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By Hakan Gürsoy, Kemal Bilir, Bahri Öteyaka, Ali Uçar, Oktay Sahbaz

"Jet diffuser flotation column (JDFC) is a flotation device resembles Jameson flotation cell (JFC) in terms of operational principles, but it has significant difference structural points of view. This difference is an essential change in the downcomer to provide an increase of performance of the cell for the coarse particles. By using the hydrodynamic and fluid mechanics principles (Sahbaz et al., 2013) downcomer was changed as a diffuser, therefore turbulence at the end of the downcomer was reduced to provide better aggregate stability and homogeneous dissipation of the bubbles in the separation tank. According to experimental results carried out in pilot scale JDFC, not only higher flotation performance comparing with Jameson cell was obtained specifically for coarse talc particles in a certain condition, but also quiescent froth layer was acquired. In these tests, vertical pipe of JDFC having inlet diameter of 6 cm and outlet diameter of 11.5 cm was used with separation tank having the diameter of 39 cm. By using the data, pilot scale JDFC having 410 cm vertical pipe integrated with separation tank was produced and flotation tests were carried out by using the naturally hydrophobic mineral (talc). Finally, the talc recovery obtained as 94% by the use of JDFC, while Jameson cell has the recovery of 77% for the particle size of 250 µm."

Jan 1, 2014

By D. W. Fuerstenau

Understanding how cationic surfactants affect the interfacial behavior of quartz is important in mineral processing and environmental engineering. This paper presents the results of a study of the effect of the molecular structure of cationic surfactants on the interfacial behavior of finely ground natural quartz. Most of the experimental work involved the determination of zeta potentials and the stability of quartz suspensions. Some measurements of induction times and the flotation response of coarser particles are also included. How these surfactants affect interfacial behavior is discussed in terms of adsorption mechanisms. The molecular structure (number of hydrocarbon chains, type of ionic head group, number of ionic head groups on the molecule) of these reagents was found to significantly affect their surface activity.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. H. Moys, M. M. Bwalya

The use of the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to simulate the interaction of particles in dynamic environments is growing rapidly. This technique is also being applied in the study of milling extensively. However, to date more focus has been on the validation of the model. In spite of the advantages of the detailed information that is available from the simulator, appropriate application of this information remains a daunting task. In this paper a technique that combines particle breakage probability data with the energy spectra generated from the DEM is discussed.

Jan 1, 2003

By Érica Linhares, Anderson Silveira Lopes, Aline Costa

In the production units of ferromanganese alloys wastewater are generated. They mainly arise from gutters of drainage water from warehouse of raw material (manganese ore, reducing agents and other), product and slag. This wastewater, in general, may contain particles that will suffer difficulty to naturally decant, giving the water turbidity and color characteristics. Thus, this study aims to characterize the effluent, the treated water and the sludge from the sedimentation tank from the one main Brazilian plant. The investigated characteristics were: turbidity, total solids (TS), suspended solids (SS), dissolved solids (DS), pH, Eh, COD (chemical oxygen demand), residue classification and chemical analysis by ICP - OES. The turbidity before treatment was 417 NTU and after passing through the tank, 44 NTU, a figure slightly higher than the emission standards for Class 1 regulated by the Brazilian environmental legislation in force. The values for TS, SS and DS of the effluent were 225, 114.3 and 110 mg/L, respectively. For the treated water the values were 93, 48.3 and 45 mg/L for TS, SS and DS, respectively. The sedimentation process was able to reduce by 21 % of the COD. In the test of loss on ignition (LOI) from the tank bottom sludge were observed losses of 29.35 %, while the volatile analysis found 20.70 % of volatiles in the sample. It was determined that the concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn and S are, respectively, 0.1875 mg.L-1, 0.3071 mg.L-1, 0,789 mg l-1 and 0.00828 mg.L-1, values above the maximum allowed by law. Based on the analysis of X-ray diffraction, the identified minerals in the sludge were quartz, muscovite, kaolinite, calcite and albite.

