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By Colin J. Dixon

The full realization of the potential of computers in geological in- formation system demands new approaches to the machine representation of information. At the same time, the feasibility of such a system, particularly in commercial field, demands greater freedom in input preparation and a degree of standardization in the arrangement of subject matter system. The paper describes some of the basic notions of project "GEOSEMANTICA 70". The aim of the project is to devise means of storing real geological informations in a machine rather than the representation of the information in human language form. This is seen as the only long-term solution to the problems of the complex vocabulary of geology and the complex syntax of geological description. Effectively, a machine language is being defined, consisting of a set of symbols and a date structure for representation of geological and related information. Beyond this, is the definition of a set of rules allowing the use of constrained text as an input/output medium. The investigation is oriented primarily to the representation and handling of information about mineral deposits and the associated geographic, economic and engineering information.

Jan 1, 1969

By John M. Kelly

New Mexico produced 39,751,868 bbl. of oil in 1941 and ranked seventh among the oil-producing states. Its 1941 production established an annual record, exceeding the 1940 record year by 854,498 bbl. The average daily production for the year was 108,909 bbl. The average daily non-marginal well allowable for New Mexico on Jan. I, 1941, was 36 bbl.; at the close of the year it was 43 bbl. The average daily pipe-linc runs were approximately 3 per cent less than the allocations of the New Mexico Oil Conservation Commission, which followed closely the recommendation of the United States Bureau of Mines in setting the daily outlet demand. The production in Lea County was 34,333,448 bbl.; Eddy County, 5,009,354 bbl.; and northwestern New Mexico (San Juan and McKinley Counties), 406,306 barrels. The total number of completions in the state was 402, of which 301 were oil wells, 19 gas wells, and 82 dry holes. Drilling during 1941 was 68 per cent of 1940, and the ratio of dry holes to producers, I to 4, was the greatest since 1935. Of these dry holes 43 were drilled in proven fields and 39 were wildcats. One new oil field and one new gas field were discovered as a result of the 1941 wildcatting program. However, numerous extensions were made to the existing fields, which, although they were called extensions to proration areas, were in reality field discoveries, being on separate geologic structures. Southeastern New Mexico Lea County The Monument field was the largest producing field in Lea County, with 6,973,808 bbl. It was closely followed by the Eunice field, with 6,644,181 bbl.; Vacuum field, with 4,800,608 bbl. and Hobbs, with 3,624,159 bbl. Hobbs field, however, still has the largest total recovery, this being 97,407,929 bbl. at the end of 1941. The new oil-field discovery in Lea County during 1941 was the Salt Lake field, T. 20 S., R. 33 E. The discovery well was Leonard-Welch State No. I, NW. NW. of sec. 18, T. 20 S., R. 33 E. This well was drilled to a total depth of 3103 ft. and was completed for an initial production of 250 bbl. per day pumping. The oil is 26" gravity and the producing horizon is in the San Andres limestone of Permian age. The discovery well was completed on June 22, 1941, and since that date four more producers have been completed, with no failures. The area is about 10 miles north-west of the Lynch pool, to which the oil from this field is being trucked because there is no pipe-line connection. The greatest drilling activity during 1947 was in the Maljamar field of western Lea County, with 62 completions, 59 being oil wells and 3 dry holes. The limits of this pool are now being defined on the north and south but to date have not been defined either to the east or west. The total number of 40-acre oil-producing units in the field at the close of the year was 158. On April I, 1941, a pressure-maintenance project was installed at the southern end

