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By H. Cecil Spicer

THE results described in this article are based on field work conducted during the periods April-May, 1939, and May-July, 1940. The United States Potash Co. is mining potash on Government land under a permit from the Department of the Interior and the geophysical investigation was completed under a cooperative arrangement made between that company and the Conservation Branch of the Geological Survey. The writer, a member of the Section of Chemistry and Physics of the Geologic Branch, was assigned to this investigation. Four definite objectives were in mind for the geophysical work in the studies over the salt deposits. The first was to determine the measure of success that could be attained in this type of work with the resistivity methods that were to be employed. These methods had been introduced into the work of the Conservation Branch by Benjamin E. Jones for the investigation of dam sites, and have been used under his direction by the author for such work. If the method proved to be applicable, an effort was to be made to contour the top of the salt beds and also the other formation boundaries known to be present in this area. Salt-water aquifers were to be studied in an effort to determine their boundaries, and an attempt was to be made to delineate the potash-bearing beds. EARLIER STUDIES Others have made, and reported, resistivity studies over saliferous deposits in different areas. Friedel1 and Messrs. Schlumberger2 reported geophysical work performed in the discovery of the salt domes of Alsace; Carrette and Kelly3described the geology of the same area. Leonardon and Kelly4 published a resistivity curve obtained over the Hettenschlag dome, and a further discussion of this same area was given by the Messrs. Schlumberger5 in a communication. Messrs. Alty6 described studies on salt deposits in which the single-probe method was used. Sinerez7 mentions that electrical methods were tried over salt deposits in Spain. Geoffrey and Charrin8 show a resistivity curve obtained over marl, gypsiferous marl and salt which is similar to that obtained over the New Mexico salt deposits. Kelly9 reported resistivity work performed with the ground comparator of Zuschlag over the salt deposits near Syracuse, N. Y., where the Salina formation is at a depth of 700 to 8oo ft. Some structural studies on the potash basin of Alsace are described by Poldini.10 Another single-probe resistivity study, made over salt deposits in New Mexico, is briefly described by Heiland,11 through the courtesy of Harry Aurand, of the Midwest Refining Co.

Jan 1, 1941

By R. D. Satterley

THE Sherwood mine is an iron-ore mine owned and operated by the Inland Steel Co. in the Iron River district of the Menominee Range in Michigan. The property consists of an 80-acre tract in the village of Mineral Hills, about a mile north of the city of Iron River. The ore mined is a reddish brown, nonbessemer hematite and limonite. The ore bodies lie in a large syncline having an east-west strike and are associated with a rock structure that is folded in a complex manner. The two 40-acre tracts run north and south and the shaft is at about the center of the north forty. The shaft is 1286 ft. deep, with the principal operating level at a depth of 1000 ft. from surface. A new level at a depth of 1200 ft. is in process of development. The ore body at the 1000 ft. level is east and west at approximately the line between the north and south forties and at this elevation is from 50 to 250 ft. wide and extends above the level at varying heights of from 50 to 250 feet. The 1000-ft. haulage drift extends south from the shaft, through the east-west ore body to the slates on the south side of the body. The ore body was intercepted in the drifting at about 800 ft. from the shaft and was about 200 ft. wide at that point. A crosscut was extended to the east and west property lines along the south boundary of the ore body. This east-west ore body is laid out in areas 80 ft. wide for stoping with pillars 40 ft. wide. With this plan a stope is approximately 80 by 200 ft. and has a pillar on both sides that is approximately 40 by 200 ft. The ore has a height of from 50 to 250 ft. above the elevation of the level, therefore the height of the stopes varies in accordance with the height of the ore body at each location. From the crosscut, two main raises, each 6 by 7 ft., are put up into each 80 ft. stope area (Fig. I). One of the main raises serves as a manway and the other as an ore raise, through which the ore is transferred from the stope to the tramming equipment. The original layout was for scraping of the ore from under the stopes into the ore raises. The ore raise is put halfway (east and west) along the 80-ft. stope area and usually is in iron formation. The manway and ore raise are on approximately 15-ft- centers. These main raises are put up to a height of from 22 to 30 ft. above the level floor, then from the top of the ore raise a scraper drift (8 X 8 ft.) is driven across the width of the ore body, which is in the neighborhood of 200 ft. From the scraper drift, mill raises are put up at 12 ½ -ft. centers, staggered on opposite sides of the drift, and these are extended 23 ft. above the elevation of the scraper-drift floor. The sublevel connecting the top of these mill raises is called a mill "sub." Other sublevels are developed parallel to the scraper and mill subs at 25-ft. vertical intervals above the mill sub. The mill sub and the other subs above the mill sub are known as sublevels or dog drifts, and are 4 ft. wide and 6 ft. high. These dog drifts