Jan 1, 2014

By Cristian Melipichun, Leopoldo Gutierrez

The effect of the presence of fine particles of kaolinite and montmorillonite on the induction time for attachment of bubbles to particles of a copper concentrate rich in chalcopyrite was evaluated in this study. The results obtained from induction time measurements were correlated with data of concentrate recovery achieved from micro-flotation experiments. The effect of the presence of fine clays on the stability of air-water foams was also studied through measurements of the foam volume generated in a glass column under different conditions of air flowrate and MIBC concentrations. The experimental results showed that induction time values increased under the presence of fine clays. These data agreed with results obtained from micro-flotation experiments that showed that copper concentrate recovery decreased when clay particles were added. Although a complete explanation for these results is not available, the fact that experimental observations indicated that fine clay particles tend to adsorb on gas bubbles, suggests that the interactions between fine phyllosilicate particles and air bubbles have to be taken into account when studying the effect of clays on froth flotation. Foamability tests showed that the presence of fine clay particles increased the foam volumes only at high additions of clays and low dosages of MIBC. The results obtained at higher dosages of MIBC showed that the foam volumes decreased with the addition of clays under all the experimental conditions tested.

Jan 1, 2014

By G. Merazchiev

In the selection of copper ? molybdenum concentrates with the use of reagents containing sulfide ion ? sodium sulfide, sodium hydrosulfide etc for depression of copper minerals and pyrites, big part of depressor is oxidized by oxygen, which is dissolving in pulp during aeration with air in flotation machines and it is expended unproductively. This is the main reason for the big expenditures of depressor, reaching up 15~20 kg/t collective concentrate and the high exploitation expenditures for the copper ? molybdenum selection. Effective direction for lowering expenditure of depressor and increasing of the technical ? economical effectiveness of moly production is the conducting of the selection in nitrogen medium. In the paper are shown the results, obtained by applying of this direction in selection of collective copper ? molybdenum concentrate from the porphyry copper deposit ?Ellatzite? ? Bulgaria, in which the ratio Mo:Cu is over 1:120. In laboratory conditions, through comparative experiments in medium of air and nitrogen are defined: expenditure and initial concentration of NaHS in pulp for effective depression of copper minerals and pyrites; kinetics of flotation process of molybdenite; influence of pulp density; emf (negative milivolts) of pulp and the expenditure of nitrogen on tech-nological indexes of molybdenum flotation. When working in nitrogen medium decrease of NaHS in rougher molybdenum flotation from 40% to 45% is settled. When nitrogen is also fed in cleaner stages, the total expenditure of depressor is lowered by 64%. The quality of end molybdenum con-centrate is raised with over 5%. On the ground of the results of laboratory studies and of world practice data, an industrial installation for selection of copper ? molybdenum concentrate in nitrogen medium in Wemco inert ? gas machines.

Jan 1, 2014

By Sung. Hyejin, Kyoungkeun Yoo, Oh-hyeok Kown

The sediments near coasts and ports in Korea have been found to be contaminated with heavy metals and organic matters. So far the sediments have been dumped to landfill sites or ocean. However, the number of available landfill sites is decreasing and ocean disposal of wastes was strictly prohibited. Although physical separation processes have been found to be useful for the remediation of contaminated soil with heavy metals, because the sediments consist of fine particles, it is difficult to remove heavy metal component by physical separation processes. Furthermore, the sediments contain organic matter, so there is a concern about strong stink during the sediment treatment. The present study is aimed to develop the treatment process for removing heavy metals and organic matter from the contaminated sediments. The heavy metals and organic matter were oxidized and dissolved by electro-generated chlorine, and the chlorine used is regenerated and circulated in the leaching process. This system has economic and environmental advantages to reduce the wastewater and the oxidant consumption. The leaching results show that the metal removal efficiency increased to more than 99%, and more than 50% of organic matter was decomposed.

