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Reduce the dust exposure of workers in large processing buildings at mineral processing operations, using a total mill ventilation system.

Jan 1, 1994

Develop and demonstrate a lightweight material that has low thermal conductivity and that would be suitable for placement using shotcrete methods. This material could be applied in deep, hot mines where mine drifts must be insulated. Its use would decrease mine refrigeration needs and reduce energy costs.

Jan 1, 1994

By J. B. Janus

This report, the 25th in a series, lists analytical data of coal samples collected by the Bureau of Mines in connection with the purchase of several million tons of coal for various Government agencies during fiscal year 1975. Tipple samples were collected by Bureau of Mines engineers at tipples as coal was being loaded into railroad cars or trucks. Ultimate analyses are given for these coalbeds only. The delivered coal was sampled at destination in accordance with instructions furnished by the Bureau of Mines, and all samples were analyzed in the Bureau laboratory at Pittsburgh.

Jan 1, 1976

By S. L. Payne, E. F. Foerster, C. W. Schultz, G. R. Zellars

The vapor pressure of copper in a series of liquid copper - nickel alloys was determined by the carrier gas method . The activity and activity coefficient of copper were calculated over the entire range of alloy composition . These data show a slight positive deviation from ideal behavior . The activity coefficient of copper was highest ( 2.10 ) at 0.05 mole fraction copper and approached unity at concentrations above 0.85 mole fraction copper . The results for nickel were calculated from the copper data by the graphical integration of the Gibbs - Duhem equation .

Jan 1, 1964

Improve the dust-control effectiveness of the Rotoclone1 dry-dust collection systems used on surface coal mine drills.

Jan 1, 1994

By J. P. Barkley

"The accompanying tabulation gives the results of a series of operating tests on two types of small stokers. One was an inclined, natural-draft, moving-grate, overfeed ""hand-stoker"" fired and manipulated by hand; the other was. a horizontal, forced-draft, stationary-grate, underfeed, mechanical unit-stoker operated by an electric motor. These were installed as shown by the accompanying sketches (figs. 1 and 2) under horizontal return tubular boilers of a nominal rating of 150 bl.h.p. each.The steam load carried by these boilers was a rather typical heating load. It was fairly constant and of about 30 bl.h.p. throughout the summer months, with small variation between day and night. During the winter months the daily variations were dependent upon the outside temperature. The boilers were banked a considerable part of the night.As noted in the table, two kinds of coal were used. The size of one kind was run-of-mine and the other 11/4 inch nut and clack. These coals from two different mines of the New River district both caked considerably during burning, the nut and slack more than the other. Analyses of the coal were as follows:"

Jun 1, 1929

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Jan 1, 2012

By L. C. Ilaley

The Buresa. ot Mines at its Pittsburgh Station conducted tests aa earl7 a.a 1911 looking into the satety of miniature electric bulba. The first teata were maie with bulbs euch as were being sold with the partly developed lamps then on the market. 'l'he.sa aarly teats demonstrated the da.nger of using minia.tu:re bulbs in explosive mine atmospheres unless the current that enet gized the glow!ng filament was in aome minner inter.N.ptecl if the glass surrounding the filanant should be broken.

Jun 1, 1922

By George S. Rice

"Soon after the armistice, an investigation was conducted by the writer on the use of liquid oxygen for explosive purposes in Germany, so far as the conditions of such investigation wore permitted at the time. The results of this inquiry were published in Technical Paper 243, entitled ""Development of Liquid Oxygen Explosives during the War.""Recently, through the courtesy of Dr. C. L. Parsons, former chief chemist of the Bureau, who was visiting Germany, and Mr. Chester L. Benson, of the American Expeditionary Forces in Germany, data was obtained from the Deutsche Oxhydric A. G., Surth near Cologne, (one of the principal manufacturers of liquid oxygen installation) concerning the number of plants which bad been installed in Germany during the period following the armistice. An analysis of the figures obtained shows the following installations in different kinds of mining operations:"

Sep 1, 1920

By R. V. Ramani, R. Stefanko, G. W. Luxbacher

CALCULATION OF MINE HEAD LOSSES FROM ALTIMETER SURVEY DATA USBM PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY - MINERAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT USBM USBM USBM THIS PROGRAM CALCULATES PRESSURE LOSSES USING THE USBM METHOD GIVEN USBM IN USBH IC 7809 BY MCELROY AND KINGERY.1957. THE MAJOR DIFFERENCE USBM BETWEEN THIS PROGRAM AND THE CITED REFERENCE IS THE TREATMENT OF AIR USBM