Jan 1, 1945

By Max C. Eastman, V. H. Wilhelm

California had a record year in production and drilling activity, but the results have not been sufficient to keep up with the enormous increase in demand due to war activity. During the year, 164 dry wildcats were drilled, 80 dry wells in proved areas, 31 gas wells, and 1158 successful oil-well completions for a total of 1433 wells, compared with a total of 765 in 1942. With new discoveries of only 20,000,000 and production of 283,000,000 bbl. for the year, total reserves of California oil have decreased more than 250,000,000 bbl. However, revised estimates of the reserves of old fields indicate an increase in the state's reserves of I00,000,000 barrels. The completion of 1158 wells has served only to maintain the maximum efficient daily rate of production at 800,000 barrels. There is evidence in many fields that oil is being withdrawn too rapidly to obtain the maximum recovery, and more rapidly than is conducive to good production practice. Statistics for 1943 as compared with I942 are shown in the table in the next column, Supply and Demand Steadily mounting needs of the military forces and increased industrial consumption raised total demand for all petroleum products on the Pacific Coast to 914,000 bbl. daily in 1943. That all-time record demand was 149,ooo bbl. daily higher than in 1942 and 214,000 bbl. daily above 1941 demand. Despite restrictions due to shortages of critical material, crude-oil production was boosted from 680,000 bbl. daily in 1942 to 779,000 bbl. daily in 1943, the highest level in 15 years. However, the new crude supply plus natural gasoline production and imports from other states totaled only 840,000 bbl. daily, leaving a deficiency between supply and demand of 74,000 bbl. daily. That shortage had to be made up by withdrawals from inventories, which had been steadily depleted during the previous four years. Aboveground reserves, which totaled 159,574,000 bbl. on Jan. I, 1939, were down to ~8.000,000, bbl. at the end of 1943. Significantly enough, the greater part of that decrease occurred during the last six months of I9437 when more than 23,000,000 bbl. was taken from inventories of both crude and products. Although the size of total inventories on Dec. 31, 1943 might appear substantial, about 65 per

Jan 1, 1944

By Max C. Eastman, V. H. Wilhelm

California had a record year in production and drilling activity, but the results have not been sufficient to keep up with the enormous increase in demand due to war activity. During the year, 164 dry wildcats were drilled, 80 dry wells in proved areas, 31 gas wells, and 1158 successful oil-well completions for a total of 1433 wells, compared with a total of 765 in 1942. With new discoveries of only 20,000,000 and production of 283,000,000 bbl. for the year, total reserves of California oil have decreased more than 250,000,000 bbl. However, revised estimates of the reserves of old fields indicate an increase in the state's reserves of I00,000,000 barrels. The completion of 1158 wells has served only to maintain the maximum efficient daily rate of production at 800,000 barrels. There is evidence in many fields that oil is being withdrawn too rapidly to obtain the maximum recovery, and more rapidly than is conducive to good production practice. Statistics for 1943 as compared with I942 are shown in the table in the next column, Supply and Demand Steadily mounting needs of the military forces and increased industrial consumption raised total demand for all petroleum products on the Pacific Coast to 914,000 bbl. daily in 1943. That all-time record demand was 149,ooo bbl. daily higher than in 1942 and 214,000 bbl. daily above 1941 demand. Despite restrictions due to shortages of critical material, crude-oil production was boosted from 680,000 bbl. daily in 1942 to 779,000 bbl. daily in 1943, the highest level in 15 years. However, the new crude supply plus natural gasoline production and imports from other states totaled only 840,000 bbl. daily, leaving a deficiency between supply and demand of 74,000 bbl. daily. That shortage had to be made up by withdrawals from inventories, which had been steadily depleted during the previous four years. Aboveground reserves, which totaled 159,574,000 bbl. on Jan. I, 1939, were down to ~8.000,000, bbl. at the end of 1943. Significantly enough, the greater part of that decrease occurred during the last six months of I9437 when more than 23,000,000 bbl. was taken from inventories of both crude and products. Although the size of total inventories on Dec. 31, 1943 might appear substantial, about 65 per

Jan 1, 1944

By J. B. Newkirk, A. H. Geisler

Certain of the permanent magnet alloys provide ideal systems for the study of the kinetics of the precipitation reaction and the correlation of structure with properties. One such system, Cu-Ni-Fe, was found by Bradley1,2 to exhibit a coherent transition state in the precipitation process analogous to that reported for Al-Cu alloys somewhat earlier.3 The attractiveness of some perrnanent magnet alloys for study lies in the fact that vertical sections of the ternary phase diagram in certain regions of composition (Fig I) have as their prototype the binary Ni-Au diagram. Alloys of this type decompose into products that have the same crystal lattice type but only slightly different lattice parameters. The advantages that such alloy systems oA&apos;er for study over the usual in which an intermetallic compound is formed are many: 1. Since the precipitate has the same crystal strutture as the matrix, complex atomic movements are not required to form the new lattice. 2. Similarly, complex orientation relationships are not involved for both the matrix and the precipitate would be ex. petted to have the same orientation. 3, Small &,registry of the decomposition products at equilibrium (in contrast with Cu-Ag alloys) is conducive to extensive coherent growth in the transient state and thus the transition lattice can be detected by the usual X ray diffraction methods. 4. Finally, the relative quantities of precipitate and depleted matrix can be varied from 0 to 100 pet* thus permitting wide freedom for the study of the effect of cornposition on coherent growth and properties. In the Cu-Ni-Fe alloys of appropriate composition, the face-centered cubic precipitate and also the depleted matrix when first formed are coherent with the parent matrix.1&apos;2 The two have the same <Jo parameter as the original matrix but they are both tetragonal; the precipitate has an axial ratio c/a < I while that of the depleted matrix is c/a > I. When coherency is lost they assume the normal face-centered cubic structure with the depleted matrix having a lattice parameter greater than the original matrix and that of the precipitate less. Such a mechanism would also be expected for CU-Ni-CO alloys because of the similarity in constitution but this had not been demonstrated. The Present investigation was conducted on a CU-Ni-CO alloy. The constitution diagram and magnetic properties of these alloys have been fairly well established, however, no previous determinations of mechanism of precipitation and no correlation of structure with properties had been made. Thus, an alloy of this system Was chosen for a comprehensive investiga-

