthate collectors are known to play a significant role in imparting hydrophobicity on mineral surfaces to enhance their flotation. The interaction between minerals and xanthates is well known to be electrochemical in nature. Such redox processes may be elucidated by electrochemical techniques. Since the mechanisms involving the interactions between electrolytes in process water with sulfide minerals and the subsequent adsorption kinetics of collectors are not well understood, this study therefore aims to provide fundamental knowledge to unpack the mechanisms involved when electrolytes interact with Platinum Group Minerals (PGMs) and how these interactions may affect xanthate adsorption. The interaction of sodium iso-butyl xanthate (SIBX) in the presence of electrolytes at increasing ionic strength was investigated by rest potential measurements, to explain the impact of electrolytes on the adsorption of SIBX on PGMs in the flotation process. Rest potential measurements for PdTe2 and PdS were conducted in an air saturated 0.05 M di-sodium tetraborate decahydrate solution, in the absence and presence of SIBX and electrolytes. It was found that the existence of sulfide and telluride on palladium affects the mechanisms in which electrolytes interact with Pd mineral surfaces. An increase in the ionic strength of Na2S2O3, CaCl2 and MgCl2, increased the interaction between the salts and PdS, thus decreasing the extent to which SIBX interacted with PdS. An increase in ionic strength for Na2S2O3 increased the interaction between Na2S2O3 and PdTe2 and therefore decreased the extent to which SIBX interacted with PdTe2. Other salts investigated in this study increased the rate of oxidation of PdTe2 with an increase in ionic strength thereby enhancing the interaction of SIBX and PdTe2. This study has shown that mineral type, electrolyte type and concentration all have an impact on the mechanisms that result in the adsorption of SIBX on PGMs.

Aug 24, 2022

By Koeng R, Richardson M, Hoare R

A discrete event computer simulation model was developed for two of the stoping methods currently used at the Z.C. Mines Broken Hill oper- ations. The objective in undertaking this project was to provide an effective tool for mine planning and design to allow comparisons of alternative extraction strategies and attempt to optimise the allocation of capital equipment and human resources. The Slam II simulation program was used in conjunction with ,a com- monly used data editor, text editor and graphics package to allow the simulation to be done on a personal computer with minimum training requirements. The computer hardware used was a portable computer cur- rently available using 80386/20MHz electronics. Specific logic techniques were developed to allow the Slam II language to simulate mining opera- tions because it was originally developed for manufacturing and com- mercial simulations. The design of the model was based on observations and a data collec- tion campaign. The model was designed with flexibility which allows simple editing of the input data which includes: - Insitu volumes - Development statistics -Loadout efficiencies -Loader speeds, availabilities and capacities -Chute numbers, volumes, distances and blockage statistics -Trucking statistics -Work schedules -Utility statistics

Jan 1, 1988

By H Mischo, G Barakos, J Gutzmer

The continuously growing demand for rare earth elements (REEs), in combination with the crisis of 2009 and the price spike of 2011, has initiated a treasure hunt for rare earth deposits all over the world in recent years. Since then, commodity prices have declined and are now quite stable, yet the world is still dependent on China’s dominance of the market and its export policies. Exploration is unremitting and numerous resources of potential interest have already been revealed in many countries; however, proceeding to mining operations is not that simple, especially when it comes to the exploitation of rare earth deposits. Evaluating the feasibility of a mining project is always a unique, sensitive and rather complex process that depends on multiple criteria.This paper focuses on clarifying the present and future global situation in the development of respective deposits and on identifying rare earth-specific criteria that influence the overall feasibility assessments of any potential (especially underground) mining projects. Environmental impacts, legislation issues and the presence of radioactive pollutants are some of the notable boundary conditions that govern rare earth mining operations and need to be taken into consideration. Furthermore, the balance problem between the supply and demand of the different REEs can determine decisively whether a deposit of specific REEs is economically exploitable. For this reason, evaluations are made regarding the future strategies to be enacted in order for the rest of the world to detach itself from this situation. The ultimate goal of these evaluations is for them to be incorporated in an overall assessment tool for rare earth underground mining procedures that will be implemented in real case studies to determine their sustainability.CITATION:Barakos, G, Mischo, H and Gutzmer, J, 2015. Status quo and future evaluations of global rare earth mining (with respect to special rare earth element-industry criteria), in Proceedings Third International Future Mining Conference, pp 21–30 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 4, 2015

By E Nik, A Manzoori, H Namavari, P Witt

The smelter building at Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex, Iran, houses two reverberatory furnaces and five Pierce-Smith converters. Under normal operating conditions SO2 emissions fill the building, posing a major health problem for all workers in the building, and reducing their ability to maintain the plant. The converter fume extraction system was analysed using plant measurements, engineering modelling of the entire system and CFD modelling of the extraction hoods. By applying fundamental engineering concepts, a user-interactive computer program was developed that enabled plant engineers and operators to gain a detailed understanding of the system. In conjunction with plant measurements, the model quantified the amount of inleakage throughout the system, identifying it as a significant contributor to the poor extraction performance. Furthermore, it enabled investigation of the effects of hood gates, converters on line, hood dampers, flue insulation, electrostatic precipitator (ESP) operation, and inclusion of an acid plant. The model gave unprecedented insight into the operation of a counterintuitive buoyancy-driven extraction system.