Jan 1, 2014

By Hideki Yamamoto, Norihiro Murayama, Junji Shibata

"Hydrothermal syntheses of zeolite from coal fly ash were carried out by using various alkali sources. NaOH, Na2CO3, KOH, K2CO3 and their mixture were applied for an alkali source of zeolite synthesis. The various physical properties of the reaction product, such as the kind of zeolite crystal, cation exchange property, surface texture and so on, was investigated through the zeolitization reaction from fly ash. The mechanism of zeolitization reaction was considered from these results.Zeolite P(NaP), hydroxysodalite(HS) and chabazite(K-CHA) are synthesized as zeolite species, when fly ash hydrothermally reacts in various alkali solutions at 393K. The crystal structure of the products obtained in NaOH solutions for 3h changes from NaP to HS with increasing NaOH concentration. K-CHA formation in KOH solutions needs 10h of reaction time, which is longer than that of NaP or HS.Dissolution, condensation and crystallization steps exist in the zeolitization reaction from fly ash, and the particle surface of products remarkably changes in each step. The fly ash is spherical particles and the surface is smooth(Fig.1(a)). The dissolution of fly ash occurs in the heating process until 393K, and the particle surface changes like unevenness(Fig.1(b)). In case of NaP, the condensation of aluminosilicate ions takes place at 373-393K, and the amorphous aluminosilicate is deposit on the unreacted fly ash(Fig.1(c)). The crystallization of NaP already begins to occur at 393K and the surface is covered with fine zeolite crystals for 24h(Fig.1(d))."

Jan 1, 2003

By Hamid-Reza Manouchehri, Hassna Aitahmed-Ali, Stellan Sundberg

"In flotation practices as the particle size becomes fine, e.g., p<20µm, the process efficiency declines markedly. When flotation of fine particles is necessary, one method to improve the recovery is selective agglomeration of fines. Different agglomerating methods have been introduced and tested; however, one method which has recently received great attention is to aggregate fine particles by magnetic force. A selective aggregation of the fine paramagnetic particles, e.g., sulfide minerals, can be achieved by applying a high intensity magnetic field during flotation conditioning. The method is simple, selective and effective for fines, and has a low operation cost. However, a minimum magnetic susceptibility of fine grains is required for this process. This method has been demonstrated in different sulfide minerals flotation plants. The implementation of the magnetic conditioning device, ProFlote, in both the Cu-Pb and the Zn circuit of Boliden’s Garpenberg plant in Sweden, where a complex massive sulfide ore is treated, is discussed herein. The preliminary results have shown an increase in the recovery of value minerals, in particular Zn and Ag and considerable reduction in Zn deportment to the final tail. Increases in Cu grade and decreases in Pb grade in Cu-con have been achieved as well."

Jan 1, 2014

By Derek Caizergues, Hurman Eric

Experiments have been conducted at around 1700°C to determine the possibility of carbothermic reduction of alumina under the presence of a metallic solvent. Total pressure of the system was reduced to around 30kPa and metallic nickel, iron, copper and tin were selected as the solvent. The highest recovery of aluminium was achieved with the nickel solvent followed by iron, copper and tin. This ranking for the first three was also in accord with the extent of negative deviation form ideality in the respective binary solutions of these solvents with aluminium. The tin-aluminium system displays positive deviation form ideality. The rate and extent of reduction was found to be highly dependent on temperature and pressure. The pseudo first order reaction rate was found to be applicable to the process in all the solvents used. Rate constants were calculated and it is also suggested that the reduction was controlled primarily by the chemical reaction rate.

Jan 1, 2003

By P. Banerjee, P. Dash, S. Sriramoju, A. Suresh, R. Lingam, T. Ray

"One single property that influences the quality and market value of coal to the maximum extent is the ash content. The lower the coal ash higher is the energy utilization and potential for different applications. Even though Indian coal washeries aspire to produce coal with low ash, the intimate distribution pattern of ash bearing minerals in the coal matrix becomes the real bottleneck, as it brings down the clean coal yield to the impractical value. Because of this fact, most of the Indian washeries are operated to produce coal with 14-15% ash content at the yield of around 40%. In this context, with an objective to produce low ash coal at higher yield, a novel chemical beneficiation route has been explored to demineralize the high ash containing Indian coals. In this present work, the production of low ash clean coal from high ash Indian coals using chemical leaching process has been studied at pilot plant level. The leaching process parameters such as reaction temperature, reagent concentration, reaction time, coal-liquid ratio and agitator speed have been optimized for the flotation tailings sample from a captive washery of Tata Steel. The results obtained show that 67% demineralization could be achieved in a single stage of leaching process with a product yield of more than 65%. For further demineralization, multistage leaching was carried out and the results showed that 75-85% demineralization could be achieved with significant reduction in alumina to silica ratio. Additionally, the phosphorus content is also significantly reduced from 0.20 % to 0.022 %. Further, it is interesting to note that there is no increment of sodium content in the product coal after chemical treatment."