Jan 1, 1977

By N. A. Caspero, W. E. Eckard, W. T. Wertman

A thermal oil-recovery experiment was conducted in the Venango First sand, Goodwill Hill oilfield, Warren County, Pa., about 10 miles northeast of Titusville. The Quaker State Oil Refining Corp., Bradford, Pa., performed the experiment with assistance from Sinclair Research, Inc., Tulsa, Okla., and the Federal Bureau of Mines. The Goodwill Hill field was discovered in 1885. Primary-production oper- ations continued until 1930 when an air-gas injection project, which is still in operation, was started. At the location of the combustion experiment, the reservoir is 400 feet deep and 30 feet thick, with wide permeability and porosity variations. The crude oil is typical Pennsylvania Grade paraffin- base oil with a gravity of 43.9° API and a viscosity of 4.55 cp at 60° F. The well pattern for the experiment consisted of 5 producing wells, enclosing an area of 1.28 acres, and a central ignition-injection well. An air-natural gas mixture was ignited in the ignition well on July 29, 1961. Ignition was followed by injection of air and natural gas at various rates. The experiment was suspended January 5, 1962, when it became evident that economic oil production could not be achieved. There was no conclusive evidence that self-sustained combustion was achieved or that combustion increased oil and water production. A slight increase in liquid production was attributed to stripping action caused by the air-injection rates, which were higher than those normally used during air-gas injection.

Dec 1, 1963

By Frank J. Susko

The U.S. Bureau of Mines is developing a process for removing metals from mining and mineral processing waste streams by precipitation. The precipitation process is accelerated by flocculation when a high molecular weight polymer is added. Infrared (IR) studies were performed on zinc hydroxide [Zn(OH);J, copper hydroxide [Cu(OH);J, and zinc sulfide (ZnS) flocculated with both non ionic and anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) and polyethylene oxide (PEO). The IR data were compared with general trends in the performance of the polymers observed during flocculation. These studies will help to understand the bonding between the precipitate and polymer and indicate the effectiveness of a flocculant for dewatering. Two types of bands showed up on the IR spectra; one type described the interlayer water of the flocs, the other described the organic bonds of the polymers. A general decrease in the areas of the three water bands, hydroxyl (O-H) stretching (3,200-3,500 cm-1), water bending (1,610-1,630 cm-1), and torsional oscillations (600-700 cm-1), indicate interlayer water being driven off, which is a favorable condition in flocculation. Shifts in the O-H stretching band indicate water bridging between the precipitate and polymer. Shifts in the amine (N-H) deformation, carbon-nitrogen (C-N) stretch band (1,600-1,610 cm-1) indicate the amine group of the PAM is involved in the bonding. Evidence suggests that ether oxygen of PEO is also involved in the bonding process.

Jan 1, 1990

"Correlatina Lung Crackle Usina Holographic lnterf erometryAli Afshari, MS, West Virginia University, 1989The Effect or Surfactants on Suppression of Non-Wettable ParticlesAli Alaboyun, MS, Mineral Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 1989Geochemical Characterization of Kerogem, ShaJes, and Coal .Refme ~ted with Allegheny Fonnationof Cases of Northern West VirginiaDick Andre, MS, West Virginia University, 1987Particle Concentrations in a Hazelton Inhalation ChamberShahram Bavani, MS, West Virginia University, 1985Use and Potential of Luer Holographic Interferometry and Subsidence Model Study of an Underground.Room and Pillar MineRichard Begley, MS, West Virginia University, 1984Development of a Mechanistic Model for Prediction of Subsidence in a Longwall MineRichard Begley, PhD, West Virginia University, 1990.Redesign of Micro-Orifice Unifonn Deposit ImpactorSteve Behm, MS, University of Minnesota, 1991A Fracture Mechanics Study of Crack Propagation Mechanism in Coal: The Mechanics of Fine FragmentFonnationZ. T. Bieniawski and R. Karl Zipf, Jr., Mining Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University,University Park, PA. Final Report, October 1, 1988A Mathematical Model for the Prediction of Ambient Dust Concentrations in Mine AtmospheresR. Bhaskar, MS, Mining Engineering and Operations Research, The Pennsylvania State University, 1984Spatial and Temporal Behavior of Dust in Mines-Theoretical and Experimental StudiesR. Bhaskar, PhD, Mining Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 1987Experimental Studies of Dispersion and Deposition of Fane Particles in a Wind Tunnel and Mine AirwayKlaus Bode, MS, Mining Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 1991Perf'onnance of the High Yield Technology PM - 100 - Particle 11ux MonitorRobert Caldow, MS, University of Minnesota, 1987Development of Improved Methods for Monitoring and Control of Diesel Particulate in an Underground CoalMineD. H. Carlson, B. C. Cornilsen, P. L. Loyselk, X. Shan and J. H. Johnson, Michigan Technological University,Houghton, Ml. Final Report, June 15, 1991"