Jan 1, 1949

By H. Cecil Spicer

The results described in this article are based on field work conducted during the periods APril-May, 1939, and MaY-JulY, 1940. The United States Potash CO. is mining potash on Government land under a permit from the Department of the Interior and the geophysical investigation mas completed under a cooperative arrangemerit made between that company and the Conservation Branch of the Geological Survey. The writer, a member of the Section of Chemistry and Physics of the Geologic Branch, was assigned to this investigation. Four definite objectives were in mind for the geophysical work in the studies over the salt deposits. The first was to determine the measure of success that could be attained in this type of work with the resistivity methods that were to be employed. These methods had been introduced into the work of the Conservation Branch by Benjamin E. Jones for the investigation of dam sites, and have been used under his direction by the author for such work. If the method proved to be applicable, an l was to be made to contour the top of the salt beds and also the other formation boundaries known to be present in this area. Salt-water aquifers were to be studied in an effort to determine their boundaries, and an attempt was to be made to delineate the potash-bearing beds. Others have made, and reported, resistivity studies over saliferous deposits in different areas. Friedell and Messrs. Schlumberger2 reported geophysical work performed in the disrovery of the salt domes of Alsace; Carrette and Kelly3 described the geology of the same area. Leonardon and Kelly4 published a resistivity curve obtained over the Hettenschlag dome, and a further discussion of this same area was given by the Messrs. Schlum-berger5 in a communication. Messrs. Alty6 described studies 0" salt deposits in which the sing[e-probe method was used. Sinerez7 mentions that electrical methods were tried over salt deposits in Spain. Geoffrey and Charrin8 show a resistivity curve obtained over marl, gypsiferous marl and salt which is similar to that obtained over the New Mexico salt deposits. Kelly9 reported resistivity work performetl with the ground comparator of Zuschlag over the salt deposits near Syracuse, N. Y., where the Salina formation is at a depth of 700 to 800 ft. Some structural studies on the potash basin of Alsace are described by Poldini.10 Another single-probe resistivity study, made over salt deposits in New Mexico, is briefly described by Heiland,ll through the courtesy of Harry Aurand, of the Midwest Refining CO.

Jan 1, 1942

By H. Cecil Spicer

The results described in this article are based on field work conducted during the periods APril-May, 1939, and MaY-JulY, 1940. The United States Potash CO. is mining potash on Government land under a permit from the Department of the Interior and the geophysical investigation mas completed under a cooperative arrangemerit made between that company and the Conservation Branch of the Geological Survey. The writer, a member of the Section of Chemistry and Physics of the Geologic Branch, was assigned to this investigation. Four definite objectives were in mind for the geophysical work in the studies over the salt deposits. The first was to determine the measure of success that could be attained in this type of work with the resistivity methods that were to be employed. These methods had been introduced into the work of the Conservation Branch by Benjamin E. Jones for the investigation of dam sites, and have been used under his direction by the author for such work. If the method proved to be applicable, an l was to be made to contour the top of the salt beds and also the other formation boundaries known to be present in this area. Salt-water aquifers were to be studied in an effort to determine their boundaries, and an attempt was to be made to delineate the potash-bearing beds. Others have made, and reported, resistivity studies over saliferous deposits in different areas. Friedell and Messrs. Schlumberger2 reported geophysical work performed in the disrovery of the salt domes of Alsace; Carrette and Kelly3 described the geology of the same area. Leonardon and Kelly4 published a resistivity curve obtained over the Hettenschlag dome, and a further discussion of this same area was given by the Messrs. Schlum-berger5 in a communication. Messrs. Alty6 described studies 0" salt deposits in which the sing[e-probe method was used. Sinerez7 mentions that electrical methods were tried over salt deposits in Spain. Geoffrey and Charrin8 show a resistivity curve obtained over marl, gypsiferous marl and salt which is similar to that obtained over the New Mexico salt deposits. Kelly9 reported resistivity work performetl with the ground comparator of Zuschlag over the salt deposits near Syracuse, N. Y., where the Salina formation is at a depth of 700 to 800 ft. Some structural studies on the potash basin of Alsace are described by Poldini.10 Another single-probe resistivity study, made over salt deposits in New Mexico, is briefly described by Heiland,ll through the courtesy of Harry Aurand, of the Midwest Refining CO.