Jan 1, 2014

By Zhaohui Qiu, Yaguan Ji, Hong Zhong, Qingxia Liu, Yada Liu

"Water is a necessary process medium in mineral processing. For the operations where fresh water is not available, sea water could be used as an alternative processing medium to replace the fresh water if we would have built a solid understanding of the interfacial science and flotation chemistry of sulfide minerals in sea water. In this research, micro flotation of chalcopyrite and pyrite in deionized water and sea water were investigated. For chalcopyrite, the recovery starts to drop from pH 10 in deionized water and from pH 9 in sea water, and the flotation recovery close to 100% before it drops. We can found from the results that chalcopyrite flotation is depressed much at pH 11 in sea water when much white precipitate is found. For pyrite, the flotaion recovery changs a lot in deionized water with 1*10-5 M potasium amyl xanthate (PAX) as collector. It’s relatively high at pH 8~10 compared with that at pH<8 and pH>10. While in sea water, the trend is almost the same as that of chalcopyrite. Zeta potential measurements and chemical equilibrium calculation were used to find out that magnesium hydroxide species coats on the surfaces at high pH in sea water are the main reason for depressing the chalcopyrite and pyrite flotation. Through understanding the interfacial science and the solution chemistry of sea water and its impact on processing efficiency, this research will not only helps reduce the use of fresh water to minimize the disposal of spent water for environment protection, but also enhance the recovery of valuable minerals in froth flotation."

Jan 1, 2014

By M. Wright, A. H. Mwale

This paper examines the combination of unit technologies in a minerals beneficiation train, and explores the inter-relationship between energy input and water consumption for a given mineralogy and product recovery, as these are two critical environmental issues which affect the overall viability of many minerals plants. In particular, we review constitutive relationships for each of the sub-processes of comminution, flotation, and tailings dewatering, and suggest how these might be integrated into a unified hybrid model, with particle size distribution as the key design variable. Such a model can then be used to explore the trade-offs between different performance objectives (be these technical, economic or environmental) as part of a multiple-objectives optimisation exercise. In this way, it may become practical to envision situations in which concentrate grade and recovery are sacrificed, marginally, in order to reduce energy demand in comminution, and improve overall water recovery. This becomes more relevant as the industry commits to advancing the sustainable development agenda in the face of the increasing life -cycle costs and impacts of minerals processing operations, coupled to declining ore body grades, and the desire to maximise recovery of minor and trace elements. Some specific observations for copper are offered.

Jan 1, 2003

By Frank van der Meer, Lea Quincke

"High Pressure Grinding is applied to achieve size reduction of the particles by inter-particle breakage and to generate micro-cracks in the product particles as a contributing factor in e.g. leaching or mineral liberation. As alternative to classification, a closed circuit operation for HPGR can be established by product recycling, where a proportion of the coarser edge material and parts of the center material are split-off to be recirculated to achieve a finer final (center) discharge product for subsequent processing steps as ball mill grinding or beneficiation. As a result of the product recycling, the content of fines in the feed material increases and may affect the grinding efficiency in terms of production of fines and the generation of micro-cracks in the particles. In the scope of this paper, the effects of the proportion of fines in HPGR feed on grinding efficiency and micro-crack generation were evaluated. Grinding tests were executed with different feed size distributions, from a fines-void situation (truncated feed) to a fines-abundant situation (high product recycle). The evaluation of grinding efficiency and generation of micro-cracks was done by particle size analysis, Bond Work Index tests, impact tests on HPGR feed and products, and X-ray computed tomography of single product particles. This publication summarizes the main aspects of the outcome of these investigations."

Jan 1, 2014

By Brian Hart, Stamen Dimov

"In refractory ores, a substantial part of the gold content may be present as a sub-microscopic component within the mineral matrix of the various carriers. This type of gold may be present as finely disseminated colloidal size gold particles (<0.5µm) or as a solid solution within the sulphide mineral matrix. Such ores are not amenable to gold recovery by direct cyanidation. In order to liberate the sub-microscopic gold, the ore has to be oxidized before being subjected to gold cyanidation and extraction. Autoclave pressure oxidation (AC POX) of the sulphide ore and subsequent cyanidation is a common technology used to liberate the gold in such refractory ores. The additional presence of active carbonaceous matter in such ores (double refractory ores) represents another major obstacle for efficient gold recovery during the process of pressure oxidation and cyanidation. This carbonaceous matter (c-matter) can adversely affect the gold recovery due to its ability to adsorb, or pre-grob gold from the cyanide solution. Advanced micro-beam analytical techniques such as Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (D-SIMS) and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) have become powerful tools for characterization of different forms and carriers of gold for the needs of the mineral processing industry. Major advantages of these techniques are related to their ability to analyze individual mineral particles and provide quantitative analysis with detection limits in the low ppm/ppb concentration range. This paper describes various micro-beam techniques and procedures implemented at Surface Science Western (SSW) for quantification and characterization of the sub-microscopic gold and the preg-robbed surface gold as part of full gold deportment studies in feeds and process stream products."