Jan 1, 1942

By A. Tonejc, A. Bonefacic

As can be seen from the phase diagram A1-W1 the equilibrium solubility of tungsten in aluminum is practically nil at room temperature. By quenching from the liquid state (50,000°C per sec), Varic, Burov, and Kolesnicenko2 obtained A1-W solid solutions up to 0.15 at. pct W. The quenched alloys were in the form of foils, 0.2 to 0.3 mm thick. Considering the results of Duwez and Willens,3 it is obvious that this thickness, which makes impossible a sufficiently rapid quenching, was the main reason for the relatively low content of tungsten dissolved in aluminum found by varic.2 he present note shows that the metastable solubility of tungsten in aluminum can be appreciably extended in aluminum-rich A1-W alloys. The quenching technique and the procedure employed for the preparation of the alloys have been described previously.475 The resulting quenched flakes varied in thickness from 1 to 20 µm from experiment to experiment. However, the measurements of the lattice parameters were carried out only with flakes thinner than 5 µm. The areas of quenched flakes were between 0.1 and 15 mm2. The quenched flakes were placed into a 0.3-mm glass capillary tube which was then mounted in a 114.6-mm-diam Debye-Scherrer camera. Straumanis asymmetric film position and nickel-filtered CuKa radiation were used. The lattice spacings were computed taking X(CuKa1) = 1.54050A for resolved and ?(CuKa) = 1.54178A for unresolved doublets. All specimens were rotated at room temperature, 26o +2°C. The lattice parameters were estimated from extrapolation against the Nelson-Riley function. It was estimated that the error in the lattice parameter of the measurements on a single film lies within +0.0004A for lower and about +0.001A for higher concentrations of tungsten. The lattice parameters of the metastable solid solutions A1-W are plotted vs the concentration of tungsten in Fig. 1 together with the parameters measured by previous investigators.' Each point of the present measurements represents a determination of the lattice spacing on different quenched flakes, for a given concentration of tungsten. With experimental accuracy, the lattice parameters of the metastable solid solutions fall on the straight line passing through the already known data.' As estimated from the uncertainties in the lattice spacings of the solid solutions, the alloys were homogeneous within 0.1 at. pct W. The solubility of tungsten in aluminum-rich A1-W solid solutions obtained by a very rapid quenching technique is increased to about 0.95 at. pct W. This value is 6 times greater than the amount known up to now. -he lattice parameters of the resultant aluminum solid solutions with higher concentrations of tungsten than 0.95 at. pct W did not remain constant AUGER electron spectroscopy has been used to clarify the role of impurities in the embrittlement of AISI 3340 steel. Analysis of fracture surfaces has shown that the embrittled condition is correlated with appreciable antimony segregation at grain boundaries. The low temperature (400" to 600°C) temper embrittlement of low alloy steels containing various combinations of Cr , Ni , Sb , Mn , P , Sn , and As has been examined extensively for many years. General reviews of the area have been made by McMahon1 in 1968, LOW' in 1959, woodfine3 in 1953, and Holloman4 in 1946. Recent work by Low, Stein, Turkalo, and LaForce5 has done much in separating the alloy and

Jan 1, 1970

By John M. Kelly

New Mexico produced 39,751,868 bbl. of oil in 1941 and ranked seventh among the oil-producing states. Its 1941 production established an annual record, exceeding the 1940 record year by 854,498 bbl. The average daily production for the year was 108,909 bbl. The average daily non-marginal well allowable for New Mexico on Jan. I, 1941, was 36 bbl.; at the close of the year it was 43 bbl. The average daily pipe-linc runs were approximately 3 per cent less than the allocations of the New Mexico Oil Conservation Commission, which followed closely the recommendation of the United States Bureau of Mines in setting the daily outlet demand. The production in Lea County was 34,333,448 bbl.; Eddy County, 5,009,354 bbl.; and northwestern New Mexico (San Juan and McKinley Counties), 406,306 barrels. The total number of completions in the state was 402, of which 301 were oil wells, 19 gas wells, and 82 dry holes. Drilling during 1941 was 68 per cent of 1940, and the ratio of dry holes to producers, I to 4, was the greatest since 1935. Of these dry holes 43 were drilled in proven fields and 39 were wildcats. One new oil field and one new gas field were discovered as a result of the 1941 wildcatting program. However, numerous extensions were made to the existing fields, which, although they were called extensions to proration areas, were in reality field discoveries, being on separate geologic structures. Southeastern New Mexico Lea County The Monument field was the largest producing field in Lea County, with 6,973,808 bbl. It was closely followed by the Eunice field, with 6,644,181 bbl.; Vacuum field, with 4,800,608 bbl. and Hobbs, with 3,624,159 bbl. Hobbs field, however, still has the largest total recovery, this being 97,407,929 bbl. at the end of 1941. The new oil-field discovery in Lea County during 1941 was the Salt Lake field, T. 20 S., R. 33 E. The discovery well was Leonard-Welch State No. I, NW. NW. of sec. 18, T. 20 S., R. 33 E. This well was drilled to a total depth of 3103 ft. and was completed for an initial production of 250 bbl. per day pumping. The oil is 26" gravity and the producing horizon is in the San Andres limestone of Permian age. The discovery well was completed on June 22, 1941, and since that date four more producers have been completed, with no failures. The area is about 10 miles north-west of the Lynch pool, to which the oil from this field is being trucked because there is no pipe-line connection. The greatest drilling activity during 1947 was in the Maljamar field of western Lea County, with 62 completions, 59 being oil wells and 3 dry holes. The limits of this pool are now being defined on the north and south but to date have not been defined either to the east or west. The total number of 40-acre oil-producing units in the field at the close of the year was 158. On April I, 1941, a pressure-maintenance project was installed at the southern end