Jan 1, 1942

By H. Cecil Spicer

THE results described in this article are based on field work conducted during the periods April-May, 1939, and May-July, 1940. The United States Potash Co. is mining potash on Government land under a permit from the Department of the Interior and the geophysical investigation was completed under a cooperative arrangement made between that company and the Conservation Branch of the Geological Survey. The writer, a member of the Section of Chemistry and Physics of the Geologic Branch, was assigned to this investigation. Four definite objectives were in mind for the geophysical work in the studies over the salt deposits. The first was to determine the measure of success that could be attained in this type of work with the resistivity methods that were to be employed. These methods had been introduced into the work of the Conservation Branch by Benjamin E. Jones for the investigation of dam sites, and have been used under his direction by the author for such work. If the method proved to be applicable, an effort was to be made to contour the top of the salt beds and also the other formation boundaries known to be present in this area. Salt-water aquifers were to be studied in an effort to determine their boundaries, and an attempt was to be made to delineate the potash-bearing beds. EARLIER STUDIES Others have made, and reported, resistivity studies over saliferous deposits in different areas. Friede1 and Messrs. Schlumberger2 reported geophysical work performed in the discovery of the salt domes of Alsace; Carrette and Kelly3 described the geology of the same area. Leonardon and Kelly4 published a resistivity curve obtained over the Hettenschlag dome, and a further discussion of this same area was given by the Messrs. Schlumberger5 in a communication. Messrs. Alty6 described studies on salt deposits in which the single-probe method was used. Sinerez7 mentions that electrical methods were tried over salt deposits in Spain. Geoffrey and Charrin8 show a resistivity curve obtained over marl, gypsiferous marl and salt which is similar to that obtained over the New Mexico salt deposits. Kelly9 reported resistivity work performed with the ground comparator of Zuschlag over the salt deposits near Syracuse, N. Y., where the Salina formation is at a depth of 700 to B00 ft. Some structural studies on the potash basin of Alsace are described by Poldini.10 Another single-probe resistivity study, made over salt deposits in New Mexico, is briefly described by Heiland,11 through the courtesy of Harry Aurand, of the Midwest Refining Co.

Jan 1, 1941

By R. A. Oriani

The partial molal volume of hydrogen is one of the parameters that describe the elastic interaction between the solute and the stress fields about inclusions, dislocations, and cracks. As such the partial molal volume is probably of importance in the elucidation of phenomena such as hydrogen embrittlement and hydrogen yield point. A knowledge of this quantity would also be helpful in thinking about the state of dissolved hydrogen in iron. However, because of the very low lattice solubility of hydrogen in iron the usual ways of determining the lattice expansion are not practicable. It is therefore of interest to apply the thermodynamics of stressed bodies to two sets of measurements of the effect of elastic stress upon the permeability of hydrogen in order to deduce a value of the partial molal volume, VH, of hydrogen dissolved in a iron. Beck ..&apos; and previously de Kazinczy, observed that a uniaxial tensile stress increases the permeability of hydrogen in iron and in various steels. Beck et 01. employed Armco iron and A.I.S.I. 4340 steel, whereas de Kazinczy used a steel the composition of which was 0.13 C, 0.23 Si, 0.46 Mn, 0.006 P, and 0.038 S. Upon releasing the stress the permeability increment disappeared if the stress was below the elastic limit. Both investigators employed cathodic charging to introduce the hydrogen. de Kazinczy measured the permeation through a thin-walled tube by collecting the gas, whereas Beck et al. measured the permeation through sheets of various thicknesses by a very sensitive electrochemical technique. Both investigators measured the steady-state permeation at constant rate of hydrogen ion discharge, and Beck measured in addition the hydrogen diffusivity by a time-lag technique which is independent of the boundary conditions. Beck et al. and de Kazinczy found a linear relationship between log (J,/Jo) and the stress, where Ju/Jo is the ratio of the flux of hydrogen when the metal is under uniaxial tensile stress, a, to the flux under zero stress, for the same temperature and charging current. Beck et al. found in addition that the diffusivity of hydrogen is not changed by stress. Both investigators concluded that the observed change in permeability is due to an increase in hydrogen concentration, and furthermore that the increase in concentration is due directly to the thermodynamic effect of stress upon concentration. Accepting this assessment of the situation for reasons given below, one may use the equation3j4 in order to evaluate I/H, the partial molal volume of hydrogen. This equation is valid for the domain of a/E «¦ 1 (where E is the Young&apos;s modulus) and under the assumption that hydrogen expands the lattice isotrop-ically. From the data of Beck el al, one calculates V7H - 2.0 cu cm per g-atom, and from those of de Kazinczy one obtains 1.8 cu cm per g-atom. That the increase of concentration with stress is indeed of thermodynamic origin is attested to by the facts that the experimental results conform to the thermodynamic relation, Eq. [I], and that the results are the same whether a pure iron1 or each of two different steels172 is used. Neither of these facts wou1.d necessarily be expected if the effect of stress were, rather, to increase the ratio kn/k, of the kinetic factors of the following competing reactions: H(ads) — H (dissolved) Such a change of kinetics at the surface could be an alternative explanation of the effect of stress on the permeability. Although this writer does not deem this explanation to be the correct one for the reasons given above, it must be admitted that unambiguous proof that the phenomenon has a thermodynamic origin does not yet exist. Two kinds of experiments may be suggested. One is to plate a variety of metals on the input surface of the steel and repeat the stress experiment at a variety of hydrogen charging currents. The other is to employ somewhat thicker specimens in order to be able to apply uniaxial compressive stress. Eq. [I] shows that ln(c,/c,) depends on the sign of the stress, but it is difficult to see a physical basis for which k2/kl would depend on the sign of a. The present value of V^ in a iron agrees with phragmen&apos;s5 estimate, which he based on comparisons with the lattice expansion by hydrogen of titanium, zir-