Jan 1, 2014

By Eduard Stefanescu, James M. Mwase, Egon Sehner, Stoyan Gaydardzhiev

"The study is focused on investigating the production of synthetic rutile of 95% purity or higher from a Norwegian ilmenite ore concentrate. This was to be achieved using a sequential process involving oxidative-reductive roasting at 975°C, followed by magnetic separation to further concentrate the sample and finally leaching with 20% HCl to remove mostly Fe-based impurities leaving behind synthetic rutile. The key process parameters considered were roasting time (1 and 2 hrs), leaching temperature (100, 125 and 145°C), pulp density (15 and 25wt%) and leaching time (3 and 6 hrs). The option of directly leaching the concentrate without pre-treatment was also evaluated. Test work was conducted using samples screened to a size fraction of 105-212 µm. Samples were leached in a 1 L glass autoclave. The reactor was hermetically sealed and thus the resulting pressure was not controlled but was dependent on the process temperature. The product from leaching was calcined and analysed via XRD and SEM to determine the purity of the product. The magnetic separation step was found to be ineffective and discontinued early in the study. Thus far a product with 97% synthetic rutile purity as analysed by SEM has been produced by directly leaching the concentrate at a temperature of 145°C, pulp density of 25wt% and leaching time of 6 hrs.INTRODUCTION The study investigates the use of a process route comprising oxidative-reductive roasting, followed by magnetic separation and then hydrochloric acid leaching and calcination to produce synthetic rutile from ilmenite concentrate. The grade of synthetic rutile produced should be suitable for chlorination to produce pigment grade TiO2. Hence the proposed process should produce a product consisting of no less than 95% synthetic rutile. Additionally, the product should have no more than 1.5wt% combined content of CaO and MgO (Zhang et al., 2011) as they tend to form high-boiling-point chloride leading to the malfunctioning of fluidized bed chlorinator (Cardarelli, 2008). Finally the product should have no more than 2.1wt% of Fe2O3."

Jan 1, 2018

By P. Chris Pistorius, Johannes Sono, Rossouw Sono, J. J. Kobus

Different coal properties are important in SL/RN (coal-based rotary kiln) direct reduction of iron ore, and in electrical smelting of prereduced iron ore. These differences were highlighted when a plant which processes titaniferous magnetite had to change to different coal types after decades of operation. Laboratory simulation was used to evaluate two candidate coals, which were similar in volatile content and rank, but differed in reactive maceral content. Direct reduction was evaluated by isothermal experiments using a packed bed of ore and coal, measuring the off-gas composition to determine reaction rates and departure from equilibrium. These indicated reduction to be under mixed control, and quite sensitive to temperature (confirming that the coal reactivity is of importance). An aspect of electrical smelting was assessed by determining dissolution rates of the coal in molten iron at 1550°C. Dissolution rates did correlate with differences in coal structure, as determined by X-ray diffraction, with the more ordered ("more crystalline") coal dissolving faster. The conclusion is that the coal which is more reactive during direct reduction is less reactive during dissolution. However, it is concluded that controlling the temperature during direct reduction offers a feasible method to reconcile the two process steps.