Jan 1, 1942

By J. Brian Eby

The Gulf Coast of southern Louisiana during the year of 1940 was subjected to an extensive exploration and development campaign, as a result of which 16 oil fields and about 38 new producing sands were found. Although this record of discovery appears in keeping with the rate of 1939 actually in amount of new proven reserves, it may fall short of that of the previous year. Only five or six of the discoveries rated as first-class or important fields at the close of the year. The most prominent new fields opened during the year were Neale field in Beaure-gard Parish, the West Cote Blanche field in St. Mary Parish, the Stella field and the West Bay field in Plaquemines Parish, and the Lake Salvador field in St. Charles Parish. There were many important oil-sand discoveries in proven fields, such as in the Bayou Perot field, the Golden Meadows field, the Iowa field, West Lake Verrett field, and the Venice field. During the year, 1047 weUs were drilled in southern Louisiana, of which 768 were completed as oil-producing wells, 17 as gas wells and 262 as dry holes. The Neale field in northwest Beauregard Parish is considered one of the most important discoveries of the year. The f~eld centers around the north half of sec. 26, 'Y.3 S., R.I I W., just north of the town of Neale. It was discovered by the Atlantic Refining Co., using reflection seismograph to locate the structure. Production was found in the second well drilled in the Wilcox sand on the downthrown side of a fault. The structure is known as the "Tepetate" type, being similar to that of the well-known Tepetate field. There were 12 oil wells and 3 dry holes drilled during the year. The Wilcox sand in this field occurs between 8350 and 8400 ft. and averages 30 ft. in thickness. The West Cote Blanche Bay field, in West Cote Blanche Bay, St. Mary Parish, is a 1940 discovery by the Texas Company, credited to reflection seismograph exploration. The oil is from two sands occurring at 3110 to 3140 ft. and from 4950 to 5020 it. Four wells were drilled during the year, three oil wells and one dry hole. The deepest hole drilled reached 9491 ft. without encountering salt or dome material. In Plaquemines Parish, south of New Orleans, the California company has a new field known as the Stella field. The sand was found at a depth of 7485 ft., and 5 ft. of perforations made a well capable of producing 486 bbl. of oil in 24 hr. through a 9.is-in. choke. The oil is 42" gravity. The discovery well was drilled to a total depth of 10,258 ft. and other producing sands were indicated. A good field appears assured, although only one well was completed within the year. The Lake Salvador field, in the center of Lake Salvador, St. Charles Parish, gives promise of being one of the most important discoveries of the year. The discovery well was perforated at 9775 to 9800 ft. making 850 bbl. of 33.7° gravity oil daily through a 1/4-in. choke. Three wells were completed in 1940 but few details have as yet been made available.he Gulf Oil Corporation apparently has a good field in its wildcat discovery in West Bay, Plaquemines Parish. This well found

Jan 1, 1941

By H. L. Marcus, P. W. Palmberg

As can be seen from the phase diagram A1-W1 the equilibrium solubility of tungsten in aluminum is practically nil at room temperature. By quenching from the liquid state (50,000°C per sec), Varic, Burov, and Kolesnicenko2 obtained A1-W solid solutions up to 0.15 at. pct W. The quenched alloys were in the form of foils, 0.2 to 0.3 mm thick. Considering the results of Duwez and Willens,3 it is obvious that this thickness, which makes impossible a sufficiently rapid quenching, was the main reason for the relatively low content of tungsten dissolved in aluminum found by Varic.2 he present note shows that the metastable solubility of tungsten in aluminum can be appreciably extended in aluminum-rich A1-W alloys. The quenching technique and the procedure employed for the preparation of the alloys have been described previously.475 The resulting quenched flakes varied in thickness from 1 to 20 µm from experiment to experiment. However, the measurements of the lattice parameters were carried out only with flakes thinner than 5 µm. The areas of quenched flakes were between 0.1 and 15 mm2. The quenched flakes were placed into a 0.3-mm glass capillary tube which was then mounted in a 114.6-mm-diam Debye-Scherrer camera. Straumanis asymmetric film position and nickel-filtered CuKa radiation were used. The lattice spacings were computed taking X(CuKa1) = 1.54050A for resolved and ?(CuKa) = 1.54178A for unresolved doublets. All specimens were rotated at room temperature, 26" +2°C. The lattice parameters were estimated from extrapolation against the Nelson-Riley function. It was estimated that the error in the lattice parameter of the measurements on a single film lies within +0.0004A for lower and about +0.001A for higher concentrations of tungsten. The lattice parameters of the metastable solid solutions A1-W are plotted vs the concentration of tungsten in Fig. 1 together with the parameters measured by previous investigators.' Each point of the present measurements represents a determination of the lattice spacing on different quenched flakes, for a given concentration of tungsten. With experimental accuracy, the lattice parameters of the metastable solid solutions fall on the straight line passing through the already known data.' As estimated from the uncertainties in the lattice spacings of the solid solutions, the alloys were homogeneous within 0.1 at. pct W. The solubility of tungsten in aluminum-rich A1-W solid solutions obtained by a very rapid quenching technique is increased to about 0.95 at. pct W. This value is 6 times greater than the amount known up to now. -he lattice parameters of the resultant aluminum solid solutions with higher concentrations of tungsten than 0.95 at. pct W did not remain constant AUGER electron spectroscopy has been used to clarify the role of impurities in the embrittlement of AISI 3340 steel. Analysis of fracture surfaces has shown that the embrittled condition is correlated with appreciable antimony segregation at grain boundaries. The low temperature (400" to 600°C) temper embrittlement of low alloy steels containing various combinations of Cr, Ni, Sb, Mn, P, Sn, and As has been examined extensively for many years. General reviews of the area have been made by McMahon1 in 1968, LOW' in 1959, woodfine3 in 1953, and Holloman4 in 1946. Recent work by Low, Stein, Turkalo, and LaForce5 has done much in separating the alloy and