Jan 1, 1967

By Regis M. N. Pelloux, N. J. Grant

Five or six alloys each in the systems Ni-C.v, Ni-Mo, and NL-W, spaced to cover the single phase areas as well as a part of the adjacent two-phase field, were prepared as uacuum-melted alloys. Tensile tests at room temperature and stress rupture tests at 1200° and 1500°F we.ve run for time periods to give fracture in 0.1 to 500 hr. Observations mere made of solid-solution and second-phase strengthening or uleakening, coupled with studies of ductility and the role of structure on the noted behavior patterns. THE development of stable creep-resistant alloys while broad and systematic is also highly empirical. A number of simple rules have been suggestedL-" but these are based on scant data. Whereas rules for low-temperature alloy strengthening can be applied with some success in more simple systems, the extension to behavior at high temperatures (greater than about 0.4 of the absolute melting temperature) is very poorly understood and has encountered important exceptions and deviations in terms of atom size or valency effects. In particular, the occurrence of both solid-solution weakening4,5 and second-phase weakening2 at high temperatures is of interest. MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE Nickel was chosen as the base material because of its important role in current high-temperature alloy applications, because of its freedom from a phase transformation, and because of wide solubilities for many elements of interest. The selected alloys were single- and two-phase structures in the Ni-Cr,6 Ni-Mo,7 and Ni-w 8 systems. The alloys were vacuum melted and cast, utilizing high-purity raw materials, in the form of 15 lb ingots. They were readily forged into 1/2-in. bar stock (except the two highest chromium alloys). The alloy compositions are shown in Table I. Typical impurity values are: Carbon: Max 0.03 pct (except for 30 and 35 pct Cr alloys which had 0.07) Nitrogen: Max 0.005 pct (except for two of the Cr alloys which had 0.05) Sulfur: Max 0.004 pct Silicon: Max 0.05 pct Each alloy was solution treated (air quenched) to produce comparable grain size. The two-phase alloys were then overaged in an effort to produce a stable structure for testing at 1200° and 1500°F, The results are summarized in Table 11. Following the heat treatments outlined in Table 11, the bars were machined to a gage section of 1.25-in. long by 0.250-in. diam. In addition to room-temperature tensile tests, stress-rupture tests were run at 1200" and 1500°F for time periods from 0.1 to about 500 hr. RESULTS Room-Temperature Mechanical Properties—The ultimate tensile strength, total elongation, and reduction of area values for all the alloys are plotted vs atomic percent of the solute element in Fig. 1. It can be seen that for the same amount of solute element the ultimate tensile strength increases in the order chromium, molybdenum, tungsten. Elongation increases (reduction of area decreases) with increasing amounts of solute for all the solid solution alloys, the values ranging from 50 to 70 pct. The ultimate tensile strength values for the two-

Jan 1, 1961

By Howard A. Meyerhoff

AS a source of mineral wealth, the larger islands of the West Indies have never had an enviable reputation. The Spaniards took possession of them in the sixteenth century hopeful that they would yield gold; but it was not long before they knew the rather rigid limitations of Antillean gold production and were seeking-and finding ---richer deposits of the precious metals in Mexico and on the west coast of South America. Although a great deal of wealth changed hands in the West Indian islands in subsequent years, the fact may be laid to the abundance of pirates and privateers and not to the richness of local ore bodies.

Jan 1, 1941

By H. Papazian, Robert A. Lad

SINCE it can be shown both theoretically&apos;&apos; : and experimentally that disordered Cu3Au has a greater internal energy than the ordered alloy, it might be expected that its chemical reactivity would be greater. Experiments were initiated&apos; to test this hypothesis. This note will describe some recent results obtained in the study of the rates of corrosion of ordered and disordered polycrystalline Cu3Au by aqueous FeCl., The work of Robertson&apos; has indicated that the attack by such solutions is intergran-ular and highly orientation dependent. It was of interest to see whether the order-disorder effect was great enough to overcome the variations from specimen to specimen which would arise from this type of attack. The polycrystalline alloy specimens (0.020 in. wire, 1¾ in. long) were preannealed in ½ atm H, at 700°C for 2 hr. The subsequent heat treatments to produce order and disorder were performed in M atm He. Disordered specimens were obtained by heating at 450°C for 2 hr and quenching in water. Ordered specimens were produced by heating for 2 hr at 450°, furnace cooling to 380°, and soaking at 380°C for 80 to 90 hr. Room temperature was reached by cooling to 150" at a rate never exceeding 7" per hr, and water quenching from 150°C. The specimens so produced exhibited electrical resistivities characteristic of the two states; of the order of 11.27x10 ohm-cm for the disordered, and 4.28x10 ohm-cm for the ordered specimens. The corrosion rates were studied at 30°C in ferric chloride solutions of several concentrations (?,¼, 1.5, and 1 molar). The specimens were attached to a stirrer during the tests. Tests were interrupted at intervals, and the specimen weight change was determined after washing and drying. Analysis of the solutions showed that the attack was limited to the copper. The higher corrosion rate for the disordered alloy, as illustrated in Fig. l, is typical of the results obtained. The effect of variation in ferric chloride concentrations is indicated in Table I for typical specimens. The variations in the ratio of reactivity for disordered and ordered specimens at the different concentrations are within experimental error, and the best value is estimated to be near 1.4. The experimental variation was due in part to the mode of attack, as mentioned, and in part to the fact that films were formed on the specimens under some conditions. Electron diffraction patterns of the films were very complex and indicated the presence of metallic iron, as did chemical analysis. In an attempt to eliminate the difficulties arising from the mechanism of attack, single crystal specimens were used. A greater reaction rate was again measured for the disordered specimens, but the reproduci-bility was no better than that for the polycrystalline metal. This would indicate that film formation was primarily responsible. It was concluded that the reaction with aqueous ferric chloride served to demonstrate that the reactivity of disordered Cu3Au is greater than that of the ordered alloy. However, the difficulties with film formation did not permit determinations of a precision great enough to warrant extension of the study to partially ordered alloy systems.