Jan 1, 2003

By Kirsten Corin, Margreth Tadie, Michael Nicol, Cyril O’Connor, Jenny Wiese

"The recovery of base metal sulfides has been emphasized in the study of the flotation of platinum group minerals (PGMs). However, in some ore bodies such as the Platreef of the Bushveld Complex, sulfide minerals do not make up the majority of the more significant PGM mineralization. It is therefore important to develop a fundamental understanding of how non-sulfide and sulfide PGMs respond respectively to the current reagents being used in the flotation of these minerals. The interactions between platinum and palladium sulfides and tellurides with the thiol collectors, ethyl xanthate and diethyl dithiophosphate, have been studied using the electrochemical techniques of mineral rest potential and voltammetry measurements. The differences in the interaction between the two types of minerals with these reagents were of key interest. Rest potential measurements indicated stronger electrochemical interactions of the minerals with ethyl xanthate than diethyl dithiophosphate. These measurements also indicated that there are different forms of oxidized collector present on the mineral surfaces after interaction with ethyl xanthates. Voltammetry measurements support these observations and suggest differences of adsorption on Pt and Pd sulfides than on Pt and Pd tellurides. Voltammetry also showed that there was minimal electrochemical interaction between the Pt and Pd minerals and diethyl dithiophosphate."

Jan 1, 2014

By K. V. Fedotov, E. V. Zelinskaya, O. V. Ulanova

"Mining enterprises, in particular, those on the territory of the Siberian platform, produce large amounts of pumped water, which cannot be recycled because of its high mineralization and, thus, is discharged as liquid waste either back into the ground or onto the surface. However, groundwater is often a valuable raw material and a source of useful chemical substances. Brines are unique groundwaters. In the current environmental and economic situation, the huge loss of natural raw materials and their deliberate conversion into wastes is unaffordable. The exploration of non-traditional sources of minerals such as the hydromineral resources (including pit water) is a matter of rational nature management. The industrial value of brines of the Siberian platform is due to the high contents of rare alkali and earth alkaline elements (lithium, rubidium, cesium, strontium, bromine, etc.). The absolute concentrations of these elements in brines are tens of times higher than the lower limits of the mining cut-off. The long-term data analysis was performed to estimate the environmental impact of liquid waste from two mining enterprises, namely, Korshunovskii (Irkutsk region) and Udachnaya (Southern Yakutia). The study was focused on the prospects of hydromineral resources as non-traditional sources of valuable elements and the exploration of technological processes for the selective extraction of rare alkali and earth alkaline metals from natural multi-component brines aimed at decreasing their negative environmental impact. The environmental and economic efficiency was proved for the processing of complex brines and the integrated selective extraction of rare earth metals from sodium chloride brines of the Korshunovskii plant and calcium chloride brines of the Udachnaya plant based on the ion exchange sorption, eluent chromatography, flotation, crystallization, and freezing techniques. The basic technological schemes were developed for the metal extraction from pit water and brines.INTRODUCTION In the Irkutsk region (the Angara–Lena artesian basin) and in Yakutia (the Olenek and Tunguska artesian basins), several mineral deposits are developed and, incidentally, aquifers bearing brines of different types are opened, which are eventually converted into liquid production waste (Rusetskaya et al., 1994) This raises the issue of the burial or utilization of brines since their use within the water circulation is impracticable under the existing technological conditions while their discharge into the surface watercourse is unacceptable because of the harmful environmental impact."

Jan 1, 2018

By Chen Zhiqiang, Luo Chuansheng, Chen Ziqiang, Liu Jianguo, Rao Jinshan

To comprehensively utilize the valuable resource in tailings, increase the economic benefit of mine, reduce the amount of tailings, prolong the service life of tailing dam, the comprehensive utilization of tailing resource is arousing the attention of more and more mines. Research of comprehensive recovery of feldspar and silica from Cu-Mo floatation tailings has been furthered. Technology of "De-sliming-Magnetic Separation-Reverse Flotation-Feldspar and Silica Separation" has been developed to utilize the resource. Slime is removed and reagents cost is reduced by de-sliming. The specific effective collector ZL is used in gangues reverse flotation, and GZ-818 is the collector in feldspar and silica separation. The grinding operation is vital to ensure the liberation degree of feldspar and to eliminate the reagents pollution on minerals surface. To a Cu-Mo flotation tailing assaying K2O 5.22%, Na2O 2.22%, Fe2O3 1.95%, Al2O3 12.05%, SiO270.66%, superfine K-feldspar and silica concentrates can be produced. The feldspar concentrate productivity is 29.67% assaying K2O 8.99%, Na2O 2.86%, Fe2O3 0.16%, Al2O3 16.99% and SiO2 68.92%. The silica concentrate productivity is 14.20% assaying 0.17% K2O, 0.04% Na2O, 0.01% Fe2O3, 0.55% Al2O3 and 98.17% SiO2. The technology provides technological reference model for the similar mines.

Jan 1, 2014