Jan 1, 1970

By J. Brian Eby

The Gulf Coast of southern Louisiana during the year of 1940 was subjected to an extensive exploration and development campaign, as a result of which 16 oil fields and about 38 new producing sands were found. Although this record of discovery appears in keeping with the rate of 1939 actually in amount of new proven reserves, it may fall short of that of the previous year. Only five or six of the discoveries rated as first-class or important fields at the close of the year. The most prominent new fields opened during the year were Neale field in Beaure-gard Parish, the West Cote Blanche field in St. Mary Parish, the Stella field and the West Bay field in Plaquemines Parish, and the Lake Salvador field in St. Charles Parish. There were many important oil-sand discoveries in proven fields, such as in the Bayou Perot field, the Golden Meadows field, the Iowa field, West Lake Verrett field, and the Venice field. During the year, 1047 weUs were drilled in southern Louisiana, of which 768 were completed as oil-producing wells, 17 as gas wells and 262 as dry holes. The Neale field in northwest Beauregard Parish is considered one of the most important discoveries of the year. The f~eld centers around the north half of sec. 26, 'Y.3 S., R.I I W., just north of the town of Neale. It was discovered by the Atlantic Refining Co., using reflection seismograph to locate the structure. Production was found in the second well drilled in the Wilcox sand on the downthrown side of a fault. The structure is known as the "Tepetate" type, being similar to that of the well-known Tepetate field. There were 12 oil wells and 3 dry holes drilled during the year. The Wilcox sand in this field occurs between 8350 and 8400 ft. and averages 30 ft. in thickness. The West Cote Blanche Bay field, in West Cote Blanche Bay, St. Mary Parish, is a 1940 discovery by the Texas Company, credited to reflection seismograph exploration. The oil is from two sands occurring at 3110 to 3140 ft. and from 4950 to 5020 it. Four wells were drilled during the year, three oil wells and one dry hole. The deepest hole drilled reached 9491 ft. without encountering salt or dome material. In Plaquemines Parish, south of New Orleans, the California company has a new field known as the Stella field. The sand was found at a depth of 7485 ft., and 5 ft. of perforations made a well capable of producing 486 bbl. of oil in 24 hr. through a 9.is-in. choke. The oil is 42" gravity. The discovery well was drilled to a total depth of 10,258 ft. and other producing sands were indicated. A good field appears assured, although only one well was completed within the year. The Lake Salvador field, in the center of Lake Salvador, St. Charles Parish, gives promise of being one of the most important discoveries of the year. The discovery well was perforated at 9775 to 9800 ft. making 850 bbl. of 33.7° gravity oil daily through a 1/4-in. choke. Three wells were completed in 1940 but few details have as yet been made available.he Gulf Oil Corporation apparently has a good field in its wildcat discovery in West Bay, Plaquemines Parish. This well found