Jan 1, 1957

By Charles P. Williams

THE successful production of zinc white or oxide on a commercial scale in this country dates from the issue of the patent of Samuel Wetherill, for the preparation of the material (November, 1855), and

Jan 1, 1877

By Charles P. Williams

The successful production of zinc white or oxide on a commercial scale in this country dates from the issue of the patent of Samuel Wetherill, for the preparation of the material (November, 1855), and

By W. Barbarowicz, H. E. Uhland

AT the Noralyn mine and mill of International Minerals & Chemical Corp. in Bartow, Fla., process instrumentation has been incorporated in three departments-mining, flotation, and preparation. Use of the dragline is the most difficult aspect of the mining operation to control automatically. At the Noralyn mine there are two draglines, a Bucyrus-Erie 1250-B with 29-yd bucket and 235-ft boom and a Bucyrus-Erie 1150-B with 21-yd bucket and 215-ft boom. These are equipped with a minimum number of instruments, but further instrumentation would increase the operator&apos;s efficiency.

Jan 7, 1957

By Malcolm Wilson

THE year 1923 was one of great importance in northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas, so far as the&apos; development and expansion of previously discovered oil and gas fields were concerned. However, the search for new fields failed to produce a single discovery that led to important development during the period; in this respect, the year was one of discouragement to the prospector. During the winter and spring months, an especially active "wildcat" campaign was in. progress in southern Arkansas, and a large number of tests were drilled in northern. Louisiana but this activity subsided during the summer and fall. By the close of the year, only routine drilling was in effect in the fields; and only two new areas-Cotton Valley, in Webster Parish, and an area in Union Parish, La.-were showing any important activity because of favorable oil showings. Further drilling is contemplated in both of these areas, and the present feeling is that one or the other may produce the next oilfield in this territory. Briefly, the development of the Smackover field was the overshadowing event of the year. In. southern Arkansas, important development also took place in the East El Dorado, Stephens, and Irma fields; but all of these were relatively small. In northern Louisiana, many new oil wells were drilled in the Bellevue field, and many new gas wells in the Monroe field. In the old Caddo field, a large number of the deep Woodbine wells were plugged back to the "chalk rock," where a high gravity oil is obtained. In the other fields, only a few small wells were drilled. Therefore, Arkansas, furnished the real development of the year in this area. The production for the year showed a material increase over that of 1922, due, chiefly, to Smackover, and practically altogether to the Arkansas fields. In Louisiana, every field, except Caddo, Bellevue, and Elm Grove, showed slight to marked declines; while in Arkansas, El Dorado was the only field that declined throughout the year.

Jan 3, 1924

By Ernest F. Burchard

Fluorspar is found in most of the states from the Rocky Mountains westward, and commercial production of the mineral has been reported from Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Washington. The map in Fig. 1 indicates the general distribution of many of these deposits but it is by no means complete. In the summer of 1926 the writer examined certain deposits of fluorspar in Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico and Washington; in November, 1927, revisited the Jamestown, Colo., district, and in earlier years examined deposits in Colorado and New Mexico. Based on notes of his own and on descriptions and other data by H. A. Aurand, H. W. Davis, R. B. Ladoo, V. C. Heikes, W. D. Johnston, Jr., and by producers of fluorspar, he prepared the following brief descriptions of deposits and estimates of reserves of fluorspar, originally for the use of the subcommittee on fluorspar of the Joint Committee on Foreign and Domestic Mining Policy and on Industrial Preparedness respectively of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America and the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. Descriptions of many fluorspar deposits in various western states and districts have been published. It is not feasible to summarize this literature here, but the appended bibliography will indicate to the interested reader what papers are available. Arizona Fluorspar has been reported as occurring in Arizona in the following localities: near Duncan, Greenlee County; near Naco, Tombstone, and Paradise, Cochise County; Black Mountain, Mojave County; 25 miles southwest of Tucson, and at Helvetia and Silver Bell, Pima County; near Mammoth mine, Pinal County; in Yavapai County, 7 miles from Aguila, and in the Bradshaw Mountains; and near Dome, Yuma County. Production has come principally from the Castle Dome district, Yuma County, with minor quantities from Greenlee, Pima and Yavapai counties. The writer examined deposits in the Castle Dome district, Yuma