Mar 1, 1992

By Raymond B. Ladoo

Cne of t·: . .:: i::,portt recent developrr.ents in the feldspar industcy l:.a.s beer. tl:.e r,:ipid. rise of Ne·N H.v-:psr.ire as a. feldspar producing State. Tl:.e unusual size and purity of t: e deposit now 'being worked ne3.r Keene, and tr.a i.nproved metl:.ods ot:' rr.ining srd ir,illing used l:.ave been responsible foe tt.is situation. ti'eldsp'.:l. w'ls occ':tsiona.lly produced sorr.e ye1rs ago in srr.a.ll (tuantities in New Hrunpshi :e, but t::.e State had not been considered a producer of" feldspar ui til lS3l. In the s::ring of tr .. at yea!', t:.e '[eane iic Products co. of Keene, N.H., beg3Il in a srr.9.ll way tl:e production of feldspar fro:n t1eir property in Gilsum, H.H., whicr. l-.a.d long been opera.tei a.s a :tl.ca mine. The purity of the feldspar at enoe '\ttracted f''.lvorai)le attention. and tt.e production of crude ore rapidly in­ cre'.\sed. Early in 1922, a new company, t'he Golding-Keene Co,

Sep 1, 1922

By William G. Gruzenaky

The separation of yttrium and the individual rare-earth elements (lanthanons) from mixtures in which they occur has been a difficult problem through-out the years. Because of the increased interest in the various uses of these metals, the economy of their production may become of great importance. Studies relative to this problem, undertaken at the Federal Bureau of Mines Albany Metallurgy Research Center, resulted in the development of a solvent extraction method by which yttrium can be separated from the rare-earth metals. A separation factor of 10.93 was obtained between yttrium and cerium from a single-stage extraction, and a factor of 1.78 was obtained between yttrium and erbium from a multistage system. The valuable metals were extracted from euxenite by caustic soda fusion or by chlorination, and several separation methods were investigated. Partial separation of the yttrium and rare-earth element fraction was made by chemical methods and by solvent extraction. Thermal decomposition of aqueous rare-earth nitrates or selective ignition of yttrium and rare-earth oxalates yielded a fraction enriched in cerium. A fraction enriched in the light rare-earth elements resulted from a double sulfate precipitation, whereas a potassium ferrocyanide pr cipitation yielded a fraction enriched in yttrium. Precipitation with dimethyl phosphate yielded a fraction enriched in yttrium and heavy rare-earth elements. Enriched fractions were obtained with several solvent extraction systems. A system consisting of rare-earth nitrates, nitric acid, and tri-n-butylamine-3 methyl-2-butanone favored the separation of yttrium from the heavy as well as from the light rare-earth elements.

Jan 1, 1961

By Robert E. Johnson

THE MILDEST recession of the postwar period ended in the first months of 1961, and the economy climbed steadily during the remainder of the year. The Federal Reserve Board (FRB) Index of Industrial Production climbed from a low point of 102 (1957=100) in February to 115 in December, a rise of 12.5 percent. But economic activity for the year as a whole was only 1.5 percent higher than the 1960 level, as measured by real gross national product (GNP). Although activity increased throughout 1961, much of it was merely regaining ground lost in the decline during the second half of 1960 and the first months of 1961. The FRB index did not re ain the July 1960 high of 110 until June of 1961. Mineral fuels did not fully share in the economic recovery. The (FRB) crude oil and natural gas index rose only 5 percent between February and December. Although the index of monthly coal production increased 11.5 percent during the year, the February level was so low that total production for the year was the lowest since 1954. Total production of energy measured in Btu's was up slightly (1 percent) during the ear. Coal production was down; production of crude oil and natural gas was up. Calculated consumption paralleled production-total up slightly, coal lower, and crude oil and natural gas higher. The most interesting product developments were in coke and residual fuel oil. Sales of coke showed a sharper drop than steel