Jan 1, 1941

By Henry M. Howe

Jan 1, 1909

By Herbert Kynor

BY THE term mechanical mining is meant that operation, or series of operations, that replace the hand methods of mining. The first undercutting machine to operate in anthracite was placed in the Butler mine of the Hillside Coal & Iron Co., Dec. 23, 1910, by the Sullivan Machinery Co. The first Jackhamer used in the anthracite field was installed at the Wadesville colliery of the Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. in Oct., 1912, by the Ingersoll-Rand Co. The first longwall conveyor was installed at the Dodge mines of the Delaware, Lackawanna, & Western Coal Co. in March, 1912. The first mechanical scraper equipment was installed in the Seneca mines of the Lehigh Valley Coal Co. in January, 1914. The amount of anthracite mechanically mined since the first mining machine was installed in 1910a is as follows: PENNA. COAL Co. D. L. & W., SCRANTON TEMPLE HUDSON YEAR AND HILL- TONS COAL Co., COAL CO., COAL CO., TOTAL. SIDE COAL TONS TONS TONS TONS AND IRON, TONS 1920 372,737b 367,000d 322,892 74,127 371,878 1,508,634 1919 950,786 no record 306,616 81,575 319,356 1,658,333c 1918 917,778 744,966 24,880 44,756 288,781 2,021,161 1917 757,940 838,800 5,050 57,279 164,180 1,823,249 1916 286,780 860,663 13,960 114,173 101,475 1,377,051 1915 428,819 592,169 8,253 1,029,241 1914 219,188 153,896 373,084 1913 171,505 171,505 1912 124,267 124,267 1911 40,319 40,319 1910 1,184 1,184 a. A slightly greater production than shown was obtained as the tonnage from individual operations is not shown. b. Decrease due to strike conditions in 1920. c. Does not include tonnage of D., L., & W. d. D., L., & W. decrease in 1920 due to having less mining machines in operation. There are about 150 undercutters in use in the anthracite region, 80 mechanical loaders, and 10 longwall conveyors.

Jan 9, 1921

By Gerhard Derge, Harold Markus

The introductory paper1 of this series described the potential behavior of tin in sodium carbonate and bicarbonate solutions whose pH ranged from 8.4 to 11.2 and demonstrated that significant and reproducible results could be obtained by proper attention to experimental technique. In examining the corrosion of tin under such conditions, it is desirable to know the effects of anions, aside from carbonate, that are likely to be present in commercial materials packaged in tin. Therefore, in this paper the potential behavior of tin in carbonate solutions to which sodium fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, sulphate, nitrate, monobasic phos-phate, dichromate, perborate and acetate have been added will be dcscribed. For most of the additions, solutions containing 0.001 and 0.01 moles of the added material were studied. The experimental procedure was exactly the same as that described in the first paper; the pH of the electrolyte was controlled by adjusting the ratio of carbonate to bicar-l,ol~ate as follows: pH 0.1 M NaHC0............................................ 8.4 2 parts 0.1 M XaHCOr, 1 pa.rt 0.1 M NaZCO?................. 9.5 1 part 0.1 M NaHCOs, 2 parts 0.1 M iVa.,C03. ................ 10.0 0.1 M Na2C0............................................. 11.2 The reagents used were all of C.P. grade. The anions studied may be divided into three groups: (1) anions that had little or no effect upon the potential curves—sulphnte, nitrate, and acetate; (2) those that helped to prevent corrosion at low pH only -fuoridc, chloride, bromide, and iodide; (3) those that helped to prevent corrosion at high pH also—phosphate, pcrborate, and chromate. Potential Measurements f The time-potential curves represntative of group 1 are shown in Fig. 1. These are the curves for 0.005 M sulphate ion and their similarity

Jan 1, 1939

By Harold Markus, Gerhard Derge

The introductory paper1 of this series described the potential behavior of tin in sodium carbonate and bicarbonate solutions whose pH ranged from 8.4 to 11.2 and demonstrated that significant and reproducible results could be obtained by proper attention to experimental technique. In examining the corrosion of tin under such conditions, it is desirable to know the effects of anions, aside from carbonate, that are likely to be present in commercial materials packaged in tin. Therefore, in this paper the potential behavior of tin in carbonate solutions to which sodium fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, sulphate, nitrate, monobasic phos-phate, dichromate, perborate and acetate have been added will be dcscribed. For most of the additions, solutions containing 0.001 and 0.01 moles of the added material were studied. The experimental procedure was exactly the same as that described in the first paper; the pH of the electrolyte was controlled by adjusting the ratio of carbonate to bicar-l,ol~ate as follows: pH 0.1 M NaHC0............................................ 8.4 2 parts 0.1 M XaHCOr, 1 pa.rt 0.1 M NaZCO?................. 9.5 1 part 0.1 M NaHCOs, 2 parts 0.1 M iVa.,C03. ................ 10.0 0.1 M Na2C0............................................. 11.2 The reagents used were all of C.P. grade. The anions studied may be divided into three groups: (1) anions that had little or no effect upon the potential curves—sulphnte, nitrate, and acetate; (2) those that helped to prevent corrosion at low pH only -fuoridc, chloride, bromide, and iodide; (3) those that helped to prevent corrosion at high pH also—phosphate, pcrborate, and chromate. Potential Measurements f The time-potential curves represntative of group 1 are shown in Fig. 1. These are the curves for 0.005 M sulphate ion and their similarity