Jan 1, 1934

By Kenyon E. Richard, James H. Courtright

Thomas W. Mitcham (Strategic Minerals, Inc., Grand Junction, Colo.)—The authors have presented a significant contribution to the field of mining geology. The article is graphic, remarkably concise, and crisply original. The presentation is made on only three pages with two maps, but their Silver Bell story is entirely adequate in background, development, and conclusion. Most of their colleagues would agree that this paper reflects the high quality of the work which these unusually capable men have done in the Silver Bell area over the past few years. The Silver Bell area is one of complex tectonic structure, and time and spatial relationships are by no means apparent. Actually, most of the observations and interpretations in this paper are new to published geologic literature on the Silver Bell area. I am in agreement with these interpretations with two possible exceptions, which are discussed below. One might well define the three roughly parallel west-northwest faults, shown on the insert of Fig. 2, as the major structural elements of the area. North to south, I propose that these be named the Ragged Mountain fault, the Silver Bell fault zone, and the Waterman thrust, after the mountain ranges which are the results of these major structures. While I would agree with the authors that the northern two of these major structures are high-angle faults of the Laramide revolution, my impression is that the southern structure is a low-angle thrust of approximately Miocene age. In support of this opinion, I submit the following observations: 1) irregularity of the fault in strike; 2) scarcity of Laramide intrusives and alteration of sediments along the fault; 3) present high re- lief of the Waterman Range which indicates youth or certainly rejuvenation; and 4) existence of a series of parallel structures farther to the south which results in an outcrop pattern suggesting imbricate thrusting. The authors have stated that Laramide igneous activity began with the intrusion of alaskite. Some dacite flows appear to be conformable with Cretaceous beds, and thus my impression was that alaskite followed the intrusion and extrusion of dacite. I would be interested to learn of evidence in support of the reverse relationship suggested by the authors. Kenyon Richard and J. H. Courtright (authors&apos; reply)—The authors appreciate Mr. Mitcham&apos;s attention to this paper. The names he proposed for the major faults seem appropriate. His suggestion that the Waterman fault is a thrust may be correct because he did more work in that particular area than the authors. However, it is believed that no direct evidence of a low-angle thrust relationship has been recognized, and the authors consider that indirect evidence favors a high-angle fault interpretation. The pre-dacite flow age of the alaskite is definitely established, the authors believe, by the fact that the flows rest on an erosion surface which was carved in the dacite porphyry, an intrusive clearly younger than the alaskite, as evidenced by inclusions of alaskite occurring in dacite porphyry. No direct evidence of Cretaceous sediment-flow rock relationships was found at Silver Bell, but in the nearby Tucson mountains dacite agglomerates, megascopically similar to those at Silver Bell, overlie a basal conglomerate which in turn rests on the truncated edges of steep-dipping Cretaceous arkosic beds.

Jan 1, 1956

By R. Maddin

IN analyzing the relation between the orientation of new grains and that of the deformed matrix of axially extended and recrystallized single crystals of face-centered cubic metals, a two-stage rotation process" is generally used where the first rotation is made in order to account for an "adjustment of orientation to the environment of strain."&apos; It has been argued that in spite of the difference of orientation, which may amount to as much as 12" (in a brass),&apos; between the octahedral plane as observed in the parent lattice and in the recrystallized grain, it is believed to be a common plane in the sense that it constituted the nucleus in the parent strained crystal from which the new grain grew.&apos; A possible source of the deviation in orientations of a common pole in the new grain and that of the deformed single crystal matrix from which it has grown may be found in the distribution of strain resulting from the plastic deformation. It might be expected in view of the incongruent nature of shear&apos; that the perfection of the octahedral plane along which glide has occurred is disrupted and that this disruption constitutes the strain from which nuclei of new grains can grow during recrystallization. Evidence for the existence of strain along glide planes was first detected by Taylor" in 1927 and substantiated by Collins and Mathewson&apos; in 1940. In their investigations, however, the deformed single crystalline specimens (aluminum) were cut mechanically along the glide planes followed by mechanical polishing. X-ray exposures (glancing angle) of only 8 min with filtered radiation were used. It was later shown&apos; that this type of surface preparation did not remove with all certainty the mechanically disturbed surface. It was felt that a re-investigation of this phenomenon using more refined techniques might reveal a more correct extent of the strain resulting from the deformation which might correlate the deviation of the common pole of the recrystallized grain with the acting slip plane of the matrix crystal. In accordance with these thoughts, a single crystal of a brass (70/30 nominal composition) M in. in diam x 5 in. long, tapered as in previous experiments,&apos; was extended and carefully documented with respect to elongation and shear. Disks about % in. thick paralle&apos;l to the primary slip planes were cut from the specimen by means of an etch cutter." These disks represented volumes of the specimen which had been extended 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 pct. Copper Ka monochromatic radiation was obtained by reflecting 35,000 v copper radiation from the c-cleavage face of a pentaerythritol crystal. The monochromatic radiation was collimated and led on to the disk set at the proper 0 angle for reflection from the primary (111) planes. The monochromatic beam was aligned in a plane containing the active slip direction. Following a 10 hr exposure at the theoretical Bragg angle, the disk was reset at 0 + 1°, 0 — 1", 0 + 2", 0 — 2", etc., until no Bragg reflection was obtained. The disk was then rotated 90" about its polar axis, and the same X-ray procedure was used. The results are shown in Table I. It may be seen from the results in Table I that the plastic deformation (20 pct elongation) produces fragments of the glide plane which are rotated or tilted as much as 25 " from the normal position on a purely block slip model. In addition to the large variation in 0 angle in the slip direction, there is a variation in 0 as much as 20" in the direction at right angles to the direction of slip, i.e., <110>. In view of the results shown, it may now be argued that the strain distribution finds its origin in the incongruent nature of the slip process.&apos; The use of the two-stage rotation process seems valid in attempting to explain the relation between the orientation of recrystallized grains and the matrix from which they have grown. Acknowledgment This work was sponsored by the ONR under Contract Number N6 onr 234-21 ONR 031-383. The author would like to thank N. K. Chen for reading and correcting the manuscript. References &apos;R. Maddin, C. H. Mathewson, and W. R. Hibbard, Jr.: The Origin of Annealing Twins. Trans. AIME (1949) 185, p. 655; Journal of Metals (September 1949). &apos;J. A. Collins and C. H. Mathewson: Plastic Deformation and Recrystallization of Aluminum Single Crystals. Trans. AIME (1940) 137, p. 150. eN. K. Chen and C. H. Mathewson: Recrystallization of Aluminum Single Crystals After Plastic Extension. Unpublished. 4 C. H. Mathewson: Structural Premises of Strain Hardening and Recrystallization. Trans. A.S.M. (1944) 38. :&apos;C. H. Mathewson: Critical Shear Stress and Incongruent Shear in Plastic Deformation. Trans. Conn. Acad. of Arts and Science, (1951) 38, p. 213. "G. I. Taylor: Resistance to Shear in Metal Crystals, Cohesion and Related Problems. Faraday Soc. (1927) 121. &apos;R. Maddin and W. R. Hibbard, Jr.: Some Observations in the Structure of Alpha Brass After Cutting and Polishing. Trans. AIME (1949) 185, p. 700; Journal of Metals (October 1949). &apos;R. Maddin and W. R. Asher: Apparatus for Cutting Metals Strain-Free. Review of Scientific Instruments (1950) 21, p. 881.