Jan 1, 1962

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Jan 1, 2012

By L. C. IlsLey

A specially recommended cable is a rubber-sheathed cable that has met the minimum performance requirements for cables as set forth in Schedule 20. The first in the series of recommended cables was listed September, 1930, by an ad- vance notice published as Information Circular 6375 which described the conditions under which the cable tests were made. Since that time six additional cables have met the test re- quirements and have been specially recommended. The complete list of specially recommended. cables is as follows: Specially recommended-cables Cable Symbol No. Hazacord No. 2 BM1 Stranding 19 x 7 Hazacord No. 3 BM2 do. Hazacord No. 4 BM3 do. Super-service No. 3 BM4 7 x 19 Super-service No. 2 Super-service No.. 4 BM5 do. BM6 do. Super-service No. 4 BM7 7x 7 Manufacturer Hazard Insulated Wire Works (division of the Okonite Co.) Do. Do. Rome Wire Company (division of the General Cable Corporation) Do. Do. Do. The cables listed were all twin (parallel duplex) cables having outer belts or cov- erings of approximately -inch high-grade rubber compound, and have the same general appear- ance and relative dimensions as the types of twin cables in general use. The cables were tested under conditions designed to show their approximate perform- ance under mine conditions. Only twin-type cables have met these test conditions. Although the recommended trailing cables are much better and safer for mine use than other cables and withstand being run over by a 7-ton car, they should not be considered as 100 per cent safe. The 7-ton car test represents the minimum limit requirement effective at present under Schedule 2-C, but the test car operates on a straight and level track, and thus does not represent the more severe conditions of mine use such as might result from uneven and curved tracks.

Mar 1, 1931

By Maria I. De Rosa

During 1990-2001, a total of 518 fires occurred in all metal/ nonmetal mining categories; 296 of those fires caused 308 injuries and 4 fatalities. Surface operations had the most fires and the highest injury risk rate values. Forty-five fires destroyed or heavily damaged facilities and equipment (including 19 pieces of mobile equipment) because of failure of firefighting methods, late fire detection, undetected fires, or fire size. In the future, many of these fires and injuries might be prevented or detected and extinguished at their earliest stage by improving current fire safety procedures, adopting existing/ improved fire detection and suppression technologies, and/or developing new technologies. Several strategies for reducing and/or preventing the number of fires and fire injuries follow. I. Increase vigilance, improve safety procedures, and develop new technologies in order to prevent fires and injuries caused by fame cutting and welding operations. 2. Improve equipment hydraulic/fuel/electrical systems inspection programs; adopt fire-resistant hydraulic fluids and electrically powered motors for use in underground mines; develop new technologies (equipment/cab rapid fire detection/ prevention/suppression systems, emergency line drainage systems, and fire barriers); adopt an optimal ground level location for the activation of emergency systems; improve operator's fire preparedness training programs; and develop effective and rapid local firefighting response capabilities. 3. Adopt existing/improved systems for continuous and early detection of combustion gases and smoke along beltlines. 4. Adopt existing/improved technologies for monitoring equipment (beltlines) operational functions. 5. Increase vigilance and adopt improved safety procedures for handling f amenable liquids and refueling fuel in the vicinity of heat sources.

Jan 1, 2004

By Berenice B. Mitchell

THE STATISTICAL tables in this chapter present, country by country, the mineral production of the world in 1949-50. The figures are on a mine basis, unless otherwise indicated, except for cement, coke, and steel, which are measured at the processing plant. The tables are essentially a retabulation, by countries, of the 53 commodity world tables appearing in the various chapters of this volume. For lack of comprehensive information, data for the following minerals are excluded: Andalusite, aplite, asphalt, boron, bromine, calcite (optical), calcium chloride (natural), carbon dioxide, clay, columbium (niobium), diatomite (kieselguhr), dumortierite, emery, garnet (abrasive), gem stones (other than diamonds), germanium, greensand, grindstones, helium, indium, iodine, kyanite, lithium, magnesium compounds (other than magnesite), meerschaum, mineral pigments, monazite, natural gas, natural gasoline, oil shale, olivine, perlite, pumice, quartz crystal, radium, sand and gravel, selenium, sillimanite, sodium salts (other than common salt), stone, strontium, sulfur (byproduct), tantalum, tellurium, thallium, topaz (industrial), tripoli) uranium, vermiculite, wollastonite, and zirconium. In addition, a few minor geographic areas for which no statistics are available, are also omitted from the tabulation; it is believed that no significant quantities of minerals are mined in any of these areas. The statistics in these tables were derived principally from questionnaires sent, in cooperation with the United States Department of State, to the governments of each country. Supplementary sources were United States consular reports, the Imperial Institute's Statistical Summary of the Mineral Industry of the British Commonwealth and Foreign Countries, other official publications of various countries, the United Nations Statistical Yearbook, the Year Book of the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, Minerais et Metaux, business magazines, and company reports. Where official data were not available, esti-

Jan 1, 1953