Jan 1, 1939

By J. F. Wolff

CARL ZAPFFE, Brainerd, Minn. (communication to the Secretary*).¬Unless one has actually directed explorations for iron ore, it is doubtful whether the importance of Mr. Wolff's paper, the value of the information contained, and the large amount of detail work involved in what is set forth can be fully appreciated. It is indeed rare to get such a com-

Jan 3, 1917

By Milton H. Fies

THE writer wishes to acknowledge at the outset his great sense of obligation to those who contributed so broadly and expertly to the preparation of this paper: Dr. Albert DeSmaele, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Socogaz, Belgium; Dr. Julien Venter, Director of the National Institute of Coal Mining and Coal Utilization Industry, Belgium; Dr. Roger Loison, Chief Engineer, French National Coal Research Board, France; and Dr. Erich Sarapuu of the Sinclair Coal Co., Kansas City, Missouri. Liberal use has been made in this paper of a recent publication on Russian, Italian, Belgian, and French experiments prepared jointly by the Centre d'Etudes et Recherches des Charbonnages de France (Cerchar) and the Institut National de l'Industrie Charbonnière of Belgium (Inichar).1 The writer is particularly indebted to Dr. E. T. Wilkins, of the Fuel Re¬search Station, London, and to Mr. James L. Elder, of the Alabama Under¬ground Gasification Experiment at Gorgas, Alabama, for their unfailing patience and effective support. Not only did these experienced and capable men edit and revise this discussion, but much of its content is a direct con¬tribution quoted in full from their memoranda. Without the assistance of all these colleagues, this presentation would not have been possible. It has been a privilege to serve and work with them and to acknowledge repeatedly their loyal cooperation. The recovery of the energy inherent in coal beds throughout the world has been done through the years by methods that today may be justly regarded as primitive. While the techniques of coal mining through the application of machines and the enhancement of information and skills have advanced to an extraordinary extent, particularly during the past 20 years, the underlying means is essentially the same as when man first began to mine coal. Despite this progress in the manner of coal mining, it continues today as a hazardous, toilsome, grimy task. Coal mining per se has advanced at a greater and more rapid stride in the past 25 years than the mining of any: other mineral, but the basic method is fundamentally the same as it was the first day a miner took a pick into his hands many centuries ago. This situation presents a challenge to mining engineers everywhere, from

Jan 1, 1953

For more than 100 years, the Republic of Chile has been one of the leading copper-producing countries of the world. Between 1877 and 1880 Chile accounted for over 50 pet of total world copper production. Today it has the world's largest known reserves of copper ore and a capability of producing over 600,000 tons per year. This capacity can and will be increased as the world demand for copper grows steadily during the remaining years of this century. The Potrerillos mine of Andes Copper Mining Co., a subsidiary of The Anaconda Co., was developed in the rugged, high Cordilleras in the early 1920's, and the townsite, concentrator, leaching plants, smelter, railroad, power and port facilities were completed so that it came into full production in 1927. Since then and until the closing o f the mine in June of last year, 1,762,192 tons o f copper were produced.

Jan 4, 1960

Coal - Surface Mining Coal Preparation Coal Utilization Research and Development Health and Safety

Jan 3, 1976

By Shun-ichi Satoh

THE electric arc welding of cast iron has been studied by Braune, Lamberton, Schimpke, Kenyon, Gale Manufacturing Co., Wedemeyer, Candy, Neese, Miller, Carter, American Welding Society, Namack, Lebrun, Achenbach, Jansson, Kochendörffer and others.1 The writer of this paper has been able to obtain a series of cast irons, from gray to white, without using cast-iron electrodes but by coating on wrought-iron bars mixtures of carborundum (SiC) and graphite (C). In this work, he has found the curious phenomenon of barium- carbonate.