Jan 1, 1953

By J. F. Martin, J. E. Friedline, L. M. Melnick, G. E. Pellissier

A method has been developed for determining gases in steel in which the gases are extracted by vacuum fusion and analyzed by mass spectrometry. This method is especially applicable for determining small amounts of oxygen and nitrogen. The lower limit of detection for both oxygen and nitrogen is 0.0001 pct with an average deviation of about 0.0001 pct for oxygen and 0.00008 pct for nitrogen. Hydrogen analyses by this method are in good agreement with analyses by vacuum tin-fusion. A complete analysis of all gases extracted from a steel sample can be accomplished in 40 min. It has long been known that certain of the gaseous elements exert particular effects on the physical and mechanical properties of steel. With the recent advent of new experimental steelmaking practices it is now possible to obtain steels with extremely low contents of such elements as oxygen and nitrogen. Present methods for determining these two gases are of insufficient sensitivity as applied to steels made by these newer practices, and therefore a new technique was considered necessary. A review of the literature showed that the conventional vacuum-fusion method1 was the procedure most suitable for modification to obtain a sensitive method for determining the gaseous elements present in steel simultaneously. However, for trace amounts of gases it is impractical to increase the sample size because of the physical limitations of the apparatus and the increased degassing time which would be necessary. Also, when only one of the desired gases is present in trace amounts, quantitative separation by conventional vacuum fusion is almost impossible. Since small analytical mass spectrometers are now commercially available, it was decided to use this instrument in conjunction with conventional vacuum fusion for both qualitative examination and quantitative determinations of the gaseous elements in steel. This technique has already been used with success for the analysis of copper and lanthanum.2"4 APPARATUS A vacuum-fusion unit was first designed and built, Fig. 1. This unit was designed especially for the determination of small amounts of nitrogen and/or oxygen in steel since an acceptable method (vacuum tin-fusion)5 was already in use for the determination of hydrogen in steel. The vacuum system was con- structed of Pyrex glass throughout. Mercury check valves were used in place of stopcocks in the high-vacuum section of the system. Ferromagnetic samples are normally introduced into the vacuum system through a mercury lift. In case of a break in the lift, the mercury is prevented from entering the furnace by a self-locking, mercury safety check valve, Fig. 2. This check valve, developed at our laboratory, is a modified T/S ball-and-socket joint placed in the sample inlet system between the mercury and the furnace. A sudden entry of mercury or air pushes this valve into the closed position, completely blocking the top of the mercury lift. The check valve is held in the closed position by the vacuum of the apparatus. A separate entrance tube also was placed in the system, so that samples which would amalgamate with mercury, or which are nonmagnetic, could be introduced into the furnace. A slightly modified Guldner-Beach furnace is used in this system.8 The optical flat was connected to the system by a ground-glass joint to facilitate cleaning, a quartz delivery tube was substituted for Pyrex, and the crucible was used uncovered. Fusion takes place in a high-purity graphite crucible insulated by — 200-mesh high-purity graphite powder. The crucible set (crucible and funnel) is suspended in a quartz crucible. The furnace envelope and the sample inlet system are exhausted by 2 single-stage, mercury-diffusion pumps in series. The first of these is a high-speed pump, which will work only with a very low backing pressure. This pump is used to exhaust the gases from the furnace as rapidly as possible. The second mercury-diffusion pump is used as a backing pump for the first; the capacity of this pump is much lower. However, it will work efficiently against a back pressure of 3 mm of mercury. To assure positive pumping, a modified Naughton and Uhlig condenser7 is used. With the use of proper valving the second pump is also used as a circulation pump in the catalyst system.

Jan 1, 1959