Jan 1, 2004

By D Bradshaw, J R. R de Villiers

The non-stoichiometric sulfide mineral pyrrhotite (Fe(1-x)S), common to many nickel and platinum group element (PGE) ore deposits, occurs in varying crystallographic forms with the different types exhibiting subtly different physical and chemical properties. These differing properties are likely to influence the flotation performance of pyrrhotite, which in the case of PGE operations is actively recovered, whereas in nickel operations pyrrhotite is depressed. In this study, examination of natural pyrrhotite samples from Southern African and Canadian nickel and PGE ore deposits revealed a variety of pyrrhotite compositions in terms of iron content (Fe7S8, Fe9S10, Fe11S12) and solid solution nickel concentration. Pyrrhotite composition was correlated with its mineral association depending on whether non-magnetic pyrrhotite occurred in conjunction with troilite, non-magnetic pyrrhotite occurred as single phase pyrrhotite, magnetic pyrrhotite occurred as single phase pyrrhotite or whether the two phases; magnetic and non-magnetic pyrrhotite co-exist. Subsequent microflotation tests of selected single phase pyrrhotite samples revealed that the non-magnetic pyrrhotite is slightly more floatable than magnetic pyrrhotite. Microflotation tests also showed that varying flotation responses occur between differing magnetic pyrrhotite samples. These differences in flotation performance are postulated to be a result of the effects of varying pyrrhotite crystallography, trace metal content and mineral association on pyrrhotite oxidation, formation of surface species and subsequent adsorption with xanthate collector.

Jan 1, 2008

By J J. L du Plessis

Escalating energy and electricity costs have become one of the biggest expenditure drivers in mining operations. During the last eight years, energy costs have trebled when expressed as a percentage of total running cost in South African mines. Power consumption on mines is controlled by three main strategies, namely load clipping where energy use is reduced for parts of the day, load shifting where energy use is shifted to other parts of the day, and energy efficiency where energy use is reduced permanently.To reduce the operating costs of ventilating and cooling underground mines continuously, system optimisation studies must be completed. A part of this paper describes methods that can be used to reduce energy usage by optimising cooling and ventilation systems during planning and in existing operations using network simulation models that accurately reflect the current and planned ventilation conditions. These models are used to examine various options for improving the overall ventilation and cooling efficiency. Furthermore, an overview of refrigeration and cooling practices, and ventilation strategies is presented.Ventilation-on-demand and cooling-on-demand strategies have the potential to reduce both the capital and operating costs associated with mine ventilation and cooling systems. In addition, it has been proven that modern strategies and energy-efficient tactics are technically feasible.It is also important that the correct equipment selection is made. This must be based on the best technology with the highest energy efficiency. Where equipment replacement is being considered, energy efficiency must be one of the key decision drivers.In this paper a number of studies were presented and from the experience and the data presented it is clear that a large financial benefit is possible through optimising ventilation and cooling during the planning of mines or within an existing operating mine.CITATION:du Plessis, J J L, 2015. Strategy and tactics implemented to achieve energy-efficient ventilation and cooling of mines, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference, pp 9–18 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 31, 2015

By B Upton, J Mitchell

The use of hydro scaling and in-cycle shotcrete to replace conventional jumbo scaling, mesh and bolting as the primary method of ground control for run of mine development has been investigated through extensive trials at the Waroonga mine, Agnew Gold Mining Company.These trials have progressed from investigating the productivity aspects of the method through to a three month mine-wide trial, which may yet lead to the adoption of this potentially best practice ground control technique at Agnew.Ov erseas trials and research have shown that hydro scaling results in a significant improvement in the shotcrete-rock bond strength. Good adhesive bond strength ensures that the shear strength of the shotcrete layer rather than itÆs flexural or tensile strength is fully mobilised as rock mass reinforcement.This maximises shotcretes ground reinforcement capability and it is suggested that a bolt-less fibrecrete support design is feasible using the hydro scaling technique.

Jan 1, 2005

By J T. Woodcock

This paper discusses characterisation techniques that can be applied to complex waste products from metal production and processing operations with the aim of devising treatment methods for upgrading the metal content for recycling. Two waste streams were selected to illustrate the role of characterisation in adapting mineral processing techniques to provide an effective recycling strategy. Waste products chosen were:aluminium dross, which contains metallic aluminium particles in a coarse matrix of many components; and steel shredder sludge that contains copper wire and other metallics in a matrix of plastic and natural fibres, iron oxides, metallic iron, and other compounds. Characterisation methods discussed include chemical analysis (XRF, ICP-AES, and selected specialised techniques), phase analysis (XRD, SEM, TEM, and optical microscopy), morphology (IFESEM), sizing analysis (screening, Cyclosizing, Infrasizing, Malvern sizing), and general techniques such as particle shape, surface area, and porosity determinations. The applicability of these techniques to the waste products is considered in relation to their advantages and disadvantages, and sampling issues.Treatment techniques considered for the two waste products included comminution, screening, air or water classification, simple water leaching, gravity separation, magnetic separation, flotation, and eddy current separation.Tentative flow sheets were developed for the two wastes. For aluminium dross, it was proposed to use fine crushing followed by water washing to remove soluble chlorides and aluminium nitride, and then desliming followed by flotation of the granular fraction to give a metallic aluminium-rich concentrate. For shredder sludge, it was proposed to use wet screening, water classification, and gravity concentration to produce a copper-rich product and magnetic separation to produce a metallic iron-rich product.

Jan 1, 2004

Financial markets are subject to constant change and project finance, as a product within these markets, adapts and will continue to adapt with those changes. A meaningful discussion of these adaptations requires an understanding of differences between non-, limited and full recourse project finance. The reasons sponsors seek and lenders provide project finance are also pertinent in this context. Arranging a project, financing package can be a canplex and time consuming task. An important first step is choosing the right advisor for the assignment and then structuring and tailoring the financing before approaching prospective lenders. The last thirty years has seen changes in the needs of sponsors and the ability of lenders to meet them. These shifts in preference may well be a guide to the future. Several major project financings successfully canpleted in Australia in the last few years and more recent examples are broadly discussed. Project finance will be keenly sought in the future and the form and nature it takes will continue to vary.

Jan 1, 1983