Jan 1, 1929

By John McDonald

THIS report is a continuation of an earlier one with a similar title,1 to which the reader is referred for such details of procedure as do not appear here. A brief summary will be given of the objects and methods of the research at this time. It was pointed out in the previous paper that properties of magnesium alloys, as re-ported by different workers, often differ. This was thought to be due to differences in the preparation of the specimens tested. The ideal way to compare alloys would be to prepare each of them in so many ways that reasonable assurance would exist that the best properties of each alloy had been developed. The alloys would then be com-pared on the basis of these properties. The treatment actually given the alloys of these studies is necessarily a compromise with completeness. Nevertheless, enough treatments have been given so that a con-siderable degree of assurance exists that the properties obtained are representative of the alloy as such, and not merely of the manner in which it was worked and heat-treated.

Jan 1, 1940

By C. E. Shoenfelt

There was a notable decrease in drilling operations in 1940 in all of the Rocky Mountain states except Montana, where the two large fields on the Canadian border, Cut Bank and Kevin-Sunburst, were espe-cially active. The expanding markets for Montana natural gas made necessary the more intensive development of such fields as Rowdoin, Cedar Creek and Devon. While there were no important oil and gas discoveries in 1940 in any of the Rocky Mountain states, a few small pools were opened, which may constitute separate areas but may prove with later development to be extensions of old fields. Some of the old fields were extended and deeper pay zones were discovered in others. These have given the areas greatly increased oil reserves and therefore are just as important as the discovery of new fields. The more important of the developments in 1940 are given, by states, in the following paragraphs. Colorado Hiawatha Field, Moffat County.—The Mountain Fuel Supply Co. began the development at Hiawatha of its oil reserves, which were discovered in about 1929, and late in the summer oil began moving from the field by truck to the shipping point at Rock Springs, Wyoming. The Hiawatha field of northwestern Moffat County was discovered in 1927 by the Sormir Petroleum Co., with the completion of No. r Florence Wilson for 4,5,000,000 cu. ft. of gas a day from a Wasatch sand lens at 2200 it. In later development of the field, oil showings were reported in several wells but no development of this resource was undertaken until 1940, when a test of the oil possibilities was started with the release in April of a location for No. 5-A Wilson on the S\W. SW. NW. of sec. 23-1zN-1ooW., on the east side of the field. The Well had an initial production of 327 bbl. of oil a day pumping from three Wasatch (Tertiary) sands between 2005 and 2540 ft. It was drilled to 2562 ft., where the 65/8-in. casing was cemented and gun-perforated at 2005 to 2125 ft., 2260 to 2335 ft. and 2513 to 2540 ft. At the end of the year, this well was averaging zoo bbl. of oil per day, pumping. Two other wells were drilled for oil on Hiawatha during the summer—one a small well of 60 bbl. per day and the other a small gas well. Powder Wash Field, Moffat County.—The development of the Powder Wash field in northwestern Colorado was resumed in 1940 by the Mountain Fuel Supply Co., with the release of a location for No. 2-A Musser in the CWL.NW.SE. of sec. 4-1rN-97W. The Powder Wash field was discovered in 1931 by the Mountain Fuel Supply Co. and the discovery well, No. I Musser, on C.NW. of sec. 5-IIN-97W., was completed at 2152 ft. in the Hiawatha member of the nonmarine Wasatch for-mation for an open flow of 34,000,000 cu. ft. of gas per day under a natural pressure of 685 lb. per sq. inch. Oil was discovered in the Powder Wash field on Nov. 26, 1936, in the company's No. I Carl Allen on the NE.SW.SE. of sec. 32-12N-97W. The oil production was

Jan 1, 1941

By C. Land, R. Hultgren

Heat contents of four Cr-Ni alloys were determined in a diphenyl ethev calorimeter. Aside from ferromagnetic effects, Kopp's law of additivity of heat capacities is approximately fol-lowed, in disagreement with earlier results of A. W. Foster. In 1934 Foster1 reported heat-capacity measurements of dilute solutions of chromium in nickel, primarily as a study of the effect of alloying on the ferromagnetic Curie temperature. He found that, apart from the Curie temperature effect, the general level of heat capacities was reduced 10 pct by the addition of 1 pct Cr; 20 pct by the addition of 2 pct Cr. His measurements of pure nickel essentially agreed with accepted values. These results indicate that small amounts of dissolved chromium cause an increase in the Debye temperature of nickel, presupposing a change of frequency of interatomic bonding vibrations which is much larger than should be expected. If Foster's results were verified, therefore, they would have important implications for bonding theory. The only other heat-capacity measurements in this system seem to be those of Taylor and Hinton,' who studied anomalies which they attributed to super-lattice formation at 25 at. pct Cr. At temperatures above the anomaly, Taylor and Hinton found heat capacities at this composition were quite normal, approximately obeying Kopp's law of additivity. EXPERIMENTAL WORK In order to verify or disprove the remarkable results of Foster, the heat contents of four dilute solid solutions of chromiunn in nickel were measured in a diphenyl ether calorimeter. This instrument, described elsewhere,, operates on the principle of the Bunsen ice calorimeter, but uses diphenyl ether as the working substance. Diphenyl ether melts at the convenient temperature of 26.S°C and supplies a more sensitive measure of heat than ice. The hot sample, in an atmosphere of argon, is dropped from a furnace at a measured temperature into a chamber which is surrounded by a mixture of solid and liquid diphenyl ether. The heat from the hot specimen melts some of the solid without chang- ing the temperature of the calorimeter. The amount of solid melted, and therefore the number of calories released by the specimen, is measured from the increase of volume of the mixture, which pushes mercury down a graduated capillary tube. The apparatus has been standardized against the known heat content of pure platinum. Heat loss during the dropping of the specimen was estimated by comparing the heat content of an empty platinum capsule with a solid platinum ball of the same radius and degree of polish of the surface. Repeated tests demonstrate the precision of measurement to be closer than *0.3 pct. Smoothed experimental results are listed in Table I. The tabulated values for pure nickel are taken from kelley, several measurements were made which agreed closely with this tabulation. For chromium, however, no similar agreement was found. The values tabulated were taken from a thorough study of chromium with the diphenyl ether calorimeter which will be published elsewhere.= Suitable plots of the data showed the expected ferromagnetic anomalies in the low-chromium alloys, while the 11 pct alloy shows no ferromagnetic anomaly, but a different, small anomaly below 900°K. This is perhaps the same anomaly found in CrNi, which was once attributed to superlattice formation,' but is probably due to some other cause, such as antifer-

Jan 1, 1960

By C. E. Shoenfelt

There was a notable decrease in drilling operations in 1940 in all of the Rocky Mountain states except Montana, where the two large fields on the Canadian border, Cut Bank and Kevin-Sunburst, were espe-cially active. The expanding markets for Montana natural gas made necessary the more intensive development of such fields as Rowdoin, Cedar Creek and Devon. While there were no important oil and gas discoveries in 1940 in any of the Rocky Mountain states, a few small pools were opened, which may constitute separate areas but may prove with later development to be extensions of old fields. Some of the old fields were extended and deeper pay zones were discovered in others. These have given the areas greatly increased oil reserves and therefore are just as important as the discovery of new fields. The more important of the developments in 1940 are given, by states, in the following paragraphs. Colorado Hiawatha Field, Moffat County.—The Mountain Fuel Supply Co. began the development at Hiawatha of its oil reserves, which were discovered in about 1929, and late in the summer oil began moving from the field by truck to the shipping point at Rock Springs, Wyoming. The Hiawatha field of northwestern Moffat County was discovered in 1927 by the Sormir Petroleum Co., with the completion of No. r Florence Wilson for 4,5,000,000 cu. ft. of gas a day from a Wasatch sand lens at 2200 it. In later development of the field, oil showings were reported in several wells but no development of this resource was undertaken until 1940, when a test of the oil possibilities was started with the release in April of a location for No. 5-A Wilson on the S\W. SW. NW. of sec. 23-1zN-1ooW., on the east side of the field. The Well had an initial production of 327 bbl. of oil a day pumping from three Wasatch (Tertiary) sands between 2005 and 2540 ft. It was drilled to 2562 ft., where the 65/8-in. casing was cemented and gun-perforated at 2005 to 2125 ft., 2260 to 2335 ft. and 2513 to 2540 ft. At the end of the year, this well was averaging zoo bbl. of oil per day, pumping. Two other wells were drilled for oil on Hiawatha during the summer—one a small well of 60 bbl. per day and the other a small gas well. Powder Wash Field, Moffat County.—The development of the Powder Wash field in northwestern Colorado was resumed in 1940 by the Mountain Fuel Supply Co., with the release of a location for No. 2-A Musser in the CWL.NW.SE. of sec. 4-1rN-97W. The Powder Wash field was discovered in 1931 by the Mountain Fuel Supply Co. and the discovery well, No. I Musser, on C.NW. of sec. 5-IIN-97W., was completed at 2152 ft. in the Hiawatha member of the nonmarine Wasatch for-mation for an open flow of 34,000,000 cu. ft. of gas per day under a natural pressure of 685 lb. per sq. inch. Oil was discovered in the Powder Wash field on Nov. 26, 1936, in the company's No. I Carl Allen on the NE.SW.SE. of sec. 32-12N-97W. The oil production was

Jan 1